大气颗粒物对人双核淋巴细胞微核率的影响

目的研究大气中粗、细颗粒物对人双核淋巴细胞微核率的影响,探讨颗粒物的遗传毒性。方法用DFJ-2型分段采样器采集太原市某居民区大气中≤2.5μm和2.5～10μm的颗粒物,在索氏提取器中用二氯甲烷、丙酮和甲醇提取颗粒物中的有机物,用1∶1硝酸提取颗粒物中的金属元素,用原子吸收分光光度法测定颗粒物中金属元素Pb、Ni、Cd和Cr的含量,以人双核淋巴细胞微核试验检测颗粒物的致突变性。结果该居民区大气颗粒物浓度较高,达到0.7919mg/m3,超过国家标准4.28倍,细颗粒物占43.31%;细颗粒物比粗颗粒物含有较多的金属元素和有机物;大气中粗、细颗粒物均可诱发人双核淋巴细胞微核率显著增加(P<0.05和P<0.01),尤其是细颗粒物诱发微核率增加更为明显,随染毒剂量增加,人双核淋巴细胞微核率呈上升趋势(P<0.05)。结论大气颗粒物有一定遗传毒性,而细颗粒物的遗传毒性更强。     

太原市大气颗粒物中金属元素的富集特征

测定了太原市不同粒径大气颗粒物中１６种金属元素含量，分析了太原市大气环境中金属元素的污染状况、富集特征及其主要污染来源。结果表明，太原市大气环境中多数金属元素在颗粒物中的含量冬季明显高于夏季、工业区和市区的金属元素浓度水平远高于郊区。对人体危害较大的金属元素主要富集在≤２．０μｍ的细颗粒上。根据富集因子分析表明Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｓ、Ｓｅ等主要来自人为污染，Ａｌ、Ｆｅ、Ｃａ等主要来自自然来源。     

不同粒径大气颗粒物中金属元素含量及其免疫毒性研究

运用ＤＦＪ－１型五段分级采样器采集太原市空气中颗粒物。用原子吸收分光光度法测定不同粒径颗粒物上六种金属元素Ｐｂ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ａｓ、Ｚｎ的含量。用淋巴细胞转化功能、白介素２（ＩＬ－２）活性和Ｔ细胞亚群分析观察不同粒径的颗粒物提取液对小鼠的免疫毒性。结果表明Ｐｂ、Ｍｎ、Ａｓ、Ｚｎ含量较高，Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ含量较低。７０％￣８０％的Ｐｂ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｚｎ富集在≤２．０μｍ颗粒的免疫毒性较强。     

不同粒径柴油机排出颗粒物的体外微核实验研究

用ＤＦＪ－１五码分级器对国产中型４９５Ａ－３３型柴油机颗粒物进行分级采样并对各不同粒径的柴油机颗粒物的提取物进行体外培养细胞微核实验。结果发现各粒径的颗粒物中以粒径＜１．１μｍ的颗粒物最多，占总颗粒物重量的４５．２％。且此部分颗粒提取物致体外细胞微核形成的能力最强，并随着颗粒粒径的增大微核出现率逐渐降低。这提示控制柴油机排出颗粒物的污染既要减少颗粒物质排出的总量，更要注重对小粒径颗粒物的过滤以有效降低柴油机排出颗粒物的毒性。     

大气中不同粒径颗粒物诱导人羊膜FL细胞UDS的研究

本研究以诱导人羊膜细胞ＵＤＳ为指标，对太原市大气不同粒径的颗粒物提取液进行了致突变性检验，结果表明，不同粒径颗粒物的提取液均可产生一定的遗传毒性，尤以３．３μｍ以下的颗粒物的遗传毒性较强。     

大气颗粒提取物的致突变性

用五段分级采样器采集太原某焦化厂厂区大气颗粒物，用液相色谱测定不同粒径颗粒物上５种多环芳烃（ＰＡＨ）的含量，并用Ａｍｅｓ试验及ＣＨＬ细胞姐妹染色单体互换（ＳＣＥ）试验，观察不同粒径颗粒提取物的致突变性。结果表明５种ＰＡＨ浓度均很高，芘为１４．８９μｇ／１００ｍ３、为１９．３５μｇ／１００ｍ３、苯并（ａ）蒽（ＢａＡ）为１８．９μｇ／１００ｍ３、为１１４．６７μｇ／１００ｍ３、苯并（ａ）芘（ＢａＰ）为１５．９μｇ／１００ｍ３。４７～７０％的ＰＡＨ富集在≤２μｍ细颗粒上，其质量中值直径芘、、ＢａＡ、、ＢａＰ分别为２．２、２．１、１．６、１．９、１．３。Ａｍｅｓ试验和ＳＣＥ试验结果均表明，分级颗粒粒径愈小其提取物致突变作用愈强。     

不同粒径大气颗粒有机提取物致人外周血淋巴细胞的DNA损伤作用

目的研究不同粒径大气颗粒有机提取物对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤作用,为研究呼吸系统疾病与肿瘤的环境病因及防治措施提供依据。方法运用DFJ-1型5段分级采样器采集太原市某居民区的大气颗粒物,并分别用二氯甲烷、丙酮、甲醇索氏提取器提取不同粒径的有机提取物,再用单细胞凝胶电泳法,测定25、50、100和200μg/ml不同粒径大气颗粒物有机提取物对人淋巴细胞DNA的损伤。结果大气颗粒物有机提取率随粒径减小而增加。除粒径≥7.0μm和3.3～7.0μm的颗粒物最低剂量组(25μg/ml)彗星尾长与阴性对照组比较,差异无显著性外(P>0.05),其他粒径(<3.3μm)颗粒物各剂量组彗星尾长与对照组比较,增高均有显著性(P<0.01),并且随着粒径减小,DNA拖尾越长,损伤越严重。结论大气颗粒有机提取物可引起人外周血淋巴细胞DNA链的断裂,并且粒径越小其引起DNA损伤的作用越大。     

不同粒径颗粒物中多环芳烃含量与致突变性关系的研究

用五段分级采样器采集太原市三个功能分区空气中颗粒物，用高效液相色谱测定不同粒径颗粒物上五种ＰＡＨ的含量，用ＳＣＥ试验观察不同粒径颗粒物致突变性，结果表明，三个采样点大气颗粒物五种ＰＡＨ（Ｂｅｉ、芘、苯并（ａ）蒽、苯并（ａ）芘Ｑｕ）浓度均很高，工业区明显高于住宅区及郊区（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＢａＰ含量分别超标１５８、６２、５２倍，６０～７０％ＰＡＨ富集在粒径≤２μｍ颗粒上。颗粒物粒径愈小，致突变性愈强。     

南京市某区大气颗粒物有害元素分布富集及风险特征

目的分析南京市某区大气颗粒物上负载重金属及类金属元素的浓度水平,评估分级粒径段颗粒物上负载元素成分特征及风险。方法运用PSW-8型气溶胶粒度分布采样器于2015年11月23日—12月17日采集南京市某区大气颗粒物样品,通过重量法测定不同粒径大气颗粒物的浓度,并基于微波消解-ICP/MS法测定不同粒径颗粒物中不同重金属及类金属元素的浓度,运用美国环保局推荐的环境健康风险评价模型对不同粒径颗粒物中重金属及类金属的健康风险进行评价。结果南京市某区大气颗粒物(0. 65~1. 1)μm粒径的质量浓度及质量均最高,(0. 43~10)μm全粒径大气颗粒物中各重金属及类金属元素浓度的趋势为:AlPbMnCuCrSrAsNiSeVRbCdBiUCoCsAg。Se、Pb、Ag、As、Bi、Cd、Cs、Rb、Ni、Cu、Cr、Mn和V共13种重金属及类金属元素主要集中分布于2. 1μm以下的颗粒物上,U、Co、Sr和Al 4种元素主要分布在2. 1μm的颗粒物中。U、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、As、Ag、Bi和Cd元素在各粒径段中的富集因子均10,其中粒径段越小的重金属及类金属元素富集因子越高。本研究各元素的非致癌风险1,细粒径段及全粒径段的多种元素致癌风险之和大于1. 00×10-6。结论南京市某区采样期内2. 1μm以下大气颗粒物占比较大,对人群健康影响较大的重金属及类金属元素在细粒径段的含量较高,细粒径段各元素的富集因子和健康风险更高。应加强大气颗粒物中细粒径颗粒物及其负载污染物的研究。     

冬季大气中不同粒径颗粒物浓度及5种重金属成份的分析

运用ＤＦＪ－１型五段分级器和ＣＹＱ－０６型大流量采样器，采集冬季太原市一采样点大气悬浮颗粒物，分析颗粒物的浓度与不同粒径颗粒物的比重，并对颗粒物用索氏酸提取法和模拟肺泡液溶出法处理后，测定其中Ｐｂ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｄ５种重金属元素的含量。结果表明：采样点地区冬季大气颗粒物污染严重，特别是小粒径颗粒物的污染，而且其中所含有毒重金属元素可随颗粒物进入人体并部分溶出，其潜在危害值得进一步研究。     

Testing for mutagens in filter samples from the work atmosphere of an aluminum plant

Filter extracts of airborne particles from a S?derberg potroom and an anode paste plant were tested for mutagenicity by the Salmonella reversion assay. The extracts were mutagenic to strains TA100 and TA98, mainly after metabolic activation, but positive results were obtained also without S9 mix in strain TA98. These findings indicate that the particulate phase of air from the potroom and the anode paste plant of aluminum plants contain mostly indirect mutagens of both the base-pair substitution and frameshift type, and--to a less degree--frameshift mutagens. The relationship between concentration and mutagenicity was more positive for the potroom extract than for the anode paste plant extract.     

Genotoxicity of urban air particulate matter: Correlations between mutagenicity data,airborne micropollutants,and meteorological parameters

The mutagenicity of airborne particulate matter was monitored at a site representative of the high traffic density of the city of Rome. Inhalable (less than 10 μm) particles were collected every other day with a high‐volume sampler from November 1990 to April 1991. Mutagenicity of particle extracts was evaluated by the microsuspension procedure with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. Mutagenic activities of particle extracts displayed a fourfold variation during the period of sampling, with the lowest values in April (about 600 induced revertants mg^‐1), and the highest in February (about 2500 revertants mg^‐1). Multivariate statistical analyses on the interrelationships between mutagenicity, micropollutants levels and meteorological parameters highlighted a close inverse relationship between air mutagenicity and ambient temperature. Lower temperatures determined both an increased content of organic matter on air particles, and an increased mutagenicity (on a weight basis) of particle extracts, which was associated with a relative enrichment of the more volatile PAHs.     

Study of respirable suspended particulates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air.

To study the concentration change of respirable suspended particulate (RSP) in indoor and outdoor air environment, a new portable sampler (AND-sampler) was made. The sampler could collect particles above 10 microns, 2 to 10 microns, and below 2 microns in aerodynamic diameter separately. The relationship between the airborne particulate concentration in indoor and outdoor air environment varied with the aerodynamic diameter of the particles. The concentration of RSP in indoor air environment increased in proportion to that in outdoor environment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentration in airborne particulate also varies with the aerodynamic diameter of the particles. Fine particles below 2 microns in aerodynamic diameter contains high concentration of PAH. The PAH concentration in indoor air environment increases in proportion to that in outdoor air.     

The suspended particulate matter (SPM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air along a main road

The change in concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in indoor and outdoor air in the Tokyo metropolitan area was studied using a new portable sampler (SPMP-sampler). The relationship between the airborne particle concentration in indoor and outdoor air varied with the aerodynamic diameters of the particles. The concentration of the SPM in indoor air increased in proportion to that in outdoor air. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration in SPM also varied with the aerodynamic diameters of the particles. Fine particles with diameters of less than 2 microns contained high concentrations of PAH. The PAH concentration in indoor air increased in proportion to that in outdoor air. There were significant correlations between the concentrations of B(k)F, B(a)P, and B(ghi)P in indoor air. The mutagenic activities in the airborne particles also varied with the aerodynamic diameters of the particles. Fine particles with diameters of less than 2 microns had high mutagenic activities.     

Genotoxicity of air borne particulates assessed by comet and the Salmonella mutagenicity test in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Fine airborne respirable particulates less than 10 micrometer (PM10) are considered one of the top environmental public health concerns, since they contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are among the major carcinogenic compounds found in urban air. The objective of this study is to assess the genotoxicity of the ambient PM10 collected at 11 urban sites in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The PM10 extractable organic matter (EOM) was examined for its genotoxicity by the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) comet assay and the Salmonella mutagenicity (Ames) test .Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to quantify 16 PAH compounds in four sites. Samples from oil refinery and heavy diesel vehicles traffic sites showed significant DNA damage causing comet in 20-44% of the cells with tail moments ranging from 0.5-2.0 compared to samples from petrol driven cars and residential area, with comet in less than 2% of the cells and tail moments of < 0.02.In the Ames test, polluted sites showed indirect mutagenic response and caused 20-56 rev/ m3, mean while residential and reference sites caused 2-15 rev /m3. The genotoxicity of the EOM in both tests directly correlated with the amount of organic particulate and the PAHs concentrations in the air samples. The PAHs concentrations ranged between 0.83 ng/m3 in industrial and heavy diesel vehicles traffic sites to 0.18 ng /m3 in the residential area. Benzo(ghi)pyrene was the major PAH components and at one site it represented 65.4 % of the total PAHs. Samples of the oil refinery site were more genotoxic in the SCGE assay than samples from the heavy diesel vehicles traffic site, despite the fact that both sites contain almost similar amount of PAHs. The opposite was true for the mutagenicity in the Ames test. This could be due to the nature of the EOM in both sites. These findings confirm the genotoxic potency of the PM10 organic extracts to which urban populations are exposed.     

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and air mutagenicity: Results of one year monitoring at an urban site

The concentrations of four volatile organic compounds (VOCs: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) and the levels of inhalable (< 10 μm) airborne particles were monitored during 1 year at a site with intense vehicular traffic in the city of Rome. VOCs as well as airborne particulate matter were sampled every alternate day and pooled in fortnightly samples representative of the first and second half of each month. Some meteorological parameters (mean temperature, heliophany, air pressure and relative humidity) were concurrently recorded. Air particulate extracts were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella reversion system with tester strain TA98. Air mutagenicity levels were compared to air concentrations of benzene and alkylbenzenes, putative indicators of vehicular traffic, in order to elucidate their interrelationships. The results of multivariate statistical analyses show that seasonal variations in air mutagenicity are mainly dependent on the increased content of organic matter in airborne particles, possibly resulting from the increased deposition rate of semivolatile compounds with low ambient temperature. A weaker association was observed between air mutagenicity level and VOCs concentrations.     

Characterization of PM10 in different environmental situations: studies in 2 urban sites and a rural site

BACKGROUND: Among the atmospheric pollutants detectable in the environment, the inhalable airborne particulate (PM10) is regarded with increasing concern. Indeed a number of epidemiological studies support the correlation between both acute and chronic adverse health effects and the presence of PM10 levels even lower than the WHO guide lines. Despite these epidemiological findings, it is yet unclear and still widely debated which characteristics of particulate matter are responsible for the observed health effects. The identification of one or more components of PM10 related to the health effects observed in the urban population is a research subject of primary importance for the coming years. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to characterise from a physical-chemical point of view the "coarse" (PM10-2.1) and the "fine" (PM2.1) fractions of the airborne particulate matter (PM10) sampled in three different sites dissimilar with regard to the weather conditions, the residential density and industrial activities. METHODS: The particles were collected by an eight-stage cascade impactor (Andersen particle fractionating sampler) with a pre-separator stage able to remove particles with aerodynamic diameter > 10 microns. Analysis of the particle samples was performed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with a thin-window system for X-ray microanalysis by energy dispersion spectrometry. RESULTS: The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) of the analytical data revealed the presence of seven different particulate types (particle clusters) in the sampling sites: C-rich particles (cluster 1); Ca and Mg carbonates (cluster 2); Ca sulphates (cluster 3); silica particles (cluster 4); silicates (cluster 5); Fe-rich particles (cluster 6); metal compounds (cluster 7). CONCLUSIONS: Data obtained in this study demonstrated a significant correlation between the "coarse" fraction (PM10-2.1) composition and the characteristics of the sampling site. On the contrary the "fine" fraction (PM2.1) composition showed an unexpected uniformity in all the environments.     

Mutagenicity assessment of airborne particles from three polyurethane foam manufacturing facilities

In conjunction with industrial hygiene surveys, mutagenicity studies were performed for the airborne contaminants in three polyurethane manufacturing plants. Airborne particles were collected on glass-fiber filters with Hi-Vol pumps from different locations in each plant. Gases were collected in multiple-sorbent cartridges. The collected airborne particles and sorbent cartridges were extracted with organic solvents. Each extract was tested for mutagenic activity using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The results showed that airborne particles from all three plants are mutagenic to TA98 with or without S9 activation. The mutagenicity with S9, however, was two to four times higher than that without S9. None of the samples of gases collected on sorbent cartridges showed mutagenic activity.     

Occupational exposure to dust in slate pencil manufacture

Slate pencils are manufactured from natural rock known as Binota Shale in small factories. Since the dust generated by stone-cutting and groove-making machines during the process contains a very high percentage of free silica and the particles are of sizes ranging up to a few microns in diameter the exposure both to respirable and to total inhalable airborne dust was assessed. Dust sizing revealed that all of the dust was respirable (less than 2.5 μm). Measurement of the intake velocity of the exhaust system in many cases showed it to be less than 10 m s⁻¹. Suggestions are made for improvement in the working conditions.