闭合性颈椎创伤伴椎动脉损伤的临床研究

目的　研究椎动脉损伤在闭合性颈椎创伤中的发病率及其与颈椎损伤机制、类型、损伤程度的相关性 ,观察椎动脉损伤后的临床症状、体征 ,探讨早期正确诊断的方法。　方法　于2 0 0 0年 8月～ 2 0 0 2年 2月间 ,利用颈部动脉磁共振血管造影 (MRA)技术 ,连续观察 4 6例闭合性颈椎创伤患者 ,结合颈椎X线、MRI、CT检查及患者的临床症状、体征综合分析。　结果 4 6例闭合性颈椎创伤中 ,12例 (2 6 % )伴椎动脉损伤。其中 7例为双侧损伤 (4例一侧未显影、一侧狭窄 ,3例双侧狭窄 ) ,5例为单侧损伤 (均为一侧狭窄 ) ;10例椎动脉损伤患者无任何症状 ,2例出现眩晕、恶心呕吐、面部麻木、偏盲等症状。椎动脉损伤与屈曲型损伤及颈椎严重不稳定相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与小关节绞锁、横突孔骨折及脊髓完全性损伤明显相关 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论　椎动脉损伤是闭合性颈椎创伤的较常见并发症 ,其临床症状体征缺乏特异性。颈椎创伤中的颈椎严重不稳定、屈曲型损伤、伴有脊髓完全性损伤、小关节绞锁和 (或 )横突孔骨折应高度怀疑椎动脉损伤。临床医师应对此类损伤有较高的警惕性 ,常规进行颈部动脉MRA检查是最有效的早期正确辅助诊断方法。     

颈椎创伤继发椎动脉损伤核磁共振血管成像诊断及实验研究

目的 探讨二维时间飞逝效应核磁共振血管成像（2D TOF MRA）对闭合性椎动脉损伤的诊断价值。方法 319例闭合性颈椎创伤患者，采用2D TOF MRA技术进行椎动脉前瞻性检查。14只犬建立颈椎屈曲损伤的撞击伤模型，撞击后摄X线片，24～36h后行椎动脉2D TOF MRA检查及椎动脉血管造影。结果 319例颈椎创伤患者中，52例伴有椎动脉损伤。单侧椎动脉损伤51例，左侧22例，右侧29例；双侧椎动脉损伤1例。14只犬均造成颈椎小关节脱位，MRA检查7只犬一侧椎动脉损伤；2只犬一侧椎动脉成像不完整，MRA诊断为可疑阳性；5只犬双侧椎动脉正常。血管造影显示，8只犬一侧椎动脉损伤，6只犬正常。MRA诊断为阳性的7只犬和阴性的5只犬，血管造影与之一致。MRA诊断为可疑阳性的2只犬，血管造影证实1只为阳性，另1只为阴性。结论 2D TOF MRA检查是诊断闭合性椎动脉损伤可靠、首选的方法，对血管痉挛和小面积内膜损伤尚难以准确鉴别。     

闭合性颈椎骨折脱位并发椎动脉损伤的机制及影像学诊断

椎动脉损伤可继发于颈部贯通伤、手术损伤，亦可发生于按摩、瑜珈、气管插管、癫痫发作、产伤、颈部绞勒、体育运动和交通伤。关于闭合性颈部创伤与椎动脉损伤之间的关系最早是由Suechting(1955)所描述的。Carpenter(1961)通过尸体解剖首次证实闭合性颈椎创伤后发生的椎动脉损伤。由于椎动脉损伤后临床症状的非特异性，在早些时候被认为是罕见的，20世纪90年代以后，随着影像学技术的发展，特别是磁共振血管成像(MRA)等技术的应用，关于此类损伤的系统性研究和报道逐渐增多。国内首先关于这方面的报道始于20世纪末。     

椎动脉损伤致中枢神经系统损伤的临床探讨

目的：通过随访3年的60例椎动脉损伤患者的临床表现,以此确定椎动脉损伤是否会导致中枢神经系统（脑、颈髓）损伤。方法：对颈椎骨折脱位患者行颈椎正侧位X片、椎动脉磁共振血管成像（magnetic resonance angiography,MRA）检查以确定患者并发椎动脉损伤,同时行脑CT或脑MRI检查以除外颅脑损伤。结果：单侧椎动脉损伤患者在对侧椎动脉能代偿的情况下,其中枢神经系统受损症状较轻,在失代偿情况下,其中枢神经系统受损症状相对较重,双侧椎动脉损伤患者,其中枢神经系统受损症状重,并可能出现死亡。结论：椎动脉损伤可能会导致中枢神经系统一定程度的损害。     

合并胸腹闭合性损伤的胸椎创伤112例

目的 探讨合并胸腹闭合性损伤的胸椎创伤的临床特点。方法 对1996年1月至2001年6月急诊收治的259例胸椎创伤患者进行回顾性分析，总结其中合并胸腹闭合性损伤的胸椎创伤患者的临床特点。结果 112例胸椎创伤合并不同程度的胸腹闭合性损伤，占胸椎创伤总数的43.2％（112／259）。交通伤为首位致伤原因。与下胸椎创伤相比，上胸椎创伤遭受的致伤暴力大，更易合并胸腹闭合性损伤。肺部并发症是死亡的主要原因，上胸椎创伤全瘫患者经手术治疗未能改善自主运动功能。结论 上胸椎创伤容易合并胸腹闭合性损伤的原因与其独特的解剖学特征有关。胸椎创伤患者应常规急诊行腹部超声检查，以避免因脊髓损伤而隐匿的腹部闭合性损伤的漏诊。在决定是否早期手术减时，应充分考虑是否合并胸腹闭合性损伤，并评估其损伤程度。     

椎动脉栓塞术在颈椎肿瘤切除术中的应用价值

目的 探讨椎动脉介入栓塞治疗技术(vertebral artery embolotherapy,VAE)在椎体肿瘤治疗中应用方法、影响疗效的因素及并发症的防治措施.资料与方法 用带毛弹簧圈对12例颈椎肿瘤病例进行了椎动脉栓塞治疗,肿瘤分布于2～6颈椎,横突孔受侵,其中3例因手术中肿瘤切除时伤及椎动脉后出血不止,行VAE术,2例在术前行肿瘤血管栓塞术 VAE术,7例在术前直接行VAE术.结果 本组病例均成功地进行了栓塞治疗,取得很好疗效,术后未出现严重并发症,颈椎肿瘤手术过程出血明显减少.结论 椎动脉介入栓塞治疗术对侵及椎动脉的颈椎肿瘤行术前栓塞治疗以减少椎动脉损伤后大出血、降低手术风险有重要价值.     

腹部闭合性创伤的急诊CT评价

目的：探讨急诊CT扫描在腹部闭合性创伤中的应用价值。方法：收集整理经手术或临床证实的腹部闭合性创伤65例急诊CT检查的影像资料,进行回顾性分析,所有病例均行CT平扫。结果：腹部闭合性创伤的急诊CT扫描主要表现为混杂高密度影像,多伴腹腔出血。本组65例腹部闭合性创伤中,肝脏损伤15例、脾26例、肾13例,肠系膜与肠管损伤2例,膀胱破裂2例,复合性实质性脏器损伤7例。其中51例伴腹腔出血,22例合并肋骨骨折。结论：急症CT扫描对诊断腹部闭合性创伤具有很大的价值,能明确腹部脏器损伤的部位、程度及复合性脏器损伤等信息,以指导临床医师制定有效的治疗方案。     

颈椎创伤早期基本治疗原则

随着对颈椎创伤的认识和继续教育不断发展,我国各级医院对颈椎创伤的诊治水平有了显著地提高.但由于各级医护人员认识水平的差异,导致颈椎损伤早期治疗原则方面,还存在诸多不足.特别是颈椎损伤合并脑外伤或其他脏器严重损伤时,临床漏诊、误诊现象还很常见.笔者将概述颈椎损伤早期基本治疗原则,重点强调颈椎损伤后评估要点、制定最优治疗策略、手术技巧、术后护理和功能锻炼的基本原则等,以期为广大脊柱外科医师提供一个较为全面、实用的诊治指导.     

军事训练喉与气管创伤21例救治体会

喉、气管创伤是耳鼻咽喉科常见急症。常并发甲状腺、食管、颈部大血管、神经及颈椎损伤,患者可因大出血、窒息、休克而死亡。1994年5月～2005年12月,我们共救治军事训练中喉、气管创伤21例,疗效满意。现报告如下。     

胰腺创伤17例分析

对１７例胰腺创伤的临床资料进行了回顾。发生率占同期２７８例腹部损伤的６％；均合并有腹部其他脏器的损伤；术后并发胰瘘３例，假性胰腺囊肿２例，死亡２例。临床资料１７例中男１５例，女２例。年龄１６～４８岁。闭合性创伤１４例，其中车祸１０例，高处坠落１例，上...     

Use of metallic stents to salvage and maintain patency in surgically created esophagocutaneous fistulas.

The authors report a case in which metallic Gianturco-Rosch stents were used to maintain patency of a surgically created cervical esophagocutaneous fistula. The patient was a young man with a schizoaffective disorder who underwent esophagogastrectomy as a result of multiple suicide attempts with lye ingestion. Surgical reconstruction was not possible due to extensive tissue damage. A surgically created cervical esophagocutaneous fistula allowed drainage of oral secretions but subsequently closed. Metallic Gianturco-Rosch stents were successfully used to maintain patency of this fistulous tract, following balloon dilation of the scarred hypopharynx and the tract, which has remained functional for 10 months.     

高压氧综合治疗椎动脉型颈椎病合并特发性突聋疗效观察

目的探讨椎动脉型颈椎病(VACS)合并特发性突聋患者高压氧(HBO)综合治疗的临床疗效。方法由VACS引起的椎基底动脉供血不足(VAI)并伴有特发性突聋患者59例,采用HBO结合药物治疗,为对照组;同类特发性突聋患者46例,在HBO治疗的基础上进行颈椎牵引治疗,为HBO综合治疗组。结果HBO综合治疗组与对照组治疗特发性突聋的总有效率分别为97.8%,91.5%(P>0.05),治愈率分别为62.5%,30.5%(P<0.01)。对两组痊愈者随访半年,HBO综合治疗组和对照组的复发率分别为6.7%,33.3%(P<0.05)。结论HBO是治疗特发性突聋的一种有效方法,结合针对病因的综合治疗,可以提高治愈率,减少复发。     

Axial loading injuries to the middle cervical spine segment. An analysis and classification of twenty-five cases

Injuries to the cervical spine at the C3-C4 level involving the bony elements, intervertebral disks, and ligamentous structures are rare. We present 25 cases of traumatic C3-C4 injuries sustained by young athletes and documented by the National Football Head and Neck Injury Registry. Review of the cases reveals that the response of energy inputs at the C3-C4 level differ from those involving the upper (C1-C2) and lower (C4-C5-C6-C7) cervical segments. Specifically, the C3-C4 lesions appear to be unique with regard to the infrequency of bony fracture, difficulty in effecting and maintaining reduction, and a more favorable recovery following early, aggressive treatment. In the majority of instances, injury at this level results from axial loading of the cervical spine. Lesions were distributed into specific categories: 1) acute intervertebral disc herniation (N = 4), 2) anterior subluxation of C3 on C4 (N = 4), 3) unilateral facet dislocation (N = 6), 4) bilateral facet dislocation (N = 7), and 5) fracture of vertebral body C4 (N = 4). Analysis of these 25 cases suggests that traumatic lesions of the cervical spine in general can be classified as involving the upper (C1-C2), middle (C3-C4), or lower (C4-C7) segments. This is based on our observations from this series that C3-C4 lesions 1) generally do not involve fracture of the bony elements; 2) acute intervertebral disc herniations are frequently associated with transient quadriplegia; 3) reduction of anterior subluxation of C3 on C4 is difficult to maintain; 4) reduction of unilateral facet dislocation is difficult to obtain by skeletal traction and is best managed by closed manipulation and reduction under general anesthesia; and 5) reduction of bilateral facet dislocation is difficult to obtain by skeletal traction and is best managed by open methods. The more favorable results observed in this series of immediate reduction of both unilateral and bilateral facet dislocations deserves emphasis. In two cases of unilateral facet dislocation reduced within 3 hours of injury and subsequently fused anteriorly, significant neurologic recovery occurred. The other four patients, two who underwent an open reduction and laminectomy and two treated closed with skeletal traction, remained quadriplegic. In the four instances of bilateral facet dislocation where reduction was achieved by either closed or open methods, although there was no neurologic recovery, all four patients survived their injuries. However, the three patients who were not successfully reduced died.     

下颈椎脱位合并小关节交锁的治疗策略

目的 探讨下颈椎脱位合并小关节交锁患者的治疗方法选择. 方法颈椎脱位患者49例.损伤脱位节段:C3,4 7例,C4,5 15例,C5,6 14例,C6,7 13例,其中陈旧性脱位11例,病程2 h～61 d.脊髓损伤按Frankel分级:A级14例,B级9例,C级10例,D级9例,E级7例.所有患者均在颅骨牵引治疗试复位后进行手术治疗. 结果新鲜脱位患者牵引复位成功率63%,脊髓损伤平均改善0.65级.所有植骨块于术后4个月均获骨性融合.结论 颈椎脱位患者的病情决定治疗方式,应根据患者脱位新鲜与否、是否截瘫、椎间盘的损伤的大小、经牵引是否可复位等来制订严密的手术计划,以最小的创伤恢复患者的健康.     

L-精氨酸对高原肺水肿患者血液流变学的作用

目的：探讨雾化吸入左旋精氨酸（L-Arg）对高原肺水肿患者血液流变学的影响。方法：在海拔3700m高原，采用氧气驱动雾化吸入L-Arg，治疗高原肺水肿（HAPE）患者9例（L-Arg组），将吸入低浓度一氧化氮（NO）混合气治疗的另外8例高原肺水肿患者（NO组）作对照，分别测定患者的红细胞压积（HCT）、血液粘度（ηb）、血浆粘度（ηp）、还原粘度（ηr）、红细胞刚性指数（IR）、红细胞变形系数（TK）、红细胞聚集系数（VAI）和血栓形成系数（TFL）等血液流变学指标。结果：NO组和L-Arg组治疗后较治愈前ηb、ηp、ηr、VAI、TFL均降低显著（P〈0．05～0．01），而HCT、TK、IR无统计学差异（P〉0．05）；NO组与L-Arg组比较，各指标均无统计学差异（P〉0．01）。结论：L-Arg治疗HAPE有效，通过提高NO水平而改善血液循环，且经济简便，易于推广应用。     

Odontoid fracture following an epileptic seizure

Fractures of the thoracic and lumber spine are well recognized following an epileptic seizure. Fractures of the cervical spine are not. The rare occurrence of a displaced odontoid fracture type 2, secondary to a grand mal seizure is presented. To our knowledge, this association has not been described previously in the English literature.     

Roentgen examination of cervical spine injuries in the athlete

The roentgen evaluation of the cervical spine must be performed immediately following the possibility of injury and in such a manner as not to compromise the neurologic status of the patient. Subtle roentgen findings indicating ligamentous injuries must be recognized so that they can be treated prior to developing cervical spine instability. Occult fractures, which may be difficult to diagnose on plain films and require multiple radiographic modalities, must be diagnosed so as to prevent prolonged intractable neck pain. Most importantly, recognizing the mechanism of injury and prevention of cervical spine injuries are critical to prevent catastrophic cervical spine injuries secondary to athletic participation.     

Cervical chordoma presenting with intervertebral foramen enlargement mimicking neurofibroma: CT findings

A cervical chordoma, confirmed at surgery, presented on plain spine films as a focal enlargement of the intervertebral foramen and mimicked the characteristic appearance of cervical neurofibroma. Computed tomography (CT) of the cervical spine was obtained immediately following metrizamide myelography; it demonstrated a soft-tissue mass in the enlarged intervertebral foramen that extended posteriorly to compress the spinal cord and anteriorly to compress the hypopharynx. The mass was sharply demarcated, inhomogeneous, and low in attenuation; CT density measured between those of cerebrospinal fluid and muscle. Although this CT appearance is not specific for cervical chordoma, it is unusual for neurofibroma. Cervical chordoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of focal enlargement of cervical intervertebral foramina.