某蓄电池厂铅污染状况调查

目的对某蓄电池企业铅危害状况进行调查,为加强职业卫生监督管理提供重要依据。方法对作业场所空气中的铅尘、铅烟进行测定,对接触铅作业工人进行职业性健康检查,包括血铅和血锌原卟啉（Zpp）测定。结果该企业生长车间空气中铅尘浓度超标率达76.92%,铅烟浓度超标率达76.19% 对194例铅作业工人进行职业性健康检查,诊断为慢性铅中毒54例,观察对象111例。结论该蓄电池企业车间铅尘、铅烟及铅作业工人污染严重,企业应继续对工作场所进行监测及劳动卫生评价,加强职业卫生监督管理,切实保护劳动者权益。     

蓄电池厂铅危害的调查分析

工业用铅一般可分为二大类 :金属铅和铅化合物。进入环境的铅主要是铅化合物[1] 。就铅的接触而言 ,熔炼和精炼铅是危害最大的工种 ,但在蓄电池行业中混合的铅氧化物也相当危险 ,这些岗位的空气铅浓度可达 0 .8～ 4 .0mg/m3 。空气中高浓度的铅被吸入人体后 ,血铅和尿铅浓度相应增高[2 ] ,甚至造成铅中毒。为掌握县级蓄电池行业车间空气铅浓度对作业工人的危害情况 ,我们于 1998年 8月— 1999年 12月参加了对两个县级蓄电池厂车间空气铅浓度及该厂铅作业工人的尿铅含量的调查分析 ,现报告如下。1　对象在承德市某县和石家庄市某县二个正常生…     

晋江市蓄电池行业职业危害调查

目的：摸清和掌握晋江市铅作业的职业危害状况，制订防治措施。方法：对全市6家铅作业企业进行铅浓度检测，对劳动者进行职业健康检查。结果：现场检测：铅烟浓度超标率达100％，铅尘浓度平均超标率达73．3％。体检结果：225名铅作业工人中观察对象57名，慢性铅中毒者8名。结论：加强对铅作业场所的检测，做好职业健康监护可及早发现铅中毒病人，采取有效的防护可以控制，减少铅中毒的发生。     

宁夏某钢丝绳制造业铅作业情况调查分析

目的:了解宁夏某钢丝绳制造业铅作业环境状况,对作业工人健康影响,探讨其控制措施。方法:根据现场调查,按国家标准对作业场所进行监测,对作业人员尿铅进行检测;采用SSPS10.0软件进行数据统计。结果:下线、铅锅作业岗位空气中铅烟(尘)浓度远高于上线岗位;铅覆盖剂能有效降低铅烟(尘)浓度;铅接触者尿铅异常率逐年升高。结论:某钢丝绳制造业铅作业场所超标严重,应加强管理,车间采取有效防护措施,提高作业工人自我防护意识和能力。     

铅作业人员心电图调查分析

目的：了解铅作业工人心电图变化。方挂：对某蓄电池厂248例铅作业工人及不接触有害因素的129例进行心电图调查分析。结景：发现接铅组心电图异常率明显高与对照组,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=47．047,P〈0．01）;该厂各岗位铅烟（尘）浓度均超过国家标准。结论：铅作业工人心电图发生改变,提示在健康查体工作中,铅作业工人普查心电图是必要的。     

编读往来·勘误

近年来,随着企业竞争机制的引进,一些企业尤其是某些乡镇企业只重视经济效益,尘毒治理工作有所放松,致使急、慢性中毒时有发生。为了给加强乡镇企业劳动卫生管理工作提供资料,我们对某乡级蓄电池厂进行了调查。1资料与方法1.1调查内容对该厂进行一般情况、生产设备、防尘排毒措施等劳动卫生学调查。对所有铅作业工序生产环境进行监测、双疏腙比色法测定铅尘铅烟浓度。每天班前、中、后采样4次,连续采样3天。同时测定非生产区空气中铅浓度。1.2健康检查对221名(男30人,女191人)接铅工人进行健康检查,检查内容包括:询问既往史和自觉症状,并进…     

低浓度铅作业工人症状自评量表调查分析

铅作为一种传统的毒物，已受到人们的长期重视，对其所引起的神经系统、消化系统、免疫系统等方面的影响研究较多，［１～３］而且对其诊断指标的研究也不断深入。但其社会心理的影响研究较少，本文通过症状自评量表的应用，试图探讨铅作业工人的自觉症状、心理因素的变化。对象与方法选择某市蓄电池厂铅作业工人６０名为接铅组，其中男８名，女５２名；年龄２０～３９岁，平均３２岁。另选同样工作强度的非接铅工人２０名为对照组，其中男３名，女１７名；年龄２２～４０岁，平均３３岁。两组工人年龄、工龄、文化程度等经检验均无差异，其…     

空气中低浓度铅污染与工人血铅等水平的关系

本文对某印刷厂铅作业场所空气中铅浓度作了动态测定,发现熔铅浇版二处空气中铅浓度超过国家规定最高容许浓度1～6倍。在作业工人中测定了血铅、血原卟啉, 尿δ氨基乙酰丙酸、尿铅、尿粪卟啉,血色素等指标。结果表明:空气中低浓度铅污染时,血铅与空气中铅浓度之间具有密切相关,相关系数等于0.9654;其他指标之间无明显相关。     

宁夏832名铅作业工人尿3项指标检测结果分析

目的对铅作业工人尿检3项指标检测结果进行分析,比较其可行性。方法双硫腙比色法、乙酰乙酯萃取比色法和半定量荧光比色法。结果车间空气铅浓度的高低直接影响铅作业工人的尿检3项指标,空气铅浓度升高,3项指标阳性率也随之升高。结论尿检3指标基本可分别反映铅作业人群铅吸收水平,在检验方法上具有取样方便,不损伤机体,操作简单及费用低廉等优点,对于在大量的铅作业普查工作中还是比较易行并具有一定的实用性。     

河北省安新县制鞋行业苯作业危害调查

目的了解安新县制鞋行业苯对作业人员的健康危害情况,为开展制鞋业职业病防治和卫生监督提供科学依据。方法 2015年1月对安新县三台镇制鞋行业的不同工种工人的作业环境、身体状况等进行了调查与检测。选取部分制鞋企业,对其作业场所底工车间和帮工车间的苯浓度进行检测,从底工车间中选取115名工人为暴露组,从帮工车间中选取131名工人为对照组,对两组作业工人进行实验室血象检测和神经系统检查。用SPSS 16. 0软件对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果帮工车间空气中的苯浓度符合国家卫生标准,底工车间空气中苯浓度明显高于帮工车间;暴露组人群的白细胞和血小板的下降率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=19. 048,99. 815,P 0. 05);同时暴露组的各种相关症状的阳性率均明显高于对照组。结论底工车间苯浓度超标是暴露组人群白细胞和血小板下降的重要因素,有必要进一步加强车间环境苯的检测与控制,减少由此带来的职业危害,增强制鞋企业职工健康体检意识,特别是血常规的检测,及时发现敏感人群,并采取有效干预措施。     

职业性铅接触与生物效应关系分析

目的 探讨劳动环境中铅浓度与机体血铅含量的关系，以及血铅与其他生物监测指标间的相关性。方法 回顾性调查了256名铅接触工人和82名对照者，根据铅接触工人劳动环境中空气铅浓度分为高、中、低浓度接触组。结果 接触组的症状计分、血铅、尿铅和卟啉代谢(如血锌原卟啉、尿δ-氨基酮戊酸)皆显著升高，并呈接触效应关系，锌原卟啉与空气铅、血铅和尿铅较其他指标关系密切。结论 血铅和血锌原卟啉测定可作为职业性铅接触者可靠的生物监测指标。     

Effects of smoking and lead exposure on proximal tubular integrity among Egyptian industrial workers

BACKGROUND: The hazards of occupational lead exposure are well documented. Tissue damage produced by lead is slow and progressive. The renal system is one of the systems primarily affected by lead. The present study aimed to evaluate renal proximal tubular functional and structural integrity among lead-exposed and cigarette-smoking male Egyptian workers. This study was extended to investigate the effect of lead exposure and cigarette smoking on urinary excretion of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). METHODS: Participants included in the present study were 156 male workers grouped as follows: i) 75 lead non-exposed workers subgrouped into G1 that consisted of 36 non-smokers (age, 39.08+/-6.65 years) and G2, which included 39 smokers (age, 43.87+/-9.93 years); ii) 45 lead-exposed workers (work duration <20 years) subgrouped into G3 that consisted of 25 non-smokers (age, 37.40+/-3.76 years) and G4, which included 20 smokers (age, 38.40+/-4.95 years), and iii) 36 lead-exposed workers (work duration > or =20 years) subgrouped into G5 that consisted of 16 non-smokers (age, 45.94+/-4.19 years) and G6 which included 20 smokers (age, 45.70+/-2.25 years). Functional integrity of proximal tubules was studied by determining urinary level of low-molecular-weight protein alpha1-microglobulin (alpha1M), and structural integrity was investigated by measuring urinary activities of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and the cytoplasmic enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST). Urinary concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, and creatinine were also determined. RESULTS: Data of the present investigation showed increased urinary excretion of all measured urinary parameters among lead-exposed workers in comparison with non-exposed workers whether they were non-smokers or smokers (G3 vs. G1, G5 vs. G1, G4 vs. G2, and G6 vs. G2), with greater elevation among lead-exposed smokers than among lead-exposed non-smokers (G4 vs. G3, G6 vs. G5). In addition, there was a greater increase in levels of all urinary parameters among workers with work duration > or =20 years than in those with <20 years' work duration (G6 vs. G4, G5 vs. G3). CONCLUSIONS: Lead exposure in Egyptian workers causes damage to renal proximal tubules and results in its dysfunction. Cigarette smoking has a nephrotoxic effect and also is synergistic to lead nephrotoxicity on urinary excretion of GST and NAG, as well as Pb.     

性别对广州某3间工厂工人职业紧张测试结果的影响

目的探讨性别对职业紧张测试结果的影响。方法使用职业紧张测量工具对广州市经济开发区3间工厂的497名职工进行职业紧张测试,然后用统计学方法对测试结果进行性别间的对比分析。结果男性组心理需求、工作本身满意感评分大于女性组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而与领导关系、了解自己、兴趣、尊重别人、和信心充足评分则男性组小于女性组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论性别对职业紧张部分因素的测试结果存在着影响。     

东莞市毛线及粉尘厂工人肺功能及其与空气污染的相关性分析

目的：探讨该市毛线及粉尘厂工人群体肺功能及其与空气污染的相关性分析。方法入选519名毛线厂（毛线组）及503名粉尘厂（粉尘组）工人（统称研究组）,并以326名健康体检者作为对照（对照组）,采用呼吸仪进行肺功能检测。对以上厂区及非厂区社区进行空气采样,进行二氧化硒（SO2）、二氧化氮（NO2）、二氧化硅（SaO2）、棉尘及其他PM2．5物质浓度测定,并分析肺功能与上述五者浓度的相关性。结果与对照组比较,粉尘组、毛线组工人的肺活量（VC ）、用力肺活量（FVC ）、最大通气量（MVV）、第一秒用力呼气容积（FEV1．0）及第一秒用力呼气量与用力肺活量比值（FEV1．0％）均降低（P＜0．05）,但毛线组及粉尘组之间的VC及FVC组间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,而两组间的MVV、FEV1．0及FEV1．0％差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,粉尘组明显低于毛线组。空气污染情况方面,毛线厂区棉尘浓度显著高于粉尘厂区及非厂区社区（P＜0．05）,而SO2、NO2、SaO2及其他PM2．5物质显著低于粉尘厂区,且任意两组间的浓度差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。Pearson相关性分析显示SO2、NO2、SaO2、棉尘及其他PM2．5物质浓度五者当中任意一者,均与VC、FVC、M VV、FEV1．0及FEV1．0％五者当中任意一者呈显著负相关性（均 r＞0．60,均 P＜0．05）。结论该市部分厂区空气污染较重且工人肺功能受损;毛线厂区棉尘含量高、粉尘厂区SO2含量高,可能是该市毛线及粉尘厂工人群体肺功能受损的主要因素。     

几种职业危害因素对作业人员心电图的影响

目的探讨不同职业危害因素对作业人员心电图的影响。为保障作业人员健康和改进防护措施提供依据。方法分别对接触高温(365例)、噪声(249例)、低剂量X-线辐射(207例)、射频辐射(173例)4种职业危害因素作业人员进行心电图检查和分析,并与同单位不接触职业有害因素的人员进行对照比较。结果高温组、噪声组、低剂量X-线射频辐射组心电图异常率分别为24·6%、28·1%、24·6%,30·6%,接触组心电图总异常率明显高于对照组(P<0·01,或P<0·05)。其中高温作业窦性心动过缓显著高于对照组(P<0·01),其它职业危害因素作业组窦性心律不齐也显著高于对照组(P<0·01,或P<0·05)。结论长期在高温、噪声、低剂量X-线、射频辐射等职业危害因素下作业,可出现心电图的改变。     

THE RISK OF OCCUPATIONAL LEAD EXPOSURE

We conducted a field survey on 53 workers in a battery factory, 52 solder workers, and 50 embroidery workers (control group). The average air lead levels at the workplaces of these three groups were 0.578 mg/nt, 0.0015 mg/m:3 and 0.006 mg,iml respectively. Clinical and biochemical studies re vealed that the workers in Shanghai Navigation Battery Factory were affected somewhat by the toxic effects of lead. The solder workers showed no signi- ficant abnormalities compared with the control group. A significant dose-response relationship ex isted between air lead levels and toxic effects. The early clinical manifestations observed were dysfunction of the central nervous system, dyspcpsia, joint pain, and myalgia in the extremities. A positive association was observed between the prevalences of fatigue, mild abdominal pain, and joint pain and the blood lead (PbB), urine lead (PbU), and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels. The symptomatic threshold values for PbB, PbU, and ZPP were 30 u.g/dl, 0.045 mg/'I, and 40 Ug/dl, respectively Although the PbB, PbU, 6-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP), and ZPP levels could be used as criteria of lead exposure, the measurement of ZPP is the first- choice screening test for a preventive monitoring program. The motor and sensory conduction velocities in the median nerve were slower in the exposure group than the control group (p<0.05). Conduction velocity and intensity of lead exposure were not significantly correlated. No apparent effects on behavioral func tion were observed among the solder workers.     

孕期及哺乳期铅暴露对仔代大鼠学习记忆能力的影响及其机制

目的：探讨孕期及哺乳期铅暴露对仔代大鼠学习记忆能力和海马组织c-fos蛋白及小清蛋白（PV）表达的影响,阐明铅对仔代大鼠神经系统发育期记忆功能损害的可能机制。方法：8只孕期Wistar雌性大鼠随机分为对照组和低、中及高剂量铅暴露组。低、中和高剂量铅暴露组大鼠分别给予含0.05%、0.10%和0.20%醋酸铅的去离子水,对照组大鼠饮用去离子水。仔代大鼠出生10d后,采用Morris水迷宫法检测各仔代大鼠的学习记忆能力,原子吸收光谱法检测各组仔代大鼠血液和海马组织中铅质量浓度,生化方法测定各组仔代大鼠海马组织中一氧化氮（NO）水平和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性,蛋白免疫印迹法检测各组仔代大鼠海马组织中c-fos和PV蛋白表达水平,Pearson相关分析法分析仔代大鼠海马组织中c-fos和PV蛋白表达水平与学习能力指标、海马组织中NO水平及NOS活性的相关性。结果：定位航行实验,与对照组比较,中和高剂量铅暴露组仔代大鼠平均逃避潜伏期和游泳距离明显增加（P<0.05）。空间探索实验,与对照组比较,中和高剂量铅暴露组仔代大鼠目标象限停留时间和穿越次数明显减少（P<0.05）。各组仔代大鼠血液和海马组织中铅质量浓度比较差异有统计学意义（F=176.44,P<0.01;F=37.37,P<0.01）;与对照组比较,不同剂量铅暴露组仔代大鼠血液和海马组织中铅质量浓度明显升高（P<0.05）。各组仔代大鼠海马组织中NO水平和NOS活力比较差异有统计学意义（F=4.105,P<0.05;F=3.443,P<0.05）;与对照组比较,高剂量铅暴露组NO水平和NOS活力明显下降（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,不同剂量铅暴露组仔代大鼠海马组织中c-fos蛋白表达水平明显降低（P<0.05）,中和高染铅暴露组仔代大鼠海马组织中PV蛋白表达水平明显升高（P<0.05）。Pearson相关分析法,仔代大鼠海马组织中c-fos蛋白表达水平与水迷宫实验中学习能力指标、海马组织中NO水平和NOS活性呈正相关关系（P<0.01）,PV蛋白表达水平与水迷宫实验中学习能力指标、海马组织中NO水平和NOS活性呈负相关关系（P<0.01）。结论：孕期及哺乳期铅暴露可损伤仔代大鼠的学习记忆能力,其毒性作用机制可能与海马组织中c-fos蛋白表达水平降低和PV蛋白表达水平升高有关。     

Mechanism of lead induced effects on human spermatozoa after occupational exposure

Objectives: Occupational lead exposure caused several types of male reproductive impairments in different working populations. In the present study we examined the paint factory workers of active reproductive age and compared the data with the non-occupationally exposed desk job holders taken as control from Bangalore, India. Materials and methods: In the above perspective, sperm cell morphology, morphometery and motile activity were assessed. Routine seminal biochemistry, cell cycle phase analysis of sperm head DNA, estimation of serum reproductive hormones and metal levels in blood and semen were also taken into account. Result: Low sperm velocity, ATPase activity, gross and forward progressive motility with high stationary motile spermatozoa revealed lowering of cellular activity after lead exposure (p<0.001), which was supported by high seminal plasma fructose level (p<0.001). Lowering of seminal plasma total protein with concomitant rise in free amino acid level was prevalent as the exposure increased (p<0.001), suggesting disturbance in cellular nutritional support essential for cellular motility. Prolonged liquefaction time, reduced semen volume and viscosity as well as altered seminal plasma protein, fructose and cholesterol level among the workers indicated dysfunction of accessory sex glands viz. prostate and seminal vesicle after occupational lead exposure (p<0.001). Deterioration of sperm count, structural abnormality of spermatozoa and sperm head DNA hyploidy was also associated with high blood and semen lead levels in the paint factory workers (p<0.001) without interfering serum FSH, LH and testosterone level (non-significant at p<0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, the present study suggested that at the present exposure level lead might cross blood-testis-barrier and increased its value in semen of the occupationally exposed paint factory workers in Bangalore, India, thereby producing detrimental effects on semen quality and sperm characteristics. Key words: Blood/semen lead level, cell cycle, paint factory workers, semen biochemistry, sperm morphology.     

某镍镉电池厂职业病危害因素的调查

目的:调查某镍镉电池厂职业病危害因素,为预防和减少职业病的危害提供依据。方法:参照相关国家标准和规范对某镍镉电池企业进行职业卫生调查和作业场所职业病危害因素检测,较为全面反映镍镉电池企业存在职业病危害因素的种类、分布、浓度、人员接触情况。结果:该镉镍电池企业存在镉、镍、甲苯、二甲苯等职业病危害;镉粉尘超标严重;73.3%监测点空气中镉及其化合物短时间接触浓度超过国家职业卫生标准;个别测定点和作业岗位噪声强度超过85dB(A);NaOH、KOH,苯、二甲苯、溶剂汽油等化学有害因素浓度均未超过国家职业卫生标准。结论:该镍镉电池厂生产作业场所存在较严重的镉粉尘污染,个别测定点和作业岗位噪声强度超过85dB(A),应采取积极有效的防治对策。     

Pattern of occupational allergic dermatitis in the Dermatology Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur

A two years retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed as contact allergic dermatitis with positive patch test attending the Dermatology clinic was performed. Of the 346 patients with a positive patch test, 14% had occupational dermatitis. This condition affected mainly young and inexperienced workers. An inverse relationship was seen between age and prevalence of occupational allergic dermatitis. Allergic hand dermatitis was the commonest presentation in occupational allergic dermatitis. This was followed by dermatitis of the exposed skin (face, neck, hands and forearms). The common sensitising agents identified were rubber chemicals and nickel. The two main groups at risk were factory workers and medical personnel. The common allergens found in factory workers were epoxy resin, pewter, nickel and rubber chemicals. Exposure dermatitis occurred in patients working in the pewter industry. Two thirds of medical personnel with hand dermatitis were allergic to rubber gloves. One year follow up after patch testing showed that 19% of patients still suffered from chronic dermatitis. Dermatitis improved in 34% of patients. Forty-seven percent were cured and stopped attending the clinic after patch testing and adequate counselling.