三维电解剖标测系统联合单根环状导管指导阵发性心房颤动射频消融临床观察

心房颤动（atrial fibrillation,AF）是临床上常见的心律失常,人群中发病率高达0.9%-2.5%,且随年龄的增加发病率上升,是脑卒中和心力衰竭的最强烈的独立危险因素。药物治疗的总体效果差。     

三维电解剖标测系统与CT影像融合指导心房颤动导管消融

背景:目前通常采用的肺静脉前庭定位方法主要有三维电解剖标测系统指导(CARTO)或与CT/核磁共振影像融合定位(CARTO-Merge)两种方法.理论上讲CARTO-Merge技术提供了更多的解剖细节,导航精确度更高,但其是否有利于提高房颤导管消融治疗的成功率及安全性仍有待临床观察评价.目的:验证三维电解剖标测系统联合CT影像融合在指导房颤导管消融中的作用.设计、时间及地点:对比观察,于2005-10/2007-05在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心内科完成.对象:选择进行环肺静脉前庭线性消融治疗的阵发性房颤患者93例.方法:试验分为2组,CARTO组50例,CARTO-Merge组43例,分别于CARTO系统及CARTO-Merge指导下行环肺静脉前庭线性消融,消融终点为肺静脉隔离.主要观察指标:比较两组操作时间,X射线照射时间,手术成功率及并发症等情况.结果:所有患者均实现消融终点,随访时间(12.6±2.9)个月,73例(78.5%)患者消融后3个月无房性心律失常复发.CARTO组X射线照射时间显著长于CARTO-Merge组(P<0.05),两组操作时间、消融时间、消融成功率及并发症比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05).结论:采用单纯CARTO或联合CT影像融合技术指导的环肺静脉前庭消融均具有良好的临床疗效和安全性.但CT影像融合技术可更清楚展示心脏解剖,有利于肺静脉的准确定位,并显著缩短X射线透视时间.     

三维电解剖标测系统指引下射频消融治疗心房颤动的护理

总结30例三维电解剖标测系统指引下射频消融治疗心房颤动的护理。认为治疗前做好各项准备,治疗中加强病情观察,监测射频仪各参数,治疗后做好一般护理,给予饮食指导,加强并发症的观察与护理,可提高心房颤动射频消融治疗的成功率。     

完全肺静脉电隔离在环肺静脉导管射频消融治疗阵发性心房颤动中的意义

目的:评价环肺静脉导管射频消融治疗阵发性心房颤动时以完全肺静脉电隔离作为消融终点的意义。方法:将83例有症状的阵发性房颤患者分为两组,在CARTO指导下,行环肺静脉的线型消融一组(CPVA Lasso组)43例,消融终点:肺静脉传入、传出阻滞,肺静脉完全电隔离。另一组(CPVA组)40例,消融终点为两侧环肺静脉消融线完整,局部双极电位振幅减低>80%或振幅<0.1 mv;随访3～6个月,对部分药物无效的复发房颤或房速的患者行第2次消融治疗,采用CPVA Lasso方案。结果:第1次消融结束后,两组患者经过3～6个月随访,CPVA组有24例(60%),CPVA Lasso组32例(74%),在停服抗心律失常药物后无房颤或房速的发作。对两组中20例药物无效的复发房颤或房速的患者行第2次消融手术,再次消融术中所有患者均采用CPVA Lasso方案,术后随访3～9个月,停服抗心律失常药物后,症状性房颤或房速不再发作者18例(90%)。结论:环肺静脉导管射频消融治疗有症状的阵发性房颤患者时,以完全肺静脉电隔离为消融终点可有效防止房颤的复发。     

三维标测系统指导下肺静脉隔离及左房线性消融治疗心房颤动的护理

目的探讨在三维标测系统(CARTO)指导下进行肺静脉隔离治疗心房颤动的护理。方法对2例阵发房颤患者行肺静脉隔离术进行观察和护理。术前做好心理护理,常规术前准备。术后密切观察患者生命体征,加强并发症的观察和护理。结果随访3月,房颤无复发,无血栓及肺静脉狭窄等并发症的发生。结论三维标测系统下肺静脉隔离治疗房颤安全有效。高质量的护理是三维标侧系统下肺静脉隔离治疗心房纤颤的重要保证。     

三维标测系统指导下肺静脉隔离及左房线性消融治疗心房颤动的护理

目的 探讨在三维标测系统(CARTO)指导下进行肺静脉隔离治疗心房颤动的护理.方法 对2例阵发房颤患者行肺静脉隔离术进行观察和护理.术前做好心理护理,常规术前准备.术后密切观察患者生命体征,加强并发症的观察和护理.结果 随访3月,房颤无复发,无血栓及肺静脉狭窄等并发症的发生.结论 三维标测系统下肺静脉隔离治疗房颤安全有效.高质量的护理是三维标侧系统下肺静脉隔离治疗心房纤颤的重要保证.     

肺静脉口导管消融治疗心房颤动的研究进展

心房颤动是临床上常见的心律失常之一,发病率为0.15～1.0％,常导致较高的致残率和致死率。导管消融的目的在于对心律失常的起源部位造成一局限的、不可逆的组织损伤。临床上心房颤动的射频消融已成为心律失常导管消融的主要的治疗手段,但传统的肺静脉点状消融难以精确定点靶点,易导致肺静脉狭窄,而且传统的消融导管完成环状消融肺静脉开口部常有一定的困难,特别是在进行多静脉消融时更是如此。而超声可望克服点状消融的不足之处。国外He等研究证实,置于心导管顶端的超声换能器能造成适合于心内消融的损伤灶,特别是对消融起源部位较深的心律失常,而且单次消融成功率较高。     

在三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉电隔离对心房迷走神经效应的影响

心房颤动是临床上常见的快速型心律失常之一,其发生和维持机制及其导管射频消融仍在探索中。1947年Scher最早提出局灶触发启动心房颤动的观点。1964年Moe等提出“多子波学说”,并一直被广泛接受。多子波赖以存在的心房肌被称作心房颤动形成的基质。目前认为触发灶和（或）基质是心房颤动发生和（或）维持的主要机制。     

CARTO三维电解剖标测指导消融频发室性早搏

目的 评价CARTO电解剖标测系统指导消融频发室性早搏的临床应用价值.方法 选择15例药物治疗无效的频发室性早搏患者,应用CARTO电解剖标测系统在相应心腔进行标测,构建三维电激动图并指导消融,观察消融即刻成功率、手术时间、消融时间和x线曝光时间及并发症情况,并通过随访评价导管消融后的远期疗效.结果 15例患者均完成CARTO指导下电解剖重建,右心室流出道室性早搏13例,左冠窦室性早搏1例,左后分支起源室性早搏1例.消融放电(2.3±1.1)次,累计放电时间(120.O±22.8)s;手术时间(1.50±O.42)h,x线曝光时间(8.0±2.7)min,所有患者术中即刻均达到消融终点.随访3~6个月,无复发病例.结论 CARTO三维电解剖标测指导下消融频发室性早搏安全有效,同时消融手术时间短,曝光时间少,远期疗效好.     

CARTO三维标测指导下心房颤动射频消融术病人的护理

心房颤动为临床上常见的心律失常之一,可导致血流动力学障碍以及动脉系统栓塞,其人群发生率在1%左右,随年龄增长而发病率有增高之势,并有一定的致残率和致死率[1].近年来发现左房肺静脉肌袖产生的心房期前收缩是诱发心房颤动的关键因素,因此,射频消融造成肺静脉与左心房的电隔离可有效治愈心房颤动.2000年CARTO三维电解剖标测系统指导下环肺静脉口消融,治疗心房颤动取得成功[2].该方法极大地提高了心房颤动消融的成功率[3],已成为射频消融治疗心房颤动的主要方法.我科2010年4月起,采用"CARTO三维电解剖标测系统指导下环肺静脉口消融术"治疗心房颤动病人21例,取得了良好的效果.现报告如下.     

Carto三维标测系统指导环肺静脉线性电学隔离术治疗心房颤动的观察及护理

总结98例心房颤动患者应用Carto三维标测系统指导环肺静脉线性电学隔离术治疗的护理体会。治疗前加强心理护理,完善各项准备;治疗中做好生命体征观察及护理配合;治疗后加强穿刺局部的观察与护理,重视病情及并发症的观察与护理,认真做好出院指导。经治疗及护理,89例肺静脉电位完全隔离,9例部分肺静脉电位未完全隔离。     

EnsiteNavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左心房线性消融治疗心房颤动

目的 探讨EnsiteNavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左房线性消融电隔离治疗心房颤动的疗效.方法 阵发性心房颤动14例和持续性心房颤动3例,采用EnsiteNavX标测系统进行环肺静脉左房线性消融.消融终点为肺静脉电隔离.结果 17例患者均达到消融终点;手术时间(226.1±36.2)min、X线曝光时间(41.3 ±12.8)min、放电时间(61.9±15.4)min.术后2例复发,1例再次消融成功,1例拒绝再次手术;随访3～26个月,14例(82.3%)无心房颤动发作;3例(17.7%)有心房颤动复发,但发作次数及时间均较术前明显减少,用胺碘酮治疗可控制(术前胺碘酮治疗无效).术中及随访期间无任何与操作相关的并发症.结论 Ensite NavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左房线性消融治疗心房颤动有效、安全.     

Nonfluoroscopic magnetic electroanatomic mapping to facilitate focal pulmonary veins ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

RF ablation of ectopic foci in the pulmonary veins (PVs) is a promising treatment for patients with paroxysmal AF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using nonfluoroscopic magnetic electroanatomic mapping of PV during spontaneous or induced ectopy to facilitate focal ablation procedure. The study included 35 patients with drug refractory paroxysmal AF who underwent focal RF ablation of the PV. In 10 (29%) patients, mapping and RF ablation procedures were performed using the nonfluoroscopic magnetic electroanatomic mapping system to enable automatic capture of the location and the timing of the ectopy. As a control, 25 patients underwent conventional endocardial activation mapping technique. There were no significant differences in the clinical characteristics between the two groups. Overall procedural duration was similar between them (199 +/- 52 vs 221 +/- 82 minutes, P > 0.05). However, the mean fluoroscopy time (25 +/- 6 vs 52 +/- 12 minutes, P = 0.01) and the mean number of RF applications (5 +/- 3 vs 12 +/- 9, P = 0.02) were significantly less in patients who underwent electroanatomic mapping. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the acute (90 vs 84%) and long-term success rate (60 vs 56%) after a mean follow-up of 12 +/- 9 months. In conclusion, RF ablation of ectopic foci using nonfluoroscopic magnetic electroanatomic mapping of PVs during spontaneous or induced ectopy is useful even in patients with a limited number of ectopy, and is associated with a similar success rate, but less fluoroscopy time and RF application compared to the conventional approach.     

Empirical pulmonary vein isolation in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation using a three-dimensional nonfluoroscopic mapping system: long-term follow-up

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and long-term results of empirical isolation of both superior pulmonary veins in patients with chronic AF. Although localizing and ablating the focal triggers of AF has been proven an effective approach, this strategy is time consuming, often requires multiple procedures, and carries the risk of pulmonary vein stenosis. Whether ostial electrical isolation of the superior pulmonary veins, without initial detailed mapping, is a more efficient approach is not known. The study included 71 consecutive patients who had chronic AF. Using a nonfluoroscopic electroanatomic mapping system, the left and right superior pulmonary veins were ablated circumferentially at the venoatrial junction, with the aim of achieving electrical isolation of the veins. Following ablation, if frequent atrial ectopies were present, mapping and ablation were considered. The patients were periodically followed with 48-hour Holter and loop recorder monitoring. After the ablation of the right and left superior pulmonary veins 59 (83%) of 71 patients maintained sinus rhythm without premature atrial beats. The remaining 12 patients underwent further mapping and ablation including 5 patients who required isolation of the left inferior pulmonary veins. True electrical isolation could be achieved only in 45 (31%) of the 147 targeted veins. At the latest follow-up (mean 29 +/- 8 months), 80% of the patients with upper vein isolation remained in sinus rhythm off medications, 62% of the patients maintained sinus rhythm on previously ineffective medications, and 17% continued to be in AF. Fourteen (20%) patients developed intermittent episodes of left atrial flutter, and mapping in these patients revealed large electrically silent areas in the left atrium. Empirical isolation of pulmonary veins appeared to be an effective approach to help maintain sinus rhythm in patients with chronic AF. True electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins was associated with a higher likelihood of long-term success. Left atrial flutter was seen in a significant number of patients at long-term follow-up.     

Accurate linear radiofrequency lesions guided by a nonfluoroscopic electroanatomic mapping method during atrial fibrillation

Catheter-based continuous linear lesions may become a curative procedure for AF. The accuracy of guiding the application of continuous RF lesions by a nonfluoroscopic mapping system (NFM) during AF in goats was tested. The NFM system (Carto) uses magnetic fields to determine, in real time, the location and orientation of a 7 Fr ablation catheter tip. AF was induced in nine goats by intravenous infusion of methacholine (3-4 microg x kg(-1) min(-1)) and burst pacing. The three-dimensional atrial geometry was reconstructed using the median location of the mapping catheter tip during 30 seconds when in contact with each endocardial site. Sequential RF energy (60 seconds in a temperature-controlled mode [60 degrees C]) was delivered along a predetermined path to create longitudinal lesions in both atria. Sites to which RF energy was applied were tagged on the NFM map, enabling the operator to accurately navigate the catheter tip to the adjacent sites. In all cases (n = 14) the location, shape, length, and continuity of the linear lesions on the electroanatomic maps highly correlated with the autopsy findings. Average line length on the reconstructed maps was 32.3+/-4.1 mm, which highly correlated (r = 0.98, P<.001) with the lesions created in the pathological specimen (31.7+/-3.9 mm). The NFM system can guide the application of RF linear lesions in a highly accurate manner during AF. Moreover, the ability to tag the ablation sites on the three-dimensional maps together with real-time monitoring of the ablation catheter tip location enables delivery of RF energy to create reproducible, continuous, longitudinal lesions without the use of fluoroscopy.     

Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation and intervention for pulmonary vein stenosis in a patient with Fontan circulation

Incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is high in patients with congenial heart disease. However, management of AF is challenging in these patients. Although radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is effective therapeutic option for AF, RFCA for AF is not common in patients who underwent Fontan operation. We present a 24‐year‐old woman with paroxysmal AF, who underwent lateral tunnel Fontan operation for functional single ventricle. Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation was successfully performed. However, significant pulmonary vein stenosis developed after RFCA. Pulmonary vein stenosis was successfully treated by transcatheter intervention.     

环肺静脉射频消融术治疗伴有肺部疾病的心房颤动的预后

目的：肺部疾病与心房颤动(房颤)关系密切。回顾性分析北京同仁医院行环肺静脉消融术治疗伴有肺部疾病的房颤患者预后,评估肺部疾病是否影响手术的复发率。方法入院行房颤射频消融术的患者189例,其中伴有肺部疾病者11例,包括肺栓塞3例,肺结核5例,慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)3例,设为病例组。分析房颤射频消融术的疗效,其中2例伴有肺动脉高压及心功能Ⅲ级(NYHA 分级),比较在射频消融术前、术后肺动脉收缩压的变化。同时根据病例组每例的性别、年龄设置2例不伴有肺部疾病的房颤患者作为对照,共22例,设为对照组。比较两组术前肺动脉收缩压的差异及术后房颤复发率。结果病例组肺动脉收缩压明显高于对照组,(28.54±12.86) mmHg vs (14.13±5.89)mmHg(P <0.01),且通过 CT 肺静脉重建证实5例肺静脉解剖结构受损;经过第一次房颤射频消融术后,病例组成功率达72.7%(8/11);经过第二次房颤射频消融术,成功率达90.9%(10/11)。2例伴有肺动脉高压的心功能Ⅳ级患者,1例经射频消融术后随访1个月肺动脉高压有所好转,而另外1例加重;平均随访(7.3±6.7)月,两组短期疗效差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。结论肺动脉压升高且心功能Ⅲ级的伴有肺部疾病的房颤患者可进行环肺静脉射频消融术,且安全有效。虽然部分慢性肺部疾病影响房颤患者的肺动脉收缩压和肺静脉解剖结构,但房颤射频消融术的短期复发率与不伴有肺部疾病患者无差异。     

Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation guided by electrogram fractionation and dominant frequency analysis

Catheter ablation is an established therapeutic option for certain patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), but the reported success rates of anatomically oriented ablation techniques are low compared with those for other ablation indications, particularly for persistent AF. Electrophysiologically oriented ablation techniques have emerged over the last decade that aim at modifying the arrhythmogenic substrate to the extent that it cannot maintain fibrillatory activity. Electrogram-guided ablation procedures are the most common substrate-targeted ablation approaches and can be broadly divided into procedures that target atrial sites with particular electrogram characteristics in either the time domain (complex fractionated electrograms) or frequency components in the frequency domain (dominant frequencies). The concept of electrogram-based catheter ablation of AF by identifying complex fractionated electrograms and dominant frequency sites is valid only if these sites are temporally stable.     

Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation with a novel,duty-cycled ablation system

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia experienced in clinical practice (approx. 1% predominance in the adult population). Unfortunately, long-term efficacy of antiarrhythmic drug therapy is disappointing and could cause serious side effects. Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation has emerged as an important therapeutic option for drug refractory patients. However, the development in ablation strategies remains complex with often lengthy procedures. This study investigates whether a novel multielectrode catheter, delivering duty-cycled bipolar/unipolar RF energy, is feasible and safe. Therefore, 81 consecutive patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF has been analyzed. Pulmonary vein isolation with the pulmonary vein ablation catheter was safe with short fluoroscopy/procedural time and good clinical efficacy at 6 months (stable sinus rhythm in 78% of patients).