肝癌切除术后复发患者行肝移植后移植肝再发肝癌的治疗对策——一例长期存活病例报道并相关文献复习

目的总结原发性肝癌切除术后复发患者行肝移植后新肝再发肝癌的治疗经验。方法 2003年11月14日空军总医院肝胆外科为1例肝癌切除术后复发患者施行了同种异体原位肝移植。肝移植术后（以下简称术后）3个月时曾返院化疗。术后19个月时发现移植肝首次出现肝癌复发,随后依次施行经皮肝穿刺射频消融、肝动脉化疗栓塞、术中射频消融及肝左内叶肿瘤切除术等序贯综合治疗。术后32个月时发现移植肝再次复发肝癌,依次给予经肝动脉化疗栓塞、术中肝右前叶肿瘤射频治疗及肝右后叶肿瘤切除等综合治疗。术后5年时发现门静脉血栓,出现肝功能异常,经保肝、抗凝、补充白蛋白等治疗后肝功能逐渐恢复。患者肝移植围手术期及术后接受常规抗乙肝病毒治疗。术后常规服用抗排异药物。结果该患者肝移植手术及术后恢复较为顺利。肝移植术后2次肝癌复发均成功治愈,第2次复发治愈后无肿瘤复发。乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸定量均小于103copies/ml,患者至今仍然健康生存,肝功能基本正常。结论对原发性肝癌切除术后肝癌复发的病例,只要复发肝癌符合中国杭州标准,仍应积极进行肝移植。对于肝移植术后新肝复发肝癌的患者,积极的序贯综合治疗及手术切除仍可能获得治愈。     

介入治疗原发性肝癌移植术后复发的价值

目的探讨原发性肝癌肝移植术后复发患者的临床表现及介入治疗价值。 方法2004年3月～2011年6月14例肝移植术后复发的肝癌患者行综合介入治疗,包括肝动脉化疗栓塞32次、肝动脉泵置泵1例、经皮肝穿刺胆道引流1例、经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术1例,高强度聚焦超声1例。 结果肝癌复发灶呈肝内多发、肝外广泛转移的特点,多为富血供肿瘤,合并血管及胆管并发症者各2例;接受介入治疗后至今存活2例,12例从接受肝移植治疗到死亡平均生存16.1个月。 结论原发性肝癌肝移植术后采用介入治疗可有效抑制肝癌术后复发灶及转移灶的生长,消除移植术并发症对患者的危害,延长患者的生存时间并提高生活质量。     

CT影像组学模型预测肝移植术后肝癌早期复发的价值

 目的 探索基于CT影像组学技术构建的模型在预测肝细胞癌患者肝移植术后早期复发的价值。方法 回顾性分析接受肝移植治疗的131例肝癌患者,随机分为训练组(92例)和验证组(39例),术后定期随访,了解是否发生早期复发。通过逐层勾画肿瘤边缘对肿瘤进行三维分割并进行特征提取,共提取1218个影像组学特征。具有潜在预测价值特征的筛选选用LASSO算法。基于筛选出的特征,logistic回归应用于肝移植术后预测模型的构建。通过曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)对模型预测患者是否会早期复发的效能进行评价。结果 筛选出8个具有潜在预测价值的特征,预测模型在训练组中AUC为0.828,敏感度、特异度分别为82.4%、74.7%;在验证组中AUC为0.856,敏感度、特异度分别为77.8%、86.7%。结论 术前增强CT影像组学技术构建的模型,对预测肝癌肝移植术后复发具有一定价值。     

肝门部胆道引流管折叠技术在肝移植后胆道非吻合口狭窄治疗中的应用

目的 介绍全新设计经皮经肝胆道引流管肝门部胆管折叠技术,以单一入路实现双侧胆道支撑引流;研究该技术在治疗原位肝移植后肝门部非吻合口胆道狭窄中的疗效和安全性.方法 2000年7月至2010年7月收治10例原位肝移植后非吻合口胆道狭窄患者.胆道狭窄处予球囊扩张,胆道引流管置入后,在肝门部胆管内折叠成Y形,实现左、右肝管并肝总管三向支撑引流.分析其技术成功率、临床疗效、并发症率及复发率等.结果 技术成功率为10/10.9例临床症状缓解,生化指标恢复正常,影像学检查有明显改善.26个月(中位数)的随访中,未见复发.2例有轻微并发症.1例治疗失败,行第2次肝移植后死亡.结论 经皮经肝胆道引流管肝门部胆管汇合部折叠技术在技术上是可行的;在原位肝移植后非吻合口肝门部胆道狭窄治疗中的初步应用结果表明,其技术成功率、疗效、安全性均令人满意.     

多次肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合射频消融在肝癌治疗中的临床应用

目的评价多次肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合射频消融(RFA)治疗肝癌的临床疗效。方法对经多次TACE治疗后仍有肿瘤残余的10例肝癌患者分别行B超引导下射频消融治疗,术后随访监测甲胎蛋白(AFP)的动态变化及肝脏CT表现来评价疗效。结果 RFA治疗后3~6个月,生存率为100%,其中9例患者AFP<400 ng/mL,CT检查无肿瘤复发征象者8例,有肿瘤复发征象者2例。9~12个月复查,8例患者AFP<400 ng/mL,CT增强扫描未发现肿瘤复发征象;有肿瘤复发征象的患者2例,再次行射频消融治疗。8例患者随访时间达到24个月,其中6例患者AFP<400 ng/mL,CT增强扫描未发现肿瘤复发者7例;1例患者死亡。结论多次TACE联合射频消融为中晚期肝癌治疗提供了新的治疗思路与途径。     

Combined Surgical and Transhepatic Rendezvous Procedure for Relieving Anastomotic Biliary Obstruction in Children with Liver Transplants

Four children (3 boys and 1 girl, age 1.4–9.4 y) presented 2–70 months after liver transplantation (mean 26 months) with high-grade narrowing at the surgical anastomosis that could not be crossed at percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Each patient was treated with a combined surgical and interventional radiology “rendezvous” procedure. Biliary drainage catheters were left in place for an average of 6 months after the procedure. At a mean 7.5 months after biliary drainage catheter removal, all children were catheter-free without clinical or biochemical evidence of biliary stricture recurrence.     

Reversed or absent hepatic arterial diastolic flow in liver transplants shown by duplex sonography: a poor predictor of subsequent hepatic artery thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE. We studied the value of absent or reversed diastolic flow in the hepatic artery, shown by duplex sonography of recently transplanted livers, in predicting subsequent hepatic artery thrombosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed the records of liver transplantations performed in adults during a 3-year period at our institution. Duplex Doppler studies were done within 24 hr after transplantation and subsequently reviewed. The clinical course of all patients with absent or reversed diastolic flow in the hepatic artery immediately after transplantation was evaluated. RESULTS. Of the 160 liver transplants included in this study, 30 had aberrant diastolic flow in the hepatic artery immediately after transplantation. Twenty had reversed flow, and 10 showed no flow in diastole. In this group of 30 transplants, complications developed in six; two were vascular in origin. One of these complications was thrombosis of the hepatic artery 12 months after transplantation. This 3% thrombosis rate is similar to the 4.6% thrombosis rate of the 130 patients who had antegrade diastolic flow in the hepatic artery immediately after transplantation. CONCLUSION. Reversed or absent diastolic flow in the hepatic artery of a recently transplanted liver has no correlation with subsequent hepatic artery thrombosis.     

Hilar biliary strictures after liver transplantation: cholangiography and percutaneous treatment

Nonanastomotic hilar bile duct strictures developed in 16 of 152 patients who underwent liver transplantation. The type of pretransplantation liver disease did not significantly affect the likelihood of hilar stricture formation. Possible causes of hilar biliary strictures include hepatic artery occlusion, ductopenic arteriopathic rejection, and cytomegalovirus infection; however, five of the 16 patients had hilar strictures without these complications. Hilar strictures developed within 3 months after transplantation in 11 of the 16 patients. Strictures began as a slight common hepatic duct irregularity and progressed to mucosal cast formation and later to firm strictures. Fifteen of the 16 patients underwent percutaneous stricture dilation. Of 12 patients who no longer have stents, four have had no stricture recurrence for 12-30 months. Eight patients have had to undergo retransplantation or have died. Percutaneous dilations were most likely to result in patient bile ducts if strictures developed within 3 months after transplantation and in the absence of pretransplantation primary sclerosing cholangitis, ductopenic arteriopathic rejection, cytomegalovirus infection, or hepatic artery thrombosis.     

Persistence of portosystemic collaterals and splenomegaly on CT after orthotopic liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE. The appearances of portosystemic collaterals and splenomegaly on CT before and after liver transplantation were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The records of 54 patients undergoing liver transplantation during a 2.5-year period were reviewed retrospectively. Twenty-five of these patients, in whom both a preoperative abdominal CT scan and a follow-up CT scan at least 1 year after transplantation had been obtained, were clinically well and had had no significant episodes of rejection, severe recurrent hepatitis, or other complication at the time of study. A total of 94 abdominal CT scans in these patients were reviewed to assess changes in portosystemic collaterals and splenic volume. RESULTS. At 6 months after transplantation, portosystemic collaterals at one or more sites were seen in 14 (74%) of the 19 patients scanned at this time in whom collaterals had been seen on CT preoperatively. At 1 year after transplantation, splenic hilar collaterals persisted in 64% of patients, splenocolic ligament collaterals in 50%, retroperitoneal collaterals in 38%, and peripancreatic collaterals in 38% of patients with preoperative varices at these sites who were examined with CT at this interval. Splenic hilar, coronary, and retroperitoneal collaterals were found to persist for up to 4 years after transplantation in the single patient examined at that time. Splenic volume decreased in 94% of patients examined after transplantation, with a mean reduction of 60 +/- 19%. However, the spleen remained significantly enlarged in 56% of patients. CONCLUSION. We conclude that portosystemic collaterals and splenomegaly frequently persist after liver transplantation, but that this finding need not indicate recurrence of hepatic disease or other posttransplantation complications.     

Recurrent cholangiocarcinoma in the biliary tree after liver transplantation

Four liver transplant recipients with recurrent cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) within the allograft biliary tree are described. One patient received a transplant for known CCA and three received transplants for end-stage primary sclerosing cholangitis, in which CCA was found within the hepatectomy specimen. All four developed biliary obstruction due to malignant stricture at the bile duct anastomosis 9-15 months after transplantation. Diagnosis of recurrent CCA was made by means of transhepatic brush biopsy in two patients. Recognition that the biliary tract, especially the anastomosis, is a site of recurrence of CCA should facilitate prompt diagnosis by means of transhepatic brush biopsy in patients with biliary obstruction due to stricture. In addition, because of an association between CCA and primary sclerosing cholangitis, preoperative bile duct biopsy should be considered for liver transplantation candidates with the latter condition. Positive biopsy findings may preclude transplantation.     

Percutaneous Management of Biliary Strictures After Pediatric Liver Transplantation

We analyze our experience with the management of biliary strictures (BSs) in 27 pediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation with the diagnosis of BS. Mean recipient age was 38 months (range, 2.5–182 months). In all patients percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, biliary catheter placement, and bilioplasty were performed. In 20 patients the stenoses were judged resolved by percutaneous balloon dilatation and the catheters removed. Mean number of balloon dilatations performed was 4.1 (range, 3–6). No major complications occurred. All 20 patients are symptom-free with respect to BS at a mean follow-up of 13 months (range, 2–46 months). In 15 of 20 patients (75%) one course of percutaneous stenting and bilioplasty was performed, with no evidence of recurrence of BS at a mean follow-up of 15 months (range, 2–46 months). In 4 of 20 patients (20%) two courses of percutaneous stenting and bilioplasty were performed; the mean time to recurrence was 9.8 months (range, 2.4–24 months). There was no evidence of recurrence of BS at a mean follow-up of 12 months (range, 2–16 months). In 1 of 20 patients (5%) three courses of percutaneous stenting and bilioplasty were performed; there was no evidence of recurrence of BS at a mean follow-up of 10 months. In conclusion, BS is a major problem following pediatric liver transplantation. Radiological percutaneous treatment is safe and effective, avoiding, in most cases, surgical revision of the anastomosis.     

Endovascular treatment with primary stenting of inferior cava vein torsion following orthotopic liver transplantation with modified piggyback technique

Purpose

This study was undertaken to evaluate primary stenting in patients with inferior vena cava torsion after orthotopic liver transplantation performed with modified piggyback technique.

Materials and methods

From November 2003 to October 2010, six patients developed clinical, laboratory and imaging findings suggestive of caval stenosis, after a mean period of 21 days from an orthotopic liver transplantation performed with modified piggyback technique. Vena cavography showed stenosis due to torsion of the inferior vena cava at the anastomoses and a significant caval venous pressure gradient. All patients were treated with primary stenting followed by in-stent angioplasty in three cases.

Results

In all patients, the stents were successfully positioned at the caval anastomosis and the venous gradient pressure fell from a mean value of 10 to 2 mmHg. Signs and symptoms resolved in all six patients. One patient died 3 months after stent placement due to biliary complications. No evidence of recurrence or complications was noted during the follow-up (mean 49 months).

Conclusions

Primary stenting of inferior vena cava stenosis due to torsion of the anastomoses in patients receiving orthotopic liver transplantation with modified piggyback technique is a safe, effective and durable treatment.     

Case report: hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after liver transplantation: definitive treatment with a stent-graft after failed coil embolisation

A 69-year-old woman presented with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding owing to a ruptured hepatic pseudoaneurysm located at the surgical arterial anastomosis, 2 months after combined liver and kidney transplantation. Initially the pseudoaneurysm was successfully coiled but 3 weeks later recurrence of her symptoms occurred. Hepatic angiography revealed partial reperfusion of the coiled pseudoaneurysm; definitive treatment was performed by placement of an expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) covered coronary stent-graft, completely excluding the pseudoaneurysm. Radiological follow-up studies demonstrate a patent stent-graft functioning normally.     

生物羊膜移植联合丝裂霉素治疗翼状胬肉临床观察

目的观察生物羊膜移植联合丝裂霉素C治疗翼状胬肉的临床效果。方法对26例翼状胬肉患者进行翼状胬肉切除。术中应用生物羊膜移植,联合0.2mg/ml丝裂霉素,观察术后并发症及复发率。结果术后随诊12～18个月。有1只眼复发,复发率为3.8%,未见其他并发症。结论生物羊膜移植联合丝裂霉素可有效地降低翼状胬肉的复发,是治疗翼状胬肉的有效方法。     

介入放射学诊疗肝移植后血管并发症的初步探讨

目的：评价介入放射学手在诊断和处理肝移植后血管并发症的价值。方法：对通过介入方法诊断的7例肝移植术后血管并发症病例进行了回顾,对该7例病例相关生化指标,血管造影的表现进行了分析。结果：7例中6例在操作技术上获得了成功。其中3例腔静脉狭窄者术后临床症状和肾功能改善满意,其中1例超过20个月,另2例由于其它死亡原因分别术在术后10d和29d死亡。肝动脉并 介入术后肝功能未得到明显改善,结论：血管造影对肝术后血管并发症的诊断具有重要的价值,下腔静脉狭窄的介入处理效果令人鼓舞,介入处理移植后肝动脉并发首的受到诊时间等多种相关因素的影响,有待进一步探讨。     

Large liver tumors: protocol for radiofrequency ablation and its clinical application in 110 patients--mathematic model, overlapping mode, and electrode placement process

PURPOSE: To establish a preoperative protocol for ultrasonographically guided percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation of large liver tumors that is based on mathematic models and clinical experience and to evaluate the role of this protocol in RF ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A regular prism and a regular polyhedron model were used to develop a preoperative protocol for liver tumor ablation. This protocol enabled the authors to minimize the number of ablation spheres, optimize the overlapping mode, and determine the electrode placement process. One hundred ten patients with 121 liver tumors were treated by using this protocol. Sixty-nine patients had 74 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), and 41 had 47 metastases to the liver (ie, metastatic liver carcinomas [MLCs]). Patients underwent follow-up helical computed tomography (CT) 1 month and every 2-3 months after RF ablation. Ablation was considered a success if no contrast enhancement was detected in the treated area on the CT scan obtained at 1 month. RESULTS: A total of 536 ablations were performed in the 121 tumors. The ablation success rate was 87.6% (106 of 121 tumors); the local recurrence rate, 24.0% (29 of 121 tumors); and the estimated mean recurrence-free survival, 17.1 months. Twenty-five patients underwent 38 re-treatments for local tumor recurrence. Major complications occurred in seven patients. Of these patients, only one, who had a tumor close to the colon, had a colon perforation 1 week after RF and required surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: The described protocol for treatment of large tumors had a success rate of 87.6% and a local recurrence rate of 24.0%.     

我国肝脏移植的特殊问题与对策

对我国肝脏移植的发展现状与实践中所面临的特殊性问题进行综合分析 ,并对有关问题的处理策略进行初步探讨。作者认为 :“乙肝相关病”———肝硬化和肝癌系我国肝脏移植的“主流适应证” ,乙肝复发和肝癌复发常极大地影响肝脏移植受者的长期存活率。重症肝炎和暴发性肝衰竭是肝脏移植围手术期死亡的主要原因。术后非吻合口狭窄和移植肝排斥反应等并发症时有发生。作者指出 :拉米夫定和抗乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白 (HBIg)可以有效预防乙肝复发 ;肝癌病例手术适应证应严格选择和控制 ,术中术后采取相应措施预防肝癌复发。重症肝炎和暴发性肝衰竭病例应加强术前肝脏功能支持 ,创造条件开展人工肝治疗。非吻合口胆管狭窄后果严重 ,经胆道行狭窄部球囊导管胆管扩张术是有效的治疗方法 ,部分病例须施行再次肝脏移植。应进一步提高移植肝脏活检率、活检取材质量及病理学诊断水平。     

活体肝移植术后移植肝段再生的多层螺旋CT研究

目的 探讨含肝中静脉(MHV)与不含MHV主支2种术式对移植肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段再生的影响.方法 把25对进行了右半肝移植的供-受体按移植肝是否包含MHV分成2组,含MHV组(A组,14对)和不含MHV行Ⅴ、Ⅷ段MHV分支血管重建组(B组,11对),对供体术前、受体术后半月及3月时Ⅴ、Ⅷ段肝体积进行测量,记录2组供体术前、受体术后半月及3月时移植肝Ⅴ、Ⅶ段的体积数值,并计算再生率,然后对术后半月及3月时2组移植肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段的肝再生率进行比较.结果 A组术后半月移植肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段平均肝再生率分别是0.360±0.043、0.853±0.059,术后3月移植肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段的平均肝再生率分别是0.253±0.043、0.708±0.059;B组术后半月移植肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段平均肝再生率分别是0.306±0.049、0.815±0.066,术后3月移植肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段平均肝再生率分别是0.161±0.049、0.627±0.066.术后半月和3月时,2组间移植肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段平均肝再生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.685,P>0.05、P=0.738,P>0.05).结论 关于活体右半肝移植,不含MHV行MHV主要分支重建不影响移植肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段肝再生.     

晚期肝细胞癌肝移植术后的远期疗效和匹兹堡分级的预测价值

目的 观察晚期原发性肝癌肝移植术后的远期疗效,探讨匹兹堡分级的预测价值。方法 46例不符合米兰标准的晚期肝癌患者接受原位肝移植术,观察其术后的远期疗效。依据匹兹堡标准分为4组（Ⅰ组：1～2级,6例;Ⅱ组：3级,13例;Ⅲ组：4级,17例;Ⅳ组：5级,10例）,分别监测各组的远期生存情况,并进行组间比较。结果 46例患者的3年生存率为46．7％,3年的无瘤生存率为38．8％,平均生存期32．5个月,平均无瘤生存期27．7个月。Ⅰ组患者术后无死亡和肿瘤复发,Ⅳ组患者1年无瘤生存率仅12．5％,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组患者的3年无瘤生存率在40％左右,两组之间无明显差异。Ⅱ、Ⅲ组患者的最长无瘤随访时间为58个月。结论 晚期肝癌行肝脏移植术仍有相当的远期疗效。匹兹堡标准对1、2级和5级患者有较好的预测价值,尤其对较早期肝癌的鉴别优于米兰标准,但在3、4级患者的应用有一定的局限性。     

Bridging Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Transplant: Transarterial Chemoembolization Response,Tumor Biology,and Recurrence after Transplantation in a 12-Year Transplant Cohort

PurposeTo evaluate tumor response to transarterial chemoembolization as well as biologic characteristics of the tumor as predictors of recurrence after transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who were bridged or down-staged to liver transplantation.Materials and MethodsAn institutional review board-approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant, single-institution retrospective analysis was performed on all patients with HCC who were treated with the use of conventional transarterial chemoembolization or transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting embolics (DEE) over a 12-year period and who subsequently underwent liver transplantation (n = 142). Treatment response was based on modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) imaging criteria and then correlated with tumor characteristics and recurrence. Of the 142 patients followed after transplantation, 127 had imaging after transarterial chemoembolization but before transplantation. Imaging response and post-transplantation recurrence were correlated with patient demographics, liver function, and tumor morphology. HCC recurred in 9 patients (mean time from transplantation, 526 days). Recurrence was analyzed with the use of univariate and multivariate statistics. Kaplan-Meier recurrence-free survival curves were calculated based on immediate imaging response before transplantation with the use of the log-rank test.ResultsBefore transplantation, 57% of patients (72/127) demonstrated complete response (CR) and 24% (31/127) showed partial response (PR). Complete pathologic necrosis occurred in 54% (39/72) of CR patients and 20% (6/31) of PR patients. Poor treatment response, defined as stable disease (SD) or progressive disease (PD), occurred in 18% of patients (24/127) before transplantation and was present in 67% of cases of recurrence (6/9; P < .001). Post-transplantation recurrence was present in 1.4% of patients (1/71) with CR and in 6.5% of patients (2/31) with PR. In patients with SD after transarterial chemoembolization, HCC recurred in 18.8% of transplant patients (3/16) and in 43% of patients (3/7) with PD. Larger pretreatment tumor size (P = .05), higher Child-Pugh score (P = .002), higher tumor grade at explantation (P = .04), and lymphovascular invasion at explantation (P = .008) also were associated with increased incidence of post-transplantation recurrence.ConclusionsPoor tumor response to transarterial chemoembolization before transplantation identifies patients at increased risk for post-transplantation recurrence.