青少年特发性胸椎侧凸后路凸侧胸廓成形术的并发症分析

目的:探讨青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者后路凸侧胸廓成形术的并发症发生原因及预防措施。方法:自1999年1月～2006年9月,共有410例青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者在我科施行脊柱侧凸后路矫形内固定术,同时行同一切口下的凸侧胸廓成形术,男86例,女324例。年龄11～18岁,平均14.7岁。术前剃刀背畸形15°～48°,平均32°。统计并发症发生情况。结果:凸侧胸廓成形的肋骨切除数平均4.2根,术后剃刀背畸形0°～14°,平均6°。无手术死亡病例。24例(5.8%)术中发生壁层胸膜穿孔,6例(1.5%)术后胸腔积液,3例(0.7%)术后气胸,1例(0.2%)术后呼吸困难需间歇性吸氧,34例(8.3%)术后有局部反常呼吸,17例(4.1%)术后诉不同程度的胸壁疼痛,9例(2.2%)诉局部皮肤麻木或感觉减退,3例(0.7%)早期手术的患者术后肋骨残端突出明显,1例(0.2%)皮下血肿,1例(0.2%)皮肤压疮。经相应处理后,患者大多恢复满意。319例平均随访28个月,仅4例仍残留有胸壁皮肤感觉减退。结论:凸侧胸廓成形术是一种安全、有效的改善"剃刀背"畸形的手段。提高手术技巧,术后积极处理,可以减少甚至避免相关并发症的发生。     

凹侧肋骨抬高胸廓成形对"剃刀背"畸形的矫正作用

目的:探讨凹侧肋骨抬高胸廓成形在脊柱侧凸后路手术中矫正“剃刀背”畸形的可行性。方法:自2000年10月～2005年10月,共有30例胸椎侧凸患者在我科施行后路三维矫形术,男13例,女17例;年龄10～31岁,平均17岁;先天性脊柱侧凸20例,特发性脊柱侧凸8例,马凡综合征2例。术前Cobb角60°～165°,平均118°;“剃刀背”畸形15°～60°,平均34.5°;双侧背部高度差为5～16cm,平均8.9cm。均同时在同一切口下行凹侧肋横突关节处截断并抬高肋骨胸廓成形,其中22例患者还同时行凸侧胸廓成形,凸侧肋骨切除的长度约为5～7cm。结果:每例患者肋骨抬高数为3～6根,平均4.5根。无手术死亡及严重并发症发生。术后Cobb角18°～85°,纠正率平均为58%;“剃刀背”畸形5°～18°,平均10.4°;双侧背部高度差1.5～5.2cm,平均3.4cm。随访12个月～5年,平均28个月,末次随访时Cobb角20°～90°,纠正率平均为56%;“剃刀背”畸形与术后无明显改变。结论:在严格掌握适应证的情况下仔细操作,凹侧肋骨抬高胸廓成形可使“剃刀背”畸形得到满意矫形效果。     

经后路胸膜外松解脊椎楔形截骨治疗重度特发性脊柱侧凸

目的:评价经后路胸膜外松解脊椎楔形截骨治疗重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸的安全性和早期临床效果.方法:2004年5月～2007年10月采用经后路胸膜外松解凸侧胸椎间隙、顶椎区楔形截骨、凹侧肋椎关节松解及椎弓根螺钉同定矫正治疗重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸患者19例,男12例,女7例,年龄14～39岁,平均18.9岁.术前侧凸Cobb角890～132°,平均107°;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离3～5.7cm,平均4.1cm;侧凸柔韧性为16.1%～29.6%,平均24.2%;12例合并后凸畸形,后凸Cobb角56°-89°,平均67°.结果:平均松解椎间隙5.2个,楔形截骨平均2.1个椎体.手术时间平均8.9h,术中出血量1200～4700ml,平均3100ml.无脊髓损伤.1例术中发生血气胸,术毕行胸腔闭式引流,2周后痊愈;1例术后第4d并发肠系膜上动脉综合征,采取禁食水、持续胃肠减压、维持水电解质平衡、左侧卧位,术后2周痊愈.术后侧凸Cobb角矫正至12°～59°,平均24.1°,矫正率为77.5%;12例后凸Cobb角22°～460°,平均35.6°,矫正率为46.9%;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离0.3～1.3cm,平均0.7cm.随访8～41个月,平均17.2个月,末次随访时侧凸Cobb角15°～67°,平均27.9.,丢失3.6%;12例后凸Cobb角25°～51°,平均39.4°,丢失5.7%;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离0.4～1.6cm,平均为0.9cm.所有患者植骨愈合良好,内固定无断裂及松动.结论:经后路胸膜外松解、脊椎楔形截骨与胸廓成形及后路脊柱矫形使用同一个手术切口,创伤小,节省了前路经胸的手术时间,对心肺干扰小,降低了手术风险.应用此方法治疗重度特发性脊柱侧凸安全性好,能获得较好的脊柱三维矫正.     

短节段肋骨切除胸廓成形对脊柱侧凸患者肺功能的影响

目的探讨特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形凸侧短节段肋骨切除胸廓成形术对肺功能的影响。方法 2006年1月至2007年5月,19例特发性胸椎侧凸患者行后路三维矫形术,并经同一切口行凸侧短节段肋骨切除胸廓成形术。男9例,女10例,年龄11～20岁,平均14.5岁。Lenke分型：1型13例,2型6例;术前Cobb角60°～104°,平均73.9°;术中切除肋骨4～6根,平均5.4根,切除长度1.5～2cm。所有患者术前均进行肺功能检查,选择用力肺活量（forced vital capacity,FVC）、第1秒最大呼气量（forced expiratory volume in 1 second,FEV_1）及二者占预计值百分比（FVC%,FEV_1%）作为观察指标,并分别于术后3个月、6个月、1年、2年复查肺功能,了解肺功能变化情况。所得数据用统计学方法进行分析。结果本组病例术后Cobb角10°～59°,平均26.5°,侧凸矫正率为64.1%;术后3个月时,FVC、FEV_1、FVC%及FEV_1%较术前均有下降,但其差异无统计学意义,术后6个月时接近术前水平,术后1年及2年较术前均有升高。校正年龄和身高对肺功能的影响后,FVC%及FEV_1%的动态变化显示术后3个月至2年患者肺功能在持续改善。结论脊柱侧凸后路三维矫形结合凸侧短节段肋骨切除胸廓成形对患者的肺功能干扰小,术后肺功能恢复快,可作为脊柱侧凸合并中重度胸牢的治疗选择。     

胸腔镜辅助下治疗特发性脊柱侧凸

[目的]评价胸腔镜下前路松解,前路或后路矫形治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗效果。[方法]回顾本院自2003年7月~2005年12月施行的11例胸腔镜辅助下前路松解,前路或后路矫形治疗特发性脊柱侧凸病例。年龄12~16岁,平均14.6岁。LenkeⅠ型9例,术前冠状面Cobb s角54°~68°,平均59.7°;LenkeⅢ型2例,术前冠状面Cobb s角分别为58°和71°,平均64.5°。Bending X线片侧凸矫正率为21.8%~32.4%,平均26.4%。对11例患者在胸腔镜辅助下,采用等离子冷消融切除椎间盘松解,前或后路矫正。对手术后及随访时,冠状面和矢状面的Cobb s角进行测量,并对手术时间,术中出血量,围手术期并发症及矫正丢失等进行分析。[结果]平均手术时间290 min,平均术中出血171 ml。松解节段5~7个,平均4.4个。9例LenkeⅠ型术后Cobb s角平均20.4°,Cobb s角矫正率平均65.8%;2例LenkeⅢ型术后Cobb s角分别为20°和25°,Cobb s角矫正率平均65.1%;1例术后包裹性胸腔积液,术后平均随访18.6个月;1例出现矫正度丢失14°,无神经系统及血管损伤并发症。[结论]与传统开胸前路胸椎侧凸矫形手术相比,胸腔镜辅助下胸椎松解前后路矫形治疗脊柱侧凸是安全有效的微创手术,可达到与开胸手术同样效果。     

前后路分期脊椎切除治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸的早期疗效

目的探讨前后路分期脊椎切除治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸的早期疗效。方法 2009年7月至2009年12月,采用前后路分期脊椎切除后路矫形术治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸11例,患者均为特发性脊柱侧凸,男5例,女6例,年龄11～20岁,平均14.8岁,Lenke分型：2型7例,4型4例。术前：主弯Cobb角92°～110°,平均100.2°;胸椎后凸Cobb角20°～86°,平均31.6°;冠状面失衡0～3.2 cm,平均1.8 cm;矢状面失衡-2.8～1.5 cm,平均-0.8 cm。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间3～6个月,平均4.5个月。所有患者均融合良好,无1例发生假关节及内固定失败,患者外观改善明显。主弯Cobb角：术后30°～48°,平均37.6°,矫正率63.2%;随访时30°～48°,平均38.7°,矫正率61.6%。胸椎后凸Cobb角：术后30°～42°,平均35.4°;随访时30°～43°,平均35.8°。冠状面失衡：术后0～1.8 cm,平均1.0 cm;随访时0～2.0 cm,平均1.1 cm。矢状面失衡：术后-1.7～4.0 cm,平均1.6 cm;随访时-1.5～3.5 cm,平均1.7 cm。1例术后需短期呼吸支持（24 h）,1例出现1枚螺钉位置不良（侧位片显示螺钉向上斜行进入椎间隙）,1例钛网位置不佳（正位片可见钛网倾斜）。所有患者切口均1期愈合,未发生感染、脊髓及神经根损伤。结论采用前后路分期脊椎切除后路矫形术治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸疗效满意,安全性好。     

后路松解胸椎间隙联合楔形截骨治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸

目的 评价经后路胸膜外松解胸椎间隙联合顶椎区楔形截骨结合椎弓根螺钉内固定矫正术治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形的安全性和早期临床效果.方法 2004年3月至2007年6月,对14例重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸患者行手术治疗.男6例,女8例;年龄15-31岁,平均22.1岁.其巾特发性7例,先天性6例,神经纤维瘤病l例.术前侧凸Cobb角81°～139°,平均111.2°;后凸57°～165°,平均85.8°.所有患者均行一期经后路胸膜外松解椎间隙联合顶椎区楔形截骨,经椎弓根螺钉内固定矫止及植骨融合术.结果 平均松解椎间隙5.1个,椎体截骨平均2.3个,手术时问7.2～14.1 h,平均9.2 h.术中出血量1500～6100 ml,平均3970 ml.无神经损伤,2例术中胸膜破裂,1例术后并发肠系膜上动脉综合征.所有患者经过7～31个月随访,平均12.7个月,术后侧凸Cobb角15°～71°,平均31.3°,矫正率71.9%;后凸22°～48°,平均34.9°,矫正率59.3%.结论 经后路胸膜外松解胸椎间隙节省了前路经胸的于术时间,创伤小,对心肺干扰小,降低了风险,改善了脊柱柔韧性.顶椎区凸侧三柱楔形截骨,依靠凹侧保留的椎间纤维环、黄韧带及肋椎关节作为稳定铰链,手术较伞脊椎切除术简便、安全.对重度僵硬性弧形脊柱侧后凸用单一的截骨术难以达到三维矫正,后路椎间隙松解联合顶椎区楔形截骨结合椎弓根螺钉内崮定矫正能获得良好的脊柱三维矫正.     

后路凹侧松解联合双极楔形截骨治疗分节不全型重度脊柱侧凸

目的:探讨后路凹侧松解联合双极楔形截骨治疗分节不全型重度脊柱侧凸的临床效果及其安全性。方法:自2004年11月～2009年10月,采用经后路凹侧肋椎关节松解和对分节不全脊柱节段行双极楔形截骨治疗重度脊柱侧凸患者14例。其中男8例,女6例,年龄14～22岁,平均17.6岁;术前冠状位侧凸Cobb角83°～139°,平均99.4°;侧凸柔韧性7.8%～20.1%,平均14.3%;冠状位偏移距离0.8～6.3cm,平均3.4cm。3例合并有胸椎后凸畸形,2例合并胸椎前凸畸形。收集手术时间、出血量、并发症、术后及未次随访时的侧凸Cobb角和冠状位偏移距离等临床数据并分析。结果:手术时间6.4～11.2h,平均8.6h;术中出血量3100～4500ml,平均3750ml。凹侧肋椎关节松解4～6个,平均5.2个。1例因椎弓根钉侵入T5椎管致左下肢不全性瘫痪,后经拔除该钉,3个月后脊髓神经功能完全恢复。1例术中发生血气胸,术后行胸腔闭式引流,2周后痊愈。术后随访24～48个月,平均32.6个月。末次随访时侧凸Cobb角12°～53°,平均34.9°,矫正率50.5%～87.2%,平均65.3%;冠状位偏移距离为0.4～2.6cm,平均1.0cm,矫正率12.5%～89.5%,平均65.9%。末次随访时所有患者获得良好的骨性愈合,内固定无断钉及松动,矫正度无显著丢失。结论:后路凹侧肋椎关节松解联合双极楔形截骨治疗椎体分节不全型重度脊柱侧凸,能较好地改善脊柱的柔韧性并保持截骨间隙的相对稳定,是治疗椎体分节不全型重度先天性脊柱侧凸安全有效的方法。     

前路和后路手术治疗胸腰段特发性脊柱侧凸的临床研究

[目的]对照性研究前路和后路手术治疗青少年胸腰段特发性脊柱侧凸的手术效果.[方法]按照同一标准,从1998年1月～2006年1月手术治疗的231例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸中选出胸腰段脊柱侧凸61例.A组前路手术28例.B组后路手术33例.[结果]随访2～6年(平均 3.5年).手术时间A组4.5 h±0.8 h,B组3.1 h±1.0 h(P＜0.01 ).出血量A组1 400 ml±350 ml,B组1 100 ml±230 ml(P＜0.05 ).术后引流量A组380 ml±190 ml,B组250 ml±150 ml(P＜0.05 ).固定节段A组4.5±0.6个椎体,B组7.1±1.2个椎体(P＜0.01 ).平均矫正率A组75%,B组74%(P＞0.05).剃刀背矫正度A组3.8°±2.4°,B组4.1°±2.6°(P＞0.05).2年后矫正度平均丢失A组4.3°±1.4°,B组5.4°±2.1°(P＞0.05).随访2年无假关节及内固定失败病例.术后交界性后凸角B组发生率高(P＜0.01 ).[结论]畸形的矫正、剃刀背的改善、矫正度的丢失前路和后路相当.后路手术损伤小、出血少,术后引流量少.后路手术容易产生PJK.     

特发性胸椎脊柱侧凸共平面矫形的原理与疗效

目的 探讨Coplanar(共平面)矫形技术在胸椎脊柱侧凸后路矫形中的应用及其矫形效果.方法 2008年6月至2009年3月,共27例脊柱侧凸患者接受一期后路CDH Legacy椎弓根螺钉固定加植骨融合手术,术中均采用Coplanar矫形技术,女26例,男1例;年龄11～23岁,平均15.9岁.均为特发性胸椎脊柱侧凸:Lenke 1AN型9例,1A-型2例,1BN型4例,1B-型5例,1CN型3例,1C-型2例,2AN型2例.术前Cobb角平均49°(40°～70°).术中在所有目标椎体置入椎弓根螺钉后,在胸椎主弯凸侧椎弓根螺钉上安装Coplanar延长杆,依次将两根Coplanar矫形棒插入延长杆顶部,此时侧凸已有一定矫形,两端使用压棒器械将矫形棒压向底端,所有椎弓根螺钉基本排列成一条直线,完成侧凸矫形;根据理想的胸椎后凸角度,在延长杆之间插入不同大小的Spacer;在胸椎主弯凹侧安装矫形棒,螺帽固定完毕后取出CoPlanar装置,再安装凸侧稳定棒,完成侧凸矫形.结果 术后Cobb角平均14°(6°～25°),矫正率为70.7%.手术前后胸椎后凸角度分别为18°和25°.手术时间210～300min,平均245 min;出血量600～2100ml,平均1500ml.平均随访15(12～18)个月,末次随访主弯矫正丢失3°,矫正丢失率为6.1%,无冠状面或矢状面失代偿.所有患者术后无须凸侧胸廓成形术,无死亡、感染及神经系统并发症发生.结论 Coplanar矫形技术可作为脊柱侧凸矫形的一个新选择,在获得良好冠状面矫形的同时,可获得良好的水平面去旋转和胸椎后凸维持.     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for the treatment of scolioticrib hump deformity

A retrospective study of 21 patients with idiopathic scoliosis who underwent endoscopic thoracoplasty was done. The objective of the study was to report and assess the morbidity and mid term outcomes of video-assisted thoracoplasty in idiopathic scoliosis. Patients with idiopathic scoliosis often present cosmetic complaints due to their rib deformity. This deformity may still exist after surgical correction of the main scoliotic curve. Endoscopic thoracoplasty has been reported as a safe method in limited cases of idiopathic scoliosis. Between 2002 and 2004, 21 patients underwent endoscopic anterior release and thoracoplasty for significant rib hump deformity associated with idiopathic scoliosis. Patients were operated on lateral position, with two endoscopic ports. Anterior release and rib resection were performed during the first stage, and instrumented posterior fusion was performed in a second stage. Patients were evaluated preoperatively, 1 week after surgery, 6 months after surgery and at their most recent follow-up with clinical and radiological measurement of the rib deformity. The mean age at surgery was 14.9 years old (range 13–17 years). The average Cobb’s angle of the main scoliotic curve was 70° (range 60°–85°). Average follow-up was 25 months (range 23–32 months). The mean number of resected ribs was five ribs (range 4–7) and the mean length of the resected rib was 4.2 cm (range 2.2–7 cm). Average operating time of endoscopic thoracoplasty (including anterior release) was 65 min (range 45–108 min). The mean preoperative height of rib hump deformity was 3.6 cm (range 2.5–5.5 cm). It was reduced to 1.5 cm at most recent follow-up. There was no significant thoracic pain necessitating medication postoperatively. No complications related to endoscopic anterior release and rib hump resection occurred in the series. Endoscopic thoracoplasty is a safe and reliable technique in idiopathic scoliosis. If indicated, the anterior release can be performed with video-assistance and the thoracoplasty can be performed on the same stage.     

Differential rod contouring on thoracolumbar/lumbar curvature in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: An analysis with intraoperative acquisition of three-dimensional imaging

BackgroundDifferential rod contouring (DRC) is useful for periapical vertebral derotation and decreasing rib hump in patients with thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, it is unknown whether DRC in the thoracolumbar/lumbar spine also contributes to derotation. We assessed the contributions of rod contouring and of DRC to the reduction of apical axial vertebral body rotation in patients with AIS with thoracolumbar/lumbar curvatures.MethodsForty-five (Lenke type 3 or 4, 17; Lenke type 5 or 6, 28) were analyzed for the contribution of DRC to thoracolumbar/lumbar spinal derotation. Rod contouring was assessed by comparing the preinsertion x-ray with the post-operative CT images. Intraoperative C-arm fluoroscopic scans of the periapical vertebrae of the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve of the scoliosis (135 vertebrae) were taken post-rod rotation (RR) and post-DRC in all patients. Three-dimensional images were automatically reconstructed from the taken x-ray images. The angle of vertebral body rotation in these apical vertebrae was measured, and the contribution of DRC to apical vertebral body derotation and rib hump index (RHi) for lumbar prominence was analyzed.ResultsThe pre-implantation convex rod curvatures of both Lenke 3/4 and 5/6 groups decreased after surgery. The mean further reductions in vertebral rotation with post-RR DRC were 3.7° for Lenke 3/4 and 4.4° for Lenke 5/6 (P < 0.01). Both changes in apical vertebral rotation and in RHi for evaluating lumbar prominence were significantly correlated with the difference between concave and convex rod curvature in preimplantation. Vertebral derotation was significantly higher in curves with a difference >20° (P < 0.05).ConclusionsDRC following rod rotation contributed substantial additional benefit to reducing vertebral rotation and decreasing lumbar prominence in thoracolumbar/lumbar scoliosis.     

Meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of anterior vertebral body tethering in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Purpose

In this meta-analysis, we analyzed the efficacy and safety of anterior vertebral body tethering in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Methods

We performed a literature search and analyzed the following data: baseline characteristics, efficacy measures (corrections of the main thoracic curve, proximal thoracic curve, and thoracolumbar curve, thoracic kyphosis, lumbosacral lordosis, rib hump, lumbar prominence and SRS-22 scores, and complications. Analyses were performed with Cochrane's Review Manager version 5.4.

Results

Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Significant corrections of the main thoracic (MD 22.51, 95% CI 12.93 to 32.09) proximal thoracic (MD 10.14°, 95% CI 7.25° to 13.02°), and thoracolumbar curve (MD 12.16, 95% CI 9.14 to 15.18) were found. No statistically significant corrections were observed on the sagittal plane assessed by thoracic kyphosis (MD − 0.60°, 95% CI − 2.45 to 1.26; participants = 622; studies = 4; I2 = 36%) and lumbosacral lordosis (MD 0.19°, 95% CI − 2.16° to 2.54°). Significant corrections were identified for rib hump (MD 5.26°, 95% CI 4.19° to 6.32°) and lumbar prominence (MD 1.20°, 95% CI 0.27° to 2.13°) at final follow-up. Significant improvements of total SRS-22 score (MD − 0.96, 95% CI − 1.10 to − 0.83) were achieved at final follow-up. The most common complication was overcorrection (8.0%) and tether breakage (5.9%), with a reoperation rate of 10.1%.

Conclusions

Anterior vertebral body tethering is effective to reduce the curve in the coronal plane and clinical deformity. Maximum correction is achieved at one year. The method should, however, be optimized to reduce the rate of complications.

     

Short apical rib resections thoracoplasty compared to conventional thoracoplasty in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery

Purpose

To introduce a modified technique of thoracoplasty (short apical rib resection thoracoplasty (SARRT)) and compare its clinical, functional radiological outcomes and postoperative lung functions with conventional thoracoplasty (CT) in scoliosis surgery.

Methods

Retrospectively review of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients who underwent corrective surgery with thoracoplasty from 2006 to 2010 was performed. Thoracoplasty was performed in 58 patients (CT in 31 and SARRT in 27 patients). 21 patients who underwent deformity correction only, without thoracoplasty were taken as control group (non-thoracoplasty, NT). To evaluate the outcome of SARRT, radiological parameters, pulmonary functions and clinical outcomes were compared among all the three groups.

Results

Age, sex and scoliosis types were evenly distributed between 3 groups (p = 0.66, 0.92, 0.31). Number of levels fused, change in Cobb angle, lordosis, kyphosis, coronal balance, sagittal balance, coronal translation and sagittal translation were not significantly different among the three groups (p > 0.05 for all). There was 38.6 % improvement in rib hump in NT, 44.04 % in CT and 60.9 % correction in SARRT group. Pulmonary complications were significantly higher in the CT group, especially in view of pleural rupture, pulmonary effusion and intercostal neuralgia (p = 0.041, 0.029, 0.049). There was no difference among three groups in postoperative pulmonary function but the score of satisfaction as sub-category in SRS-22 questionnaire was decreased in CT groups (p = 0.046).

Conclusions

SAART is effective in correcting the rib deformity without altering the pulmonary functions and SAART has less number of pulmonary complications as compared to CT.     

Primary thoracoplasty and pedicle screw instrumentation in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis

Thoracoplasty in combination with spine fusion is an established method to address the rib cage deformity in idiopathic scoliosis. Most reports about thoracoplasty and scoliosis correction focused on Harrington or CD instrumentation. We report a retrospective analysis of 21 consecutive patients, who were treated with pedicle screw instrumentation for idiopathic thoracic scoliosis and concomitant thoracoplasty. Minimal follow up was 24 (24–75) months. Indication for thoracoplasty was clinical rib prominence of more than 15°. In average there was a 44% correction of clinical rib hump, from 18 (15–25°) to 10° (0–18°) (p<0.0001) and a 40% correction of radiological rib hump, from 15 (5–20°) to 9°(2–15°) (p<0.0001). The preoperative pulmonary function, accessed by forced vital capacity (FVC) and one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), remained unchanged at the last follow up. The distal end of fusion was the end vertebra of the curve in 83.3% and the end vertebra plus one in 16.7% of the patients. There was a 68% correction of instrumented primary thoracic curves, from 60 (45–85°) to 19°(5–36°) (p<0.0001), and a 45% correction of non-instrumented secondary lumbar curves, from 40 (28–60°) to 22°(8–38°) (p<0.0001). Apical vertebral rotation (AVR) of the thoracic curves improved 54%, from 24 (10–35°) to 11° (5–20°) (p<0.0001). The tilt of lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) improved 68%, from 28 (20–42°) to 9°(3–20°) (p<0.0001). There was no significant change in sagittal profile of the spine. Analysis with SRS-24 questionnaire showed that the majority of the patients were very satisfied with the outcome. A matched control group (n=21) operated by the same surgeon with the same operation technique but without concomitant thoracoplasty was chosen for comparison. The scoliosis correction in the two groups was comparable. The patients without thoracoplasty had 37% spontaneous improvement of the clinical rib hump.     

四肢多发骨折并发胸腔积液的危险因素分析

目的:探讨四肢骨折合并胸腔积液的危险因素,为预防胸腔积液的发生提供参考。方法：自2010年1月至2019年12月采用手术治疗的137例四肢多发骨折患者,男102例,女35例,年龄16~92（48.34±15.85）岁。四肢多发骨折定义为全身有两处以上的四肢骨折,所有入选患者术前具有完整的临床,影像及实验室检查资料,包括术前胸部CT,性别,年龄,体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）,红细胞压积（hematocrit,HCT）,美国麻醉医师协会（American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA）分级,创伤严重度评分（injury severity score,ISS）,吸烟史,手术史,糖尿病史,高血压史,入院至手术时间,骨折部位,血小板计数,白蛋白,C-反应蛋白和D-二聚体等因素。记录患者是否合并胸腔积液,计算胸腔积液量,并对相关危险因素进行统计学分析。结果：四肢骨折均接受了手术治疗,术后患者切口愈合良好,无伤口感染和急性肺损伤或急性呼吸窘迫综合征等并发症出现。通过多因素回归分析示：ISS>16分（P=0.000）、吸烟史（P=0.001）和肋骨骨折（P=0.000）是四肢多发骨折合并胸腔积液的危险因素。多因素线性回归分析显示：吸烟史,ISS及肋骨骨折是四肢多发骨折胸腔积液量增多的危险因素。结论：四肢多发骨折合并胸腔积液与ISS、吸烟史以及肋骨骨折相关;胸腔积液量与吸烟史、ISS及肋骨骨折有关。对ISS>16分,有吸烟史或合并肋骨骨折的多发骨折患者应提高警惕,尽早干预,降低合并胸腔积液量的风险。     

Derotation of the spine

Idiopathic scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity: lateral deviation in the coronal plane, thoracic hypokyphosis in the sagittal plane, and rotation in the transverse plane affecting the ribs and trunk. With pedicle screw fixation and modern corrective techniques, derotation of the spine can now be accomplished. The goals of vertebral derotation are to achieve true three-dimensional correction of the spinal deformity and reverse the torsional asymmetry induced by scoliosis. Intuitively, in typical thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, this would mean optimal coronal correction, restoration of thoracic kyphosis, and realignment of thoracic torsion by lifting the concavity out of the chest and reducing the convex rib deformity without the need for thoracoplasty.     

一期后路全脊椎切除治疗重度脊柱畸形围手术期并发症及其相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨一期后路全脊椎切除术治疗重度脊柱畸形围手术期并发症的发生情况及其相关危险因素.方法 2004年9月至2012年7月接受一期后路全脊椎切除术治疗的重度脊柱侧后凸患者39例,男15例,女24例;年龄3～53岁,平均16.9岁.侧后凸畸形24例,平均冠状面主弯Cobb角85.1°,平均后凸Cobb角92.9°;侧凸畸形7例,平均冠状面主弯Cobb角81.1°;后凸畸形8例,平均后凸Cobb角94.4°.术前合并神经功能障碍者11例.回顾性分析围手术期并发症的发生情况及其相关危险因素.结果 围手术期共13例患者出现了15例次与手术相关的并发症.神经系统并发症6例次(15.4％).青少年神经系统并发症发生率明显低于成人.术前已经伴有及不伴有神经损害表现患者的神经并发症发生率分别为36.4％和7.1％.出现神经系统并发症的患者术前均伴有后凸畸形,且后凸畸形严重者(后凸Cobb角≥90°)神经系统并发症发生率明显增高.术后呼吸支持时间延长4例次(10.3％).壁层胸膜撕裂3例次(7.7％),脑脊液漏1例(2.6％),肺部感染1例次(2.6％).结论 一期后路全脊椎切除术是治疗重度脊柱畸形的有效方法,但围手术期并发症尤其是神经系统并发症发生率高.神经系统并发症的发生与术前神经功能、患者年龄、后凸Cobb角大小相关.     

Treatment and complications in flaccid neuromuscular scoliosis (Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy) with posterior-only pedicle screw instrumentation

Literature has described treatment of flaccid neuromuscular scoliosis using different instrumentation; however, only one article has been published using posterior-only pedicle screw fixation. Complications using pedicle screws in paralytic neuromuscular scoliosis has not been described before. To present results and complications with posterior-only pedicle screws, a retrospective study was carried out in 27 consecutive patients with flaccid neuromuscular scoliosis (Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy), who were operated between 2002 and 2006 using posterior-only pedicle screw instrumentation. Immediate postoperative and final follow-up results were compared using t test for Cobb angle, pelvic obliquity, thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis. Perioperative and postoperative complications were noted from the hospital records of each patient. Complications, not described in literature, were discussed in detail. Average follow-up was 32.2 months. Preoperative, immediate postoperative and final follow-up Cobb angle were 79.8°, 30.2° (63.3% correction, p < 0.0001) and 31.9°, respectively; and pelvic obliquity was 18.3°, 8.9° (52% correction, p < 0.0001) and 8.9°. Postoperative thoracic kyphosis remained unchanged from 27.6° to 19.9° (p = 0.376); while lumbar lordosis improved significantly from +15.6° to −22.4° lordosis (p = 0.0002). Most patients had major to moderate improvement in postoperative functional and ambulatory status compared to the preoperative status. Thirteen (48.1%) perioperative complications were noted with five major complications (four respiratory in the form of hemothorax or respiratory failure that required ventilator support and one death) and eight minor complications (three UTI, two atelectasis, two neurological and one ileus). Postoperatively, we noted complications, such as coccygodynia with subluxation in 7, back sore on the convex side in 4 and dislodging of rod distally in 1 patient making a total of 12 (44.4%) postoperative complications. Of 12 postoperative complications, 6 (50%) required secondary procedure. We conclude that although flaccid neuromuscular scoliosis can be well corrected with posterior-only pedicle screw, there is a high rate of associated complications.