Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on liver and kidney toxicity in cyclophosphamide-treated female albino rats.

Effects of ascorbic acid supplementation on the activity of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) on liver, kidney and serum in cyclophosphamide-treated female virgin rats were investigated. Oral administration of cyclophosphamide at the dose of 5 mg/kg body weight/day for 12 days resulted in a significant elevation in ACP and ALP activities in liver, kidney and serum. Ascorbic acid supplementation at the dose of 25 mg/kg body weight/day showed a significant protection in the activity of ACP in liver, kidney and serum, but only in ALP activity in kidney. ALP activities in liver and serum were not restored to control level by ascorbic acid supplementation. Activities of GOT and GPT were elevated significantly in liver, kidney and serum after cyclophosphamide treatment, and were protected and restored to control level by ascorbic acid supplementation.     

Effect of chronic herbicide intoxication on in vivo activities of certain enzymes in the liver of freshwater fish Nemachelius denisonii (day)

Effect of 120 days of continuous exposure of three sublethal concentrations (1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 fractions of 96 h LC50) of Basalin on alkaline phosphatase (Alk P), acid phosphatase (Acid P), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities in the liver of Nemacheilus denisonii were studied. Alk P, Acid P, LDH, and GPT activities were significantly inhibited, but GOT activities were not significantly altered. More inhibition was observed with the higher concentration, but Acid P, LDH, and GPT activities were significantly inhibited in all three sublethal concentrations.     

The effects of fucoidan extracts on CCl<Subscript>4</Subscript>-induced liver injury

The aim of this study was to elucidate the antioxidant properties of fucoidan extracts (FE) against CCl(4)-induced oxidative stress by monitoring the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Female, Sparague-Dowley rats were administered with FE (100 mg/kg daily) for 14 days and CCl(4) on the 15'th day, 12 h before they were sacrificed. The levels of GOT, GPT, ALP and LDH in serum of rats, as well as the levels of MDA, SOD, CAT and GPx in total liver homogenate were analyzed. CCl(4)-treatment was found to increase the levels of GOT, GPT, ALP, LDH and MDA, as well as decrease levels of SOD, CAT and GPx significantly. The pre-treatment of rats with FE, however, suppressed the increment of levels of GOT, GPT, ALP, LDH and MDA, as well as recovered the levels of SOD, CAT and GPx in CCl(4)-treated rats. Moreover there was a significant decrease in incidences of necrosis and cirrhosis in the liver tissue of FE-treated rats. These results implied that FE possessed antioxidant properties against CCl(4)-induced oxidative stress.     

The influence of carathane and toxaphene on the activity of some enzymes in rat's tissues in the studies in vivo.

Administration of pesticides to the experimental animals bring changes in the activity of enzymes: 3.1.3.1. alkaline phosphatase (AP), 3.1.3.2. acid phosphatase (AcP), 1.4.1.2. glutamin dehydrogenase (GDH), 1.1.1.27. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 2.6.1.1. glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and 2.6.1.2. glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), determined in blood serum, liver, and kidneys. In the majority of cases these changes are statistically significant.     

Biochemical and enzymatic changes after black scorpion Heterometrus fastigiousus Couzijn envenomation in experimental albino mice

The toxic effects of Asian black scorpion Heterometrus fastigiousus (Family, Scorpionidae) venom were determined in albino mice (NIH strain). Venom was isolated and fractioned by Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The toxicity of fractioned venom was determined in albino mice by subcutaneous envenomation. The LD(50) of venom was found to be 15 mg kg(-1) body weight and range of molecular weight of venom proteins responsible for toxicity was found from 9.5-63 kDs. The effects of fractioned venom on different biochemical and enzymatic parameters in blood serum and gastrocnemius muscle tissue of albino mice were determined after experimental envenomation. An increase in serum levels of glucose, free amino acids, uric acid, pyruvic acid and total protein was observed while a decrease in the cholesterol level in serum was observed after 4 h of envenomation. Increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) enzyme activity in serum was observed. Glycogen content in liver, atria, ventricle, rectus abdominus and gastrocnemius muscle was decreased after experimental envenomation. Activity of ALP, ACP, LDH, GPT, AChE and Na+K+ATPase enzymes in gastrocnemius muscle tissue of envenomed albino mice was studied. Inhibition in ALP, AChE and Na+K+ATPase enzyme activity and increase in ACP, LDH and GPT enzyme activity was observed in gastrocnemius muscle after scorpion envenomation. In vitro studies with AChE and Na+K+ATPase enzymes indicated that enzymatic activity of AChE was inhibited competitively by fractioned venom in gastrocnemius muscle.     

白芍总甙对小鼠四氯化碳肝损伤模型的保护作用

白芍总甙(TGPs 40或80mg/kg·d~(-1)×3d,ip)可明显对抗四氯化碳(ig or sc)引起的小鼠血浆或血清谷丙转氨酶和血浆乳酸脱氢酶升高,但对谷草转氨酶的升高无明显影响。TGPs(40mg/kg·d~(-1)×3d,ip)对四氯化碳所致的肝病理组织改变有一定保护作用。提示TGPs可能具有保肝作用。     

Effects of BDE-99 on hormone homeostasis and biochemical parameters in adult male rats

In this study, we evaluated the effects of BDE-99 on hormone homeostasis, as well as in urinary and serum biochemical parameters of adult male rats. Animals (10 per group) received BDE-99 by gavage at single doses of 0, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg. Forty-five days after BDE-99 exposure, urine and serum samples were collected for hormonal and biochemical analysis. Oxidative stress (OS) markers in erythrocytes, plasma and urine were also evaluated. Urinary excretion of total protein significantly increased following BDE-99 exposure, while lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamil transferase (GGT), and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activities significantly decreased. Liver toxicity was evidenced by elevated serum activities of the enzymes glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Following BDE-99 administration, OS markers in erythrocytes showed an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and a reduction in glutathione reductase (GR) activity. In urine, isoprostane levels increased after BDE-99 exposure. The hormonal analysis showed a significant decrease in testosterone and progesterone levels. These results support the hypothesis that BDE-99 interacts with hormonal response. Moreover, BDE-99 administration to adult male rats showed signs of renal and hepatic toxicity.     

Toxic effects of grass carp,snake and chicken bile juices in rats

To evaluate the toxic effects of different animal bile juices, male Long-Evans rats were used and treated orally with different doses (0.03–0.6 ml) of grass carp, snake and chicken bile juices. After treating with one high dose (0.6 ml) for 6 and 24 h, the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine in the plasma of rats in the grass carp bile juice group became higher than those of the other two bile treated groups. After 3-days periodic treatment with 0.3 ml of each animal bile juice for 28 days, the levels of GOT, GPT, BUN and creatinine in the plasma of rats were significantly increased, especially the grass carp bile juice-treated rats. It appeared that the rats administered with snake and chicken bile juices for a much longer time were poisoned and had the same symptoms as those treated with grass carp bile juice.     

Protective effect of Mentha piperita against arsenic-induced toxicity in liver of Swiss albino mice

The protective role of leaves of Mentha piperita Linn (Mint) was studied in adult Swiss albino mice against arsenic-induced hepatopathy. The animals were divided into four groups. Group I: only vehicle (0.9% NaCl) was administered. Group II: the animals received Mentha leaf extract (1 g/kg body weight per day) orally for 30 days. Group III: animals were treated with sodium arsenite (4 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally in 0.9% NaCl. Group IV: animals were given Mentha extract for 10 consecutive days prior to sodium arsenite treatment and continuously for 30 days after sodium arsenite treatment. The animals from the above groups were killed at various time-points, and body weight and liver weight were measured. The biochemical estimation of lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in liver and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) in serum were done. In the arsenic-treated group there was a significant increase in ACP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT and LPO content, whereas a significant decrease was recorded in body weight, liver weight, GSH and LDH activity in liver. Pre- and post-treatment of Mentha with arsenic significantly alters the biochemical parameters in liver. A significant decline in ACP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT and LPO content was observed. However, a significant increase in body weight, liver weight, GSH content and LDH activity in liver was estimated. The results indicate that the Mentha extract may be useful in reducing the side effects of arsenic-induced hepatopathy.     

Effects of 50 ppm NO2 gas exposure on physiological functions of rats

When rats were exposed to 50 ppm NO2 gas for 36 h, remarkable changes in some biochemical levels compared with those of control rats were observed. Namely, levels of total cholesterol, ester cholesterol, total lipids, triglycerides, nitrogen of urea, uric acid, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and cytochrome P-450 of the exposed rats were decidedly different from those of the control rats. Thus, it was suggested that functions of liver are acutely injured upon exposure to 50 ppm NO2 gas, although extensive pulmonary injury resulting from such an exposure may also be responsible for some of the abnormal serum values.     

The Hepatotoxicity and Testicular Toxicity Induced by Arecoline in Mice and Protective Effects of Vitamins C and E

Arecoline is a major alkaloid of areca nuts which are widely chewed by southeast Asian and it manifests various toxic effects in different organs of human and animals. In this work, mature mice were treated by vitamins C plus E, arecoline, or both daily for four weeks. The results showed that arecoline significantly increased the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and significantly decreased the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the liver tissues. Additionally, the body weight, testis weight, sperm counts, motility and normal sperms also were significantly decreased. The supplement of vitamins C and E can bring the activities of ALP and GPT to normal levels and partially restore the sperm counts compared to the arecoline-treated group but have no other positive effects. In conclusion, the vitamins C and E partially attenuated the arecoline-induced hepatotoxiciy but basically had on protective effects against the arecoline-induced testicular toxicity.     

牛膝多糖对链佐星诱导性糖尿病小鼠的保护作用(英文)

目的研究牛膝多糖(ABP)对链佐星诱导性糖尿病小鼠的保护作用。方法将雄性ICR小鼠分为正常对照组、糖尿病模型组、ABP50和100mg.kg-1(ip,每天1次,共15d)治疗组。分别于给药前,给药8和15d时用血糖测量仪检测血糖水平,并进行血糖耐受试验。末次给药第2天测量小鼠体重,处死,测量心、肝、脾和肾脏器官重量,同时制备血清,采用放射免疫分析试剂盒检测血清胰岛素水平,比色法测定血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量及谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。采用ELISA检测血清瘦素、脂联素、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)的浓度。结果与正常对照组相比,糖尿病模型组小鼠体重下降,血清胰岛素水平降低,血糖升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。ABP50和100mg.kg-1在血糖耐受试验中能较好地调节血糖水平,其血糖在15d时分别比模型组下降了27.4%和16.3%(P<0.05,P<0.01)。ABP50mg.kg-1治疗组小鼠脾和肾脏指数,血糖、血清TG和TC浓度,GOT,GPT和ALP活性均显著低于糖尿病模型组(P<0.05),血清瘦素水平下降并接近正常水平,血清脂联素、TNF-α和IL-6水平均显著高于模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01);ABP100mg.kg-1对血清TC和TG水平及ALP和GPT活性无明显作用,对上述其他指标的作用与ABP50mg.kg-1相似。各组血清胰岛素浓度及Ca和P含量均无明显变化。结论ABP对链佐星诱导的糖尿病小鼠具有一定的保护作用。     

Triclosan elicited biochemical and transcriptomic alterations in Labeo rohita larvae

In the current study, Triclosan (TCS, a commonly used antimicrobial agent) induced alterations in biochemical parameters and gene expression were recorded in the larvae of Labeo rohita after 96 h exposure and 10 days recovery period to find out health status biomarkers. 96 h exposure to 0.06, 0.067 and 0.097 mg/L TCS significantly declined the levels of glucose, triglycerides, urea and uric acid and activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT). There was a non-significant decline in the levels of cholesterol and total protein but albumin and total bilirubin showed no change. After 10 days of recovery period, trend was opposite for glucose, urea and ALP only. Decline in the expression of trypsin and pancreatic amylase and elevation in creatine kinase during exposure to TCS showed a reverse trend after recovery period. However, concentration dependent elevation of chymotrypsin persisted till the end of recovery period. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed association of total protein, ALP, GOT, creatine kinase and pancreatic amylase with PC1 after exposure as well as recovery period. Therefore, these can be considered as important biomolecules for identification of health status of TCS stressed fish.     

Oxidative stress associated hepatic and renal toxicity induced by ricin in mice.

Ricin a glycoprotein from the Ricinus communis seeds, is known to have diverse toxic effects on cells of different visceral organs. We have studied the hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and oxidative stress following i.p. administration of ricin (25 microg/kg) in Swiss albino male mice. The results of this study revealed that activities of various enzymes like glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were increased in plasma, liver, and kidney tissues indicating damage in liver and kidney. Blood urea level was also increased. However, blood creatinine and bilirubin were not altered. Lipid peroxidation increased to 49 and 25% in hepatic and renal tissue. Total non-protein sulfhydryl content decreased in plasma (12%), hepatic (29%), and renal (16%) tissues. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased significantly in liver (43%) and kidney (37%). The activity of glutatione peroxidase was also decreased. The decrease was more prominent in kidney than liver. A significant increase, 20 to 27% in the activity of catalase was observed in plasma, liver, and kidney. These results indicate that ricin produces hepatoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and oxidative damage at 24 h of post treatment. The hepatotoxicity was more prominent than nephrotoxicity.     

The changes of hepatic metallothionein synthesis and the hepatic damage induced by starvation in mice

Metallothionein (MT) is induced in the liver not only by heavy metals, but also by stress such as starvation. However, the meaning of the induced MT during starvation has never been clear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between changes in hepatic MT synthesis and the hepatic damage that occurs during starvation. MT synthesis was assessed by measuring MT contents and the expression of the MT gene in the liver. The hepatic damage was assessed by measuring glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in the serum. MT synthesis in the liver increased over the normal level by starvation, but decreased under the normal level by refeeding after starvation. Both GPT and GOT activities of the refeeding group were higher than those of the control group. However, MT synthesis increased by a subcutaneous injection with CdCl(2) (1 mg Cd /kg) at the same time as refeeding after starvation. At this point, GOT activity decreased until it reached the normal level. MT synthesis decreased by refeeding after starvation, and from the results found in this study, we proposed the hypothesis that the liver damage caused by refeeding after starvation might be due to the decrease in the synthesis of a sufficient amount of MT induced by metals.     

大蒜素对可卡因致小鼠急性肝损伤的防治作用

目的探讨大蒜素对可卡因所致急性肝损伤的防治作用。方法采用可卡因致小鼠急性肝损伤模型,分别预防性和治疗性给予大蒜素。预防性给药时,分别给小鼠ip大蒜素7.5,15和30mg·kg-1,每天1次,共4d,d4给大蒜素30min后sc可卡因75mg·kg-1制备急性肝损伤模型;治疗性给药时,在sc可卡因75mg·kg-130min后分别一次性ip大蒜素10,20和40mg·kg-1。在给予可卡因(预防性给药)或大蒜素(治疗性给药)24h后处死小鼠,观察血清中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOP)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,测定肝组织中还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)、氧化性谷胱甘肽(GSSG)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,并进行组织病理学观察。结果单纯给予可卡因,血清中GPT,GOT和LDH活性升高,肝组织中GSH/GSSG比值下降,MDA含量增加,肝小叶中心出现大量变性坏死细胞。与单纯给予可卡因相比,预防性和治疗性给予大蒜素可明显降低血清中GPT,GOT和LDH活性,并使肝组织中GSH/GSSG比值升高,MDA含量下降,肝小叶中心变性坏死细胞减少,坏死区域缩小。结论大蒜素可抑制可卡因引起的急性肝损伤,对可卡因所致急性肝中毒可能具有一定的治疗作用。     

Hepatoprotective activity of picroliv,the active principle of Picrorhiza kurrooa,on rat hepatocytes against paracetamol toxicity

Picroliv, the active principle an iridoid glycoside mixture isolated from the plant Picrorhiza kurrooa, showed dose-dependent (0.75–12 mg/kg × 7 days) protective activity on isolated hepatocytes (ex vivo) against paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in rats. It increased the percent viability of the hepatocytes. Picroliv also restored the normal values of enzyme (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [GOT], glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [GPT], and alkaline phosphatase) both in the isolated hepatocyte suspension as well as in the serum. Picroliv was found to be more potent than silymarin, a known hepatoprotective agent.     

Hepatoprotective effect of an active constituent isolated from the leaves of Ricinus communis Linn

Dose (1.5–12 mg/kg p.o. × 7) dependent choleretic, anticholestatic, and hepatoprotective activity in rat was observed with N-demethyl ricinine isolated from the leaves of Ricinus communis Linn. The anticholestatic and hepatoprotective activity was seen against paracetamol-induced hepatic damage. The choleretic and anticholestatic activity was evidenced by an increase in the volume of bile and its contents. The hepatoprotective effect was evaluated by an increase in the percent viability of hepatocytes (ex vivo) and by the reversal of altered enzymatic levels (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [GOT], glutamic pyruvic transaminase [GPT], and alkaline phosphatase) towards normal. The compound showed more potent activity than silymarin, a known hepatoprotective agent.     

雷公藤多苷纳米乳体外肝肾的细胞毒性

目的探讨雷公藤多苷纳米乳体外对原代培养肝和肾细胞毒性作用。方法培养的大鼠原代肝细胞和肾上皮细胞,分为空白纳米乳,雷公藤多苷片2,8,32,128和512mg·L-1组,雷公藤多苷纳米乳2,8,32,128和512mg·L-1组,作用24h。MTT法测定细胞存活率并计算半数抑制浓度(IC50),自动生化分析仪测定细胞培养液中谷草转氨酶(GOT),谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性。结果雷公藤多苷纳米乳2～512mg·L-1可抑制原代培养肝细胞存活,IC50为128.8mg·L-1,是雷公藤多苷片IC50(48.6mg·L-1)的2.65倍;雷公藤多苷纳米乳512mg·L-1对原代肝细胞细胞培养液中GOT,GPT和LDH活性降低作用明显强于雷公藤多苷片组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。雷公藤多苷纳米乳体外对大鼠肾上皮细胞存活亦有明显的抑制作用,IC50为61.7mg·L-1,是雷公藤多苷片IC50(19.5mg·L-1)的3.16倍;雷公藤多苷纳米乳512mg·L-1对原代肾细胞细胞培养液中GOT和LDH活性降低作用明显强于雷公藤多苷片(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论用纳米乳包合雷公藤多苷,可降低其对肝细胞和肾上皮细胞的毒性作用。     

The influence of antagonists of poly(adp-ribose) metabolism on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity

An array of therapeutically used analgetic and antirheumatic drugs causes severe liver damage. The present study investigates the hepatoprotective effects of inhibitors of NAD-dependent adenoribosylation reactions in analgesics-induced hepatic injury. Male NMRI mice were treated perorally with 500 mg/kg of acetaminophen, and the activities of both glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were determined in serum. In addition, the activity of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) was quantified in liver cell nuclei. While the PARP-activity remained essentially unchanged, the acetaminophen-induced release of both GOT and GPT from injured liver cells could be inhibited by 90–99%, when mice were injected additionally with the selective PARP-inhibitors nicotinic acid amide, benzamide, caffeine, theophyline, and thymidine, respectively. We see the main application of inhibitors of adenoribosylation reactions as for the combinational use in pharmaceutical preparations of analgesics and antirheumatic drugs in order to avoid hepatic damage.