Acute urinary retention

Urinary retention is most commonly caused by obstruction in men and neuromuscular dysfunction in women. A careful history, physical examination, and urethral catheterization will lead to the correct diagnosis in the majority of cases. For nonobstructive causes, a careful survey of the patient's other illnesses and medications will often lead to diagnosis. Successful treatment of nonobstructing causes can be effectively managed by the primary care physician.     

Maganese retention in rat brain

Manganese retention was observed in brains and in several other tissues of female Wistar rats after the intratracheal instillation of an inorganic manganese compound: manganese dioxide. Two categories of rats, younger (180 to 200g) and older (330 to 350g), were divided into a control group, in which animals received vehicle only (0.5 mL physiological saline), and an experimental group, in which rats received a dose of 0.48 mg of Mn/kg body weight (in 0.5 mL saline), twice a week for 3 months, for a total dosage of 11.80 mg of Mn/kg body weight. At the end of the exposure period, manganese retention in selected rat organs, brain, liver, kidney, and lung, was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. At the end of the 6-wk or 12-wk manganese dioxide exposure period, analysis of variance of the manganese retention results revealed significant differences between Mn-exposed and unexposed rats in brain, kidney, and lung tissues (p<0.01) for both experimental age categories. Moreover, at the end of the 12-wk exposure period, significant results (p<0.05) between younger and older rats were obtained for both brain and kidneys. In both types of tissue, the manganese retention in the younger group was higher than that in older animals.     

Management retention in the NHS

High turnover amongst middle managers in organisations can lead to strategic instability as well as operational issues. Since the advent of the NHS internal market flatter management structures have led to middle managers being given more responsibilities along with larger spans of control. This has exacerbated the consequences of the high turnover found amongst service managers. This study examines the relationship between the length of time service managers wish to stay with their organisation, their participation in decision making in directorates, the feedback they receive and their perception of feeling valued it outlines the findings from a small study and discusses the implications for health trusts.     

The manager's influence on retention

Each manager holds the key to promoting job satisfaction. Through increased autonomy, staff are empowered to control the destination of their clinical practice. Control over your own clinical practice increases autonomy and therefore leads to greater retention in the work area.     

Multispecies retention parameters for cadmium

The intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral administration of radioisotopic cadmium to experimental animals yielded results for retention parameters comparable to most of those reported in the literature. Whole-body biological retention half-lives ranged from 250 to 1270 days. Repeated oral administration to dogs and monkeys gave an interesting pattern of buildup for stable cadmium intake, with equilibrium being projected at approximately 6.3 and 55% of the repeated single dose, respectively. The kidney definitely is the organ of greatest concentration with time. Various retention parameters reported here are compared to those used in calculating maximum permissible concentrations of radiocadmium in air and water. This comparison suggests that current allowable working levels may be high by a factor of 100.     

Dietary protein and lead retention.

The effects of dietary protein content on lead retention were studied in young rats. In experiments lasting between 3 and 6 weeks, rats given diets containing lead and 20% casein were fed ad libitum or were pair fed with rats given diets containing 6.5 or 7.5% casein. Among rats given 20% casein, lead retention was inversely related to growth rate. A reduction of dietary protein either had no effect or reduced lead retention. In other experiments lasting 4 days and using 203Pb, given orally or intraperitoneally, the recovery of isotope in the gutfree carcass was unaffected or reduced by a reduction in dietary protein. Blood and liver lead often increased when kidney and carcass lead decreased in response to a reduction of dietary protein. Conflicting observations on the effect of low-protein diets on lead retention may thus be due to opposing effects of low dietary protein and decreases of growth rate and to different responses of different tissues.