家庭厨房食用油烟雾中化学成分分析及对果蝇遗传毒性的研究

目的研究厨房食用油烟雾中的化学成分及其对果蝇的遗传毒性作用。方法应用气相色谱质谱联用仪（GC／MS）分析家庭厨房吸油烟机油杯中冷凝油的总化学成分,并采用果蝇伴性隐性致死试验（SLRL）对化学成分的遗传毒性进行了研究。结果样本中有74种化合物,包括烃类、醇酚类、醛酮类、酯类、羧酸类、杂环稠环类、甾醇类等。SLRL的实验结果表明,110、320、960μg·ml－1三个浓度组的总突变率分别为1．732‰、4．306‰、1．707‰。三个浓度组第1窝的不育率分别为2．564％,2．056％和2．845％,与对照组相比统计学差异显著（P＜0．05）,第Ⅱ窝的320μg·ml－1浓度组与第Ⅲ窝110μg·ml－1浓度组的致突变率分别为0．530％和0．540％（P＜0．001）。结论证明食用油烟雾冷凝物中的一些化学成分具有较强的隐性致死作用,对果蝇的生殖系统具有遗传毒性作用。     

厨房油烟污染状况及对厨师外周血淋巴细胞微核率影响的调查

调查和测定了厨房空气中烹调油烟的浓度及厨师外周血淋巴细胞微核率。无脱排油烟机的８间家庭厨房油烟平均浓度为８．２３±４．６７ｍｇ／ｍ３，１１间有脱排油烟机的厨房油烟浓度为２．７５±２．４６ｍｇ／ｍ３；４４家宾馆、饭店的厨房均装有脱排油烟机，空气中油烟的平均浓度为１．２９±０．６５ｍｇ／ｍ３。从上述４４家宾馆、饭店的厨师中随机抽取１１５人测定了外周血淋巴细胞的微核率。结果厨师微核率和微核阳性（微核率≥４‰）率分别为３．２５±５．４４‰和３３．９１％（３９／１１５），显著高于对照组的０．５１±１．２１‰和４．６０％（４／８７），差异有极显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明厨师组微核率和微核阳性率增高可能与接触烹调油烟有关     

食用油烟对实验动物脂质过氧化和巨噬细胞膜脂流动性的影响

为探讨食用油烟对巨噬细胞膜脂流动性的影响，选用ＳＤ大鼠于染毒柜中自然吸入食用豆油油烟，急性染毒，观察到油烟平均浓度为１．０５ｍｇ／ｍ＾３时，肺组织发生脂质过氧化，ＭＤＡ开始增加（Ｐ〈０．０５），平均浓度为９．５８ｍｇ／ｍ＾２，肺泡灌洗液中肺巨噬细胞脂膜流动性增加（Ｐ〈０．０１），且ＬＤＨ，ＡＣＰ酶的活力升高（Ｐ〈０．０５），吸入油烟浓度与各指标间有显著的剂量－反应关系。结果提示，食用油烟在本实验条     

尿液中视黄醇结合蛋白对肾小管疾病的诊断价值

应用酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测１０２例正常健康人及１１６例肾脏损害者的尿液视黄醇结合蛋白（ＲＢＰ）。正常健康人尿液ＲＢＰ浓度为０．２４±０．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ，肾脏损害者为４．９６±０．９２ｍｇ／Ｌ，两者比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。１１６例肾脏疾病患者中，２８例为系统性红斑狼疮（２．０１±３．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ），３０例为肾脏炎症（３．０３±２．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ），２０例为肾病综合征（１．０２±０．８７ｍｇ／Ｌ），２４例为尿毒症（１２．９２±３．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ），其它１４例为糖尿病、甲亢、皮肌炎（０．５９±２．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ），均较正常人有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５）。尿ＲＢＰ是近曲小管疾患的敏感指标，对肾小管疾病有重要诊断价值。     

环氧乙烷四氢呋喃共聚醚对雄性小鼠生殖毒作用的研究

实验研究了环氧乙烷四氧呋喃共聚醚（ＰＴＥ）对雄性小鼠的生殖毒作用。结果表明：６５ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量组，ＬＤＨ总活力及ＬＤＨ－Ｘ、ＳＤＨ、γ－ＧＴ活性、ＭＤＡ含量、血清睾丸酮水平均未见明显改变。剂量增加至１３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，在停止染毒后２４小时，仅ＬＤＨ－Ｘ的活性增高（Ｐ＜０．０５），剂量为２６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组停止染毒后２４小时，ＬＤＨ－Ｘ活性增高（Ｐ＜０．０５），但ＳＤＨ活性降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），２周２     

高原地区车间空气中CO卫生标准的研究

在海拔２２６１、３４１７和４７５０米高原进行小鼠急性ＣＯ染毒试验的ＬＣ５０分别为４３６５、３８４６和２８１８ｍｇ／ｍ３，毒性分别比平原（ＬＣ５０为７１４７ｍｇ／ｍ３）增加０．６４、０．８６和１．５４倍。２２６１米与４７５０米两对照组血中ＨｂＣＯ差异不明显，ＰＯ２和ＳａＯ２差异明显（Ｐ＜０．０５）；同一海拔不同染毒浓度组间ＨｂＣＯ、ＰＯ２和ＳａＯ２差异明显（Ｐ＜０．０５），不同海拔同一浓度组间差异不明显。海拔２３００米作业现场ＣＯ浓度２６．８ｍｇ／ｍ３的接触工人与对照组比较，自觉症状阳性率、神经行为功能改变、班后呼出气中ＣＯ浓度及其ＨｂＣＯ含量、班前ＴＧ和ＴＣ、班后ＰＯ２和ＳａＯ２均有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），接触组班前与班后呼出气中ＣＯ浓度和ＨｂＣＯ含量亦有显著差异。动物试验和人群流调结果均提示在高原地区车间ＣＯ卫生标准应适当降低，建议以２０ｍｇ／ｍ３为宜。     

氟、砷联合发育毒性的体外实验研究

用全胚胎培养模型探讨了氟、砷联合染毒对体外培养４８ｈ大鼠胚胎的发育毒性。结果显示，不同浓度氟与砷的联合作用类型属协同作用（Ｐ＝０．０００１）。除２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ氟＋０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ砷组外，其它各联合组的反映胚胎生长发育的指标（颅臀长、头长、体节数和胚胎干重）与对照组比较，均具有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。从氟砷联合胚胎毒性结果来看，二者相互增毒作用亦相当明显。例如３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ砷所致胚胎死亡率是１１．１％，但加２．５，１０和２０ｍｇ／Ｌ氟后，死胎率远大于二者单独作用之和，分别为３３．３％、４４．４％和１００％     

煤尘刺激肺泡巨噬细胞对人胚肺成纤维细胞的作用

目的了解煤尘对肺成纤维细胞增殖的影响。方法采用不同浓度煤尘刺激兔肺泡巨噬细胞（ＰＡＭ）,观察其上清液对体外培养的人胚肺成纤维细胞（ＨＥＬＦ）的作用,测定ＨＥＬＦ的增殖程度、培养液上清中羟脯氨酸（Ｈｙｐ）含量,了解胶原合成能力。结果空白对照、ＰＡＭ、煤尘组和阳性对照组（二氧化硅）ＨＥＬＦ的增殖程度均数分别为０．２８５、０．３６８、０．３９８、０．７６８,Ｆ＝９３．９２,Ｐ＜０．０１。其中２００ｍｇ／Ｌ煤尘作用于ＰＡＭ后,其上清液对ＨＥＬＦ有显著刺激增殖作用（Ｐ＜０．０１）;１００、２００ｍｇ／Ｌ煤尘对ＨＥＬＦ的增殖率分别为９．７４％、１７．００％。１００ｍｇ／Ｌ组Ｈｙｐ含量为（３０．３９±０．２７）ｍｇ／Ｌ,明显高于ＰＡＭ对照组［（２７．５８±１．４６）ｍｇ／Ｌ］,Ｐ＜０．０５。结论一定浓度煤尘体外作用于ＰＡＭ,可刺激成纤维细胞增殖,同时伴有胶原合成能力的增加。     

氟致大鼠尿锌水平变化及对血浆SOD影响观察

用含１１０ｍｇ／Ｌ氟化钠的双蒸水饲养Ｗｉｓｔａｒｔ大鼠４周,检测大鼠尿锌、血浆锌和血浆ＳＯＤ水平。结果表明,实验组大鼠尿锌排泄量明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,血浆ＳＯＤ含量明显低于对照且（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

氯化甲基汞对卵巢细胞酶及其线粒体的影响

用氯化甲基汞（以１／２００ＬＤ５０、１／２０ＬＤ５０和１／２ＬＤ５０即０．１９２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１．９２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ和１９．２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重的剂量）给昆明种雌性小鼠经口染毒，然后测定卵巢细胞中的ＬＤＨ、Ｇ－６－ＰＤ和ＳＤＨ活性，同时做卵巢细胞线粒体的电镜观察。结果表明：各剂量组的ＬＤＨ、Ｇ－６－ＰＤ活性明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。１／２ＬＤ５０和１／２０ＬＤ５０组的ＳＨＤ活性也明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。从电镜看到线粒体膜较完整，但在１／２ＬＤ５０和１／２０ＬＤ５０组中的线粒体嵴数目减少，甚至完全消失，基质呈空泡状改变。总之，酶活性改变，能量代谢的异常和线粒体的损伤可能是氯化甲基汞造成卵巢细胞功能改变的重要原因。     

洋茉莉醛遗传毒性的实验研究

[目的]评价洋茉莉醛的遗传毒性。[方法]应用果蝇伴性隐性致死试验（sex-linked recessive lethal,SLRL）及小鼠骨髓微核试验对洋茉莉醛进行遗传毒性评价。[结果]与对照组相比,不同剂量染毒组对果蝇的诱发突变率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;与对照组相比,不同剂量染毒组小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。[结论]本实验结果提示洋茉莉醛无致突变作用。     

香烟烟雾提取物的成分分析及遗传毒性研究

利用气质联用技术分析６种不同品牌国产香烟烟雾有机成分，并利用其中１种香烟样品做果蝇伴性隐性致死（ＳＬＲＬ）试验，检测其遗传毒性。结果发现，在６种香烟中共检出１４０余种有机物成分，其中脂肪烃类化合物４５种，苯取代物所占比重也较大，杂环类物质种类也较多，可达６０％以上。各种香烟烟雾的有机成分无明显差异。ＳＬＲＬ试验用１００ｐｐｍ、５００ｐｐｍ、２５００ｐｐｍ等３个剂量的提取物分别诱导Ｏｒｅｇｏｎ雄蚊产生０．３４１％、０．４２２％、０．０８４％的突变率，并产生明显的致不育现象，分别为１．９５９％、９．３５８％、９．９８９％。且提取物对成熟精子的致突变率最大，其次是精细胞，最小的是精母细胞，证明国产香烟烟需具有明显的遗传毒性。     

烹调油烟冷凝物对小鼠细胞免疫及免疫监视功能的影响

昆明种雌性小鼠皮下注射经动式染毒装置制备的豆油、菜籽油以及精炼色拉油油烟冷凝物。发现当皮下注射菜籽油油烟冷凝物后,与溶剂对照组相比,低剂量（１．１３ｇ／ｋｇ）菜籽油油烟冷凝物使动物迟发型变态反应明显下降。高剂量使小鼠迟发型变态反应和自然杀伤细胞活性明显下降。皮下注射高剂量（２．２６ｇ／ｋｇ）豆油油烟冷凝物后,小鼠迟发型变态反应、自然杀伤细胞活性和钙调素水平下降,并均具有显著性意义。动物在皮下注射低剂量色拉油油烟冷凝物后,与对照相比动物迟发型变态反应和自然杀伤细胞活性明显下降。本文结果表明,皮下注射一定剂量的烹调油烟冷凝物对小鼠细胞免疫及免疫监视功能会造成一定的损伤     

上海市餐饮服务单位食用油安全现况调查

[目的]了解上海市餐饮服务单位食用油采购、使用和废弃油脂回收处理情况,结合现场快速检测结果综合评价食用油安全状况,为监管部门规范企业食用油使用和废弃油脂处理提供参考。[方法]通过分层抽样方式抽取上海市各类型餐饮服务单位976户,采用自制调查问卷调查其食用油采购、使用和废弃油脂回收处理情况,利用现场快速检测技术,对未使用预包装食用油、使用过程中的煎炸用油的酸价、过氧化值、极性组分等项目现场快速检测。[结果]全市餐饮服务单位食用油使用量约1 235 t/d;6.0%的企业采购散装食用油,其消费量占总食用油消耗量的5.6%;废弃油脂由专业油脂回收企业回收的签约率为44.3%;对3 615件餐饮单位使用中食用油开展现场快速检测,疑似阳性17件,实验室确证检测结果均合格。[结论]上海市餐饮服务单位使用的食用油总体安全。食品从业人员对食用油反复、超时使用的健康风险知晓率低;餐饮服务单位废弃油脂回收不规范,存在地沟油回收流入食物链的可能。     

不同食用油和烹调方式的油烟成分分析

目的:分析不同食用油和不同烹调方式的油烟成分及其对健康危害。方法:应用粉尘采样器(15 L/min×20 min)和大气采样器(0.1 L/min×30 min)采集不同的食用油(菜籽油、花生油、大豆油、玉米油)及不同烹调方式(炸上排、炸蔬菜、炸鱼、煎鱼、炒菜)的油烟样品并分析。结果:菜籽油、大豆油及煎鱼、炒菜的油烟浓度均较高;烷烃类的含量以大豆油、炸蔬菜较高,炒菜较低;抗氧化剂存在不同油与食物中。结论:在本实验条件下,单纯食用油烹调比加入食物烹调的油烟浓度大;大豆油的油烟浓度及有机物含量均较高,炒菜的油烟浓度较大但有机物的含量最小。     

Genotoxicity of air borne particulates assessed by comet and the Salmonella mutagenicity test in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Fine airborne respirable particulates less than 10 micrometer (PM10) are considered one of the top environmental public health concerns, since they contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are among the major carcinogenic compounds found in urban air. The objective of this study is to assess the genotoxicity of the ambient PM10 collected at 11 urban sites in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The PM10 extractable organic matter (EOM) was examined for its genotoxicity by the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) comet assay and the Salmonella mutagenicity (Ames) test .Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to quantify 16 PAH compounds in four sites. Samples from oil refinery and heavy diesel vehicles traffic sites showed significant DNA damage causing comet in 20-44% of the cells with tail moments ranging from 0.5-2.0 compared to samples from petrol driven cars and residential area, with comet in less than 2% of the cells and tail moments of < 0.02.In the Ames test, polluted sites showed indirect mutagenic response and caused 20-56 rev/ m3, mean while residential and reference sites caused 2-15 rev /m3. The genotoxicity of the EOM in both tests directly correlated with the amount of organic particulate and the PAHs concentrations in the air samples. The PAHs concentrations ranged between 0.83 ng/m3 in industrial and heavy diesel vehicles traffic sites to 0.18 ng /m3 in the residential area. Benzo(ghi)pyrene was the major PAH components and at one site it represented 65.4 % of the total PAHs. Samples of the oil refinery site were more genotoxic in the SCGE assay than samples from the heavy diesel vehicles traffic site, despite the fact that both sites contain almost similar amount of PAHs. The opposite was true for the mutagenicity in the Ames test. This could be due to the nature of the EOM in both sites. These findings confirm the genotoxic potency of the PM10 organic extracts to which urban populations are exposed.     

Subchronic organismal toxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and feeding response of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to lindane (gamma-HCH) exposure under experimental conditions

This study evaluated organismal toxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity and the filtration rate in response to different concentrations of subchronic lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane [gamma-HCH]), exposure (12 d) in adult Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas. Oysters were exposed in vivo in laboratory aquaria to 10 different concentrations (0.0-10.0 mg/L) of gamma-HCH. The median lethal concentration (LC50) after 12 d was calculated as 2.22 mg/L. Cytotoxic effects were observed in hemocytes, where the mean cell viability was significantly decreased at 1.0 mg/L of gamma-HCH after 12 d. Genotoxicity of gamma-HCH measured by single cell gel electrophoresis assay, in hemocytes was evident at 0.7 mg/L of gamma-HCH after 12 d. After 4 h of exposure to gamma-HCH, filtration rates were reduced compared with controls to 65.8 and 38.2% at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.7 mg/L, respectively, and after 11 d of exposure, filtration rates were reduced to 60.4 and 30.9% at concentrations of 0.1 mg/L and higher. These results show the subchronic effects of gamma-HCH at different concentrations and effect sensitivities are categorized as filtration rate < genotoxicity < cytotoxicity < mortality. The relevance of integral toxicity evaluation, considering different endpoints from molecular, cellular, and individual levels is discussed.     

Effect of plant sterols from rice bran oil and triterpene alcohols from sheanut oil on serum lipoprotein concentrations in humans

BACKGROUND: Intake of unsaponifiable compounds from edible oils, such as plant sterols, can lower serum cholesterol concentrations in humans. However, little is known about effects of other chemically related unsaponifiables in edible oils, such as triterpene alcohols. OBJECTIVE: We studied the effects of plant sterols from rice bran oil and triterpene alcohols from sheanut oil on cholesterol concentrations in healthy, normolipemic volunteers. DESIGN: Twenty-eight men and 32 women consumed 29 g/d of 3 margarines for 3 wk each on a crossover, double-blind basis. A margarine based on sunflower oil was used as the control. Concentrates of plant sterols from rice bran oil or triterpene alcohols from sheanut oil were added to make 2 experimental margarines with the same fatty acid composition as the control margarine. RESULTS: Intake of 2.1 g plant sterols/d from rice bran oil decreased total cholesterol by 0.19 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.31, -0.07 mmol/L) and LDL cholesterol by 0.20 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.30, -0.10 mmol/L). HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations did not change significantly. Intake of 2.6 g triterpene alcohols/d from sheanut oil did not significantly affect lipoprotein concentrations in all subjects combined. CONCLUSIONS: We found that 2.1 g plant sterols/d from rice bran oil lowered serum total cholesterol by 5% and LDL cholesterol by 9% in normolipemic humans, whereas triterpene alcohols from sheanut oil did not significantly affect lipoprotein concentrations in all subjects combined. The effect of rice bran oil sterols is probably due to ss-sitosterol and other 4-desmethylsterols and not to 4,4'-dimethylsterols.     

枸杞饮料抗诱变作用的实验研究

采用果蝇伴性隐性致死试验（ＳＬＲＬ试验），就枸杞饮料对甲基磺酸乙酯（ＥＭＳ）诱发的果蝇生殖细胞突变的抑制作用进行了研究。结果表明，不同浓度的枸杞饮料可使ＥＭＳ诱发的果蝇ＳＬＲＬ率明显降低，其抑制分别为６８．２９％、４５．７１％和３１．５０％，并呈现剂量－反应关系。     

炊事员肺癌流行病学调查研究

目的 为了解决事炊员肺癌发病情况。方法 采用回顾性方法，对２３４５名炊事员进行了２５年死因流行病学调查，结果 炊事员肺癌粗死亡率为９８．０２／１０万，与当地居民比较，男女肺癌死亡率明显增高，ＳＭＲ分别为１．９９，２．４０（Ｐ〈０．０５），进一步分析发现，炊事员现癌高发主要集中于接触油烟浓度较大的烹调工，ＳＭＲ分别为３．８８，６．６７（Ｐ〈０．０５），而接触油烟较轻的白案工肺癌发病率较低。结论 提示