外源性胰岛素致自身免疫性低血糖一例报告

报告一例使用人胰岛素后出现自身免疫性低血糖患者,测定IAA(+),停胰岛素改为阿卡波糖口服后,低血糖发作减轻.     

甲巯咪唑引起胰岛素自身免疫综合征1例报告

胰岛素自身免疫综合征又称Hirata病（Hirata.s disease）,主要特征是没有使用外源性胰岛素患者发生严重的自发性低血糖,在血浆中可检出高水平的免疫活性胰岛素和高滴度的胰岛素自身免疫抗体（IAA）活性。临床上较为少见,本院发现使用该甲巯咪唑引起1例并随访,现报道如下：     

甲巯咪唑致相关的高胰岛素血症并低血糖一例报告

患者女,76岁,主因"反复意识模糊1.5个月,再发1h"入院。患者甲状腺功能亢进4个月,口服甲巯咪唑治疗后反复出现意识模糊,喂食糖水后症状缓解。入院后上述症状发作时血糖偏低(最低2.07mmol/L)、胰岛素偏高(最高171.20μU/ml),停用甲巯咪唑并给予少食多餐后,患者未再出现上述症状,根据临床特征诊断为胰岛素自身免疫综合征(IAS)。     

胰岛素自身免疫综合征三例

自身免疫性低血糖症（AIH）是低血糖的一种少见原因,其临床特点为自发性低血糖发作、高胰岛素血症及胰岛素抗体或胰岛素受体抗体阳性.根据自身抗体的不同可以分为两种类型：（1）在无外源性胰岛素应用时出现针对内源性胰岛素的抗体（IAA）阳性,称为胰岛素自身免疫综合征（IAS）,1970年由日本Hirata等首次报道,又称Hirata病[1];（2）是针对靶细胞表面的胰岛素受体的抗体（IRA）阳性,称为B型胰岛素抵抗综合征（TBIRS）,较罕见[2],部分可出现低血糖.我院自2009年报道1例IAS后[3],陆续出现数例,现再报告3例IAS患者,以提高临床认识.     

胰岛素自身免疫综合征合并Graves病1例及文献分析

胰岛素自身免疫综合征(IAS)是指从未使用过胰岛素的患者发生的严重自发性低血糖,由遗传因素和环境因素共同作用,大部分患者携带DRB1* 0406基因,多合并Graves病等自身免疫性疾病,以服用甲巯咪唑等药物为诱因,以血浆高胰岛素水平、高C肽水平、高滴度的胰岛素自身抗体(IAA)为主要特征.IAS具有自限性,停用诱发药物,辅以低碳水化合物、高蛋白、高纤维饮食,必要时给予小剂量糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂,多数可缓解.     

胰岛素自身免疫综合征—胰岛素自身抗体所致低血糖症

本文报道1例胰岛素自身免疫综合征及有关的文献。患者为49岁男性病人,曾因弥漫性甲状腺肿接受1个月的他巴唑治疗,无糖尿病及低血糖发作史,以往从未注射过胰岛素。于1984年8月12日晨10时出现严重低血糖昏迷、癫痫样发作,血糖16mg/dl,静脉注射葡萄糖后好转,实验室检查示空腹低血糖、糖耐量减退和餐后尿糖、血清中检得大量胰岛素抗体,应用PEG处理后的血浆胰岛素测定示有空腹高胰岛素血症,于葡萄糖负荷后无胰岛素高峰,免疫学检查发现有抗胰岛素抗体、抗TSH受体抗体、抗甲状腺微粒体抗体和抗垂体细胞抗体。1个月后空腹低血糖消失,糖耐量恢复正常、胰岛素抗体值明显降低。     

外源性胰岛素抗体综合征三例报道

目的 探讨外源性胰岛素抗体综合征(EIAS)的临床特点. 方法 回顾性分析3例住院EIAS患者的一般资料和实验室指标. 结果 EIAS患者年龄63～81岁,糖尿病病程10～22年,低血糖发作1例,发作时间无规律;均无自身免疫病病史和含巯基药物接触史;血清ICA、GADAb均阴性,IAA均强阳性(＞100);血清胰岛素水平均升高,但与C-P水平不匹配;调整为口服药或减少胰岛素注射次数后,血糖控制均改善. 结论 高胰岛素血症伴或不伴低血糖的T2DM患者,如发现血清胰岛素浓度与C-P水平不匹配,需检测胰岛素抗体(IAb),并考虑EIAS的可能性,必要时调整为口服药治疗可改善血糖控制.     

1例人胰岛素过敏患者使用门冬胰岛素治疗随访3年报告

本文报道一例使用人胰岛素后发生自身免疫反应致严重低血糖的患者,在停用人胰岛素,选用胰岛素类似物替换治疗后随访3年,血清胰岛素水平下降,低血糖发生率降低,生活质量提高。     

1例胰岛素自身免疫综合征患者的动态血糖监测

胰岛素自身免疫综合征（IAS）又称自身免疫性低血糖（AIH）,是一种罕见类型的低血糖症,1970年由日本Hirata首次报道,故又称Hirata病。临床以反复发作的低血糖、高胰岛素血症及胰岛素自身抗体（IAA）或胰岛素受体抗体阳性为表现。AIH在日本被列为自发性低血糖症的第3大病因。国内只有少数病例报道,无相关流行病学资料。现将1例IAS患者动态血糖监测结果报道如下。     

外源性人胰岛素所致自身免疫性低血糖三例

20世纪70年代,Hirata等[1]首先报告了从未使用过胰岛素的Graves病患者在使用甲巯咪唑时出现自发性低血糖,体内检测到高滴度的胰岛素抗体。其后随着此类病例报道不断增多,胰岛素自身免疫综合征（IAS）的概念被提出,即在某些特定人群,外源性因素,如含巯基药物,可诱导机体产生胰岛素抗体,这些抗体与内源性胰岛素结合使胰岛素生物学效应无法发挥,当这些抗体一胰岛素复合物短期内大量解离可导致一过性游离胰岛素水平增高,发生低血糖反应。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.