侧胸和背部组织在上肢毁损性损伤功能挽救中的应用

目的探讨侧胸和背部组织在上肢毁损性损伤功能挽救中的应用。方法2000年7月至2003年9月,采用一期保肢或寄养再植治疗6例机器致上肢碾挫损伤患者,缺损面积为8cm×8cm～19cm×17cm,均伴有上肢多发骨折。一期保肢病例固定骨折,修复血管、神经后,侧胸浅筋膜层包埋上臂创面,4周后行上臂取出、腋窝成形、背阔肌皮瓣转位修复创面并屈肘功能重建术;寄养再植病例二期取出上臂、再植,并行背阔肌皮瓣转位屈肘功能重建术。将背阔肌卷起缝合成长管状,重建起止点。在肘关节屈曲90°～100°位,重建屈肘功能并覆盖皮肤。术后肩关节外展90°、肘关节屈曲100°位石膏或支具固定,4周后去除固定行功能锻炼。结果6例再植肢体均顺利成活。随访6个月～2年,平均8.6个月。术后肩关节外展50°～90°、内收20°～40°、前屈50°～70°、后伸20°～30°。肘关节屈曲100°～140°、伸直-20°～0°。重建术后3个月,屈肘肌肌力达4～5级。结论充分利用侧胸和背部组织特点进行分期、分层手术,解决创面覆盖和功能重建互相干扰的矛盾,是挽救严重毁损性损伤上肢,最大程度地恢复其外形和功能的有效方法。     

上肢高位离断再植的随访报告

目的　探讨上肢肩关节周围或上臂近端离断再植的适应证。方法　对 4例上肢高位离断患者的病史、术后功能的恢复进行了回顾性分析。其中 1例肩胛带离断者再植获得成功 ,在国内外尚属首次。结果　肩胛带离断再植者术后肩关节外展 4 5°,另 3例可达 90°。 4例肘关节、腕关节的伸屈运动基本达到正常范围 ;拇、手指屈伸活动恢复比较满意。术后 1年半 ,行手部功能重建术后 ,手的抓握及对指功能恢复。结论　上肢高位离断再植的适应证是肢体完整、缺血时间短 ,神经非根性撕脱伤 ,且患者年轻、全身状况好者 ,应尽量予以再植     

上臂高位断肢再植一例初步报告

目的报告一例上臂高位断肢再植的治疗结果。方法对1例左上臂高位断肢患者的病史,术后功能的恢复进行分析。结果本例患者术后再植肢体肿胀不明显,创面一期愈合。139d后,手指出现轻微的屈指运动,6个月后,左手出现触觉痛,8个月后,骨折线模糊,主动运动肩关节外展30°,前屈20°,肘关节屈75°,伸0,腕关节背伸0,掌屈15°,大小鱼际肌及手内在肌轻度萎缩,呈爪形手,被动屈曲时指尖能接近掌指关节,伸指受限,被动活动度达正常范围,腕关节近端痛觉,触压觉及温冷觉明显恢复,左手感觉尚未恢复。结论上臂高位离断再植的适应症是肢体完整,缺血时间短,神经非根性撕脱伤,且患者年轻,全身情况良好,应尽量给予再植。     

肘关节功能评估的现状

肘关节足一个重要的功能单位,肘关节损害的功能评定主要由肘关节运动的丧失或关节强直程度所决定,正常肘关节以屈曲和背伸为丰要功能,旋前、旋后功能较为次要,其中肘关节的屈曲和背伸功能占肘关节功能的70%,旋前、旋后占30%.肘关节的正常运动幅度为:屈曲0°～150°,伸直0°,过伸10°,旋转幅度为:旋前0°～90°,旋后0°～90°[1].     

拇指旋转撕脱离断伤改良再植

目的 探讨拇指旋转撕脱离断伤改良再植的手术疗效.方法 对18例(18指)拇指旋转撕脱离断患者进行术前再植成功率评估,术中采用示指尺侧指动脉、桡神经浅支移位修复神经血管,采用环指指浅屈肌腱和桡侧腕短伸肌腱移位修复屈、伸肌腱,并利用断指残留的拇短屈肌、拇短伸肌一期重建拇对掌功能.结果 术后16指完全存活,2指坏死.随访时间为6个月至1年,再植拇指外观良好,拇对掌功能恢复,感觉恢复至S3～S3+.结论 拇指撕脱离断伤通过改良再植,尽可能降低肌腱、神经移位对正常指指功能的损害,并通过重建拇对掌功能让断指获得良好的功能,提高了手术疗效.     

拇指旋转撕脱性离断再植的临床研究

目的 探讨拇指旋转撕脱性离断再植的临床治疗方法及疗效.方法 对28例拇指旋转撕脱性离断患者,采用环指浅屈肌腱转位修复拇长屈肌腱,重建拇指屈曲功能,食指固有伸肌腱转位修复拇长伸肌腱,重建拇指伸指功能,环指桡侧指动脉、神经修复拇指指动脉、神经,食指指背静脉修复拇指静脉.结果 术后28例再植拇指全部成活.随访1～6年,再植拇指屈伸功能及外形恢复满意,两点辨别觉为5～9 mm.根据中华医学会手外科学会手功能评定试用标准,综合评价全部为优良.结论 此种转位方法对拇指旋转撕脱性离断再植,术后功能恢复满意,是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

拇指旋转撕脱性离断伤的再植

目的 观察拇指旋转撕脱性离断再植术后的疗效.方法 对拇指旋转撕脱离断患者采用血管、神经、肌腱移位对拇指逆行再植.结果 本组15例拇指旋转撕脱离断再植后全部成活,随访6个月～3年,功能评定：优10例,良4例,差1例,优良率93.3%.结论 拇指旋转撕脱离断再植成活率高,功能恢复满意.     

手指旋转撕脱性离断再植的临床研究

目的探讨手指旋转撕脱性离断再植方法及临床疗效。方法2007年5月-2011年9月对21例30指旋转撕脱性离断的断指进行再植,根据手指旋转撕脱离断的程度,分别采用血管移植、血管神经束转位、带血管皮瓣转移等方法重建血循环及感觉。结果30指成活29指,失败1指,成活率96．7％。术后随访20例,随访时间6个月～3年,平均1年5个月,以最后一次随访结果为准,按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定：优20指,良7指。差3指,优良率90％。结论按照手指旋转撕脱性离断伤不同情况采用不同再植方法,可获得较高的成活率,并能恢复较好的外形与功能。     

经前侧入路微创接骨板内固定治疗肱骨中段骨折

目的探讨应用经前侧入路微创接骨板内固定(MIPO)技术治疗肱骨中段骨折的临床疗效。方法应用经前侧入路MIPO技术治疗22例单侧肱骨中段骨折患者。术后观察肩关节及肘关节活动范围,采用Constant-Murley评分评定肩关节功能,Mayo评分评定肘关节功能。结果患者均获得随访,时间10~24个月。末次随访:肩关节外展80°~120°,前屈120°~170°,外旋10°~50°,内旋T8~L3水平。肘关节屈曲100°~135°,伸直0°~20°;Constant-Murley肩关节评分78~96分;Mayo肘关节评分74~100分。结论经前侧入路MIPO技术治疗肱骨中段骨折是一种有效安全的方法。     

（足母）趾旋转撕脱性离断再植11例

目的 报道（足母）趾旋转撕脱性离断再植特点及其临床效果与功能康复.方法 对11例旋转撕脱性离断（足母）趾,采用变换体位、顺行方法进行再植.结果 11趾中9趾成活,成活率81.8%,再植趾外形恢复良好,趾间关节和跖趾关节总屈曲度为10°～30°,趾尖两点辨别觉为1.5～1.8mm.步态平稳正常6例,基本正常3例.结论 离断的足趾如有条件应尽力再植,可减少伤残度,也可保持足部功能和外形美观,精湛的显微外科技术可以提高再植成功率.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.