Multiphase helical CT findings after percutaneous ablation procedures for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Multiple-phase helical computed tomography (CT) has been regarded as the method of choice in the evaluation of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated by nonsurgical procedures. The aim of this article was to report our experience in the assessment of nodular and parenchymal changes recognizable after various percutaneous ablation therapies. Methods: We reviewed the studies of 116 consecutive patients with HCC treated with multisession percutaneous ethanol injection (56 patients, 98 nodules), single-session percutaneous ethanol injection (14 patients, 31 nodules), radiofrequency thermal ablation (32 patients, 48 nodules), and interstitial laser photocoagulation (14 patients, 25 nodules). CT had been performed 3–28 days after the last session (mean = 18 days) with unenhanced helical acquisition and with contrast-enhanced double- or triple-phase helical acquisition. Results: Persisting neoplastic tissue was identified within 54.5% of the nodules. It was located centrally in 4.5% of these nodules, peripherally in 11%, and eccentrically in 84.5%, and its shape was crescent in 58%, globular in 24.5%, and other in 16%. On arterial phase scans, viable tumor was hyperdense in 97% of the lesions and isodense in 3%; on portal phase scans, the tumor was hyperdense in 20%, isodense in 28%, and hypodense in 52%; on delayed phase scans, the tumor was consistently hypodense. Tumor necrosis was always hypodense on contrast-enhanced scans. On unenhanced images, 7.4% of the nodules were undetectable. Nodule diameter appeared as unchanged in 53% of the nodules and as larger in 47%; its shape was unchanged in 54% and modified in 46%; its margins were unchanged in 36% and modified in 64%. A rim of granulation tissue was detected around 15% of the nodules, and a perilesional transient attenuation difference was detected in 21%. Perihepatic effusion was seen in 13% of the patients, segmental biliary duct dilation and local atrophy each in 9%, arterioportal fistula in 6%, portal vein thrombosis, subcapsular collection and pleural effusion each in 7%, hepatic infarction in 5%, and inferior vena cava thrombosis in 2%. Conclusion: Percutaneous ablation of HCC may cause several changes. Knowledge of their CT appearance is mandatory to correctly assess and manage this tumor. RID=" ID=" <E5>Correspondence to:</E5> O. Catalano Received: 6 April 2000/Accepted: 3 May 2000     

经电子支气管镜和经皮肺活检诊断肺外周孤立性肿块

目的：评估综合使用经电子支气管镜肺活检和CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检经皮肺穿刺活检对疑为周围性肺癌的肺外周孤立性肿块的诊断价值，评估其安全性。方法：对136例经无创检查未能确诊的肺外周孤立性肿块患者，根据病变部位、距胸膜距离及患者病情，对其中62例患者进行了经电子支气管镜肺活检，对另外74例患者使用精细针进行了经皮肺穿刺活检。评估各自诊断准确率、恶性病变诊断敏感度、并发症发生率。结果：经电子支气管镜肺活检和经皮肺穿刺活检均能获取组织标本。病理结果显示经电子支气管镜肺活检组有29例为恶性病变，6例为良性痛变，27例无明确病理诊断结果，诊断准确率为71％；恶性病变诊断敏感度为69．0%；经皮肺穿刺活检组有59例恶性病变．7例为良性病变，8例无明确病理诊断结果，诊断准确率为94．6％；恶性病变诊断敏感度为95．2％（P〈0．01）。两组均未出现严重并发症，经电子支气管镜肺活检并发气胸1例，痰中带血10例。经皮肺穿刺活检组并发气胸11例，痰中带血1例，肺内出血4例。结论：综合使用经电子支气管镜肺活检、经皮肺穿刺活检对疑为周围性肺癌的肺外周孤立性肿块的诊断具有重要价值，安全性高。     

多层螺旋CT 多平面重建功能在CT引导经皮肺内结节穿刺活检定位中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT多平面重建(MPR)技术在提高肺内结节的穿刺成功率的临床价值。 方法 将50例因肺内结节拟接受穿刺活检患者分为两组:MPR重建图像参照组与轴位图像参照组。在穿刺定位过程中对MPR重建图像参照组患者的容积数据进行轴、矢、冠三方位重建,指导穿刺进针轨迹;轴位图像参照组使用常规轴位图像定位。记录两组在术中调整进针方向的次数及术后并发症,进行统计学分析。 结果 MPR重建图像参照组25例患者成功取到活检组织。轴位图像参照组1例因肺大泡破裂导致穿刺失败,余24例均成功取到活检组织。MPR重建图像参照组在穿刺针过胸膜后调整进针方向平均1次,肺内轻微出血患者3例,少量气胸患者1例;轴位图像参照组在穿刺针过胸膜后调整进针方向平均3次,肺内轻微出血患者4例,少量气胸患者6例。 结论 多层螺旋CT MPR轴位、矢状位及冠状位图像重建功能的使用有助于术者在穿刺活检术中准确把握进针方向,减少术后并发症。     

CT引导下的同轴全自动及半自动活检针在经皮肺穿刺活检中的应用效果

目的比较CT引导下的同轴全自动及半自动活检针在经皮肺穿刺活检中的应用效果。方法将行经皮肺穿刺活检的400例患者根据活检方式分为对照组与观察组,各200例。对照组采用半自动活检针,观察组采用同轴全自动活检针。比较两组的应用效果。结果观察组的调针次数、一次穿刺成功率、穿刺时间及平均标本量均优于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的准确度、灵敏度、针道出血率均高于对照组,各并发症缓解时间均短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论CT引导下同轴全自动活检针在经皮肺穿刺活检中的操作性更强,整体诊断效能及安全性较好。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的临床应用(附117例分析)

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的临床应用价值。方法 对117例肺部病变（肿块66例，结节42例，实变9例）行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检。采用18G穿刺针，选择最佳层面进针点多点取材，活检后行组织学和细胞学检查。结果 穿刺的成功率为94．1％。117例中，肺癌84例，其中穿刺确诊77例，穿刺敏感性为91．7％，特异性为82．5％，假阴性7例，假阴性率为17．5％，无假阳性。良性病变33例，经手术和随访证实。共7例发生气胸，占14．5％，仅2例经插管处理。结论 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺准确性高，并发症少，安全可靠，可为临床提供诊断依据，值得推广。     

超声引导经皮肺肿物穿刺自动活检术的临床价值

目的 探讨超声引导经皮肺肿物穿刺自动活检方法及其临床应用价值。方法 采用B型超声仪对40例肺肿块术前体表定位，确定穿刺线路，术中在超声实时监测下应用自动活检枪配套切割式活检针进行穿刺活检，术后观察并发症。结果 40例均取材成功。病理诊断35例为肺癌，3例为炎性假瘤，2例为结核球，均可确诊。穿刺后无一例出现气胸、出血等并发症。结论 超声实时引导经皮肺穿刺自动活检是一种安全、准确、经济的确诊外周部肺肿物的方法。     

Optimal phases of dynamic CT for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation of unenhanced and triple-phase images

Background: To determine the optimal phases of dynamic computed tomography (CT) for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Fifty-two patients with 85 HCC nodules were examined by means of unenhanced and triple-phase CT images of the whole liver. The time for obtaining the arterial-phase images was 25–55 s after intravenous bolus injection of contrast material, the time for obtaining the portal venous-phase images was 65–100 s, and the time for obtaining late-phase images was 145 s to 4 min. Detectability of the HCC nodules for all phases was statistically compared. Results: The detection rates for the arterial- and late-phase images were significantly higher than for the unenhanced and portal venous-phase images (p < 0.01). The combination of arterial- and late-phase images showed the same number of HCC nodules in the same number of patients as did the combination of unenhanced and triple-phase images. Conclusion: The combination of the arterial- and late-phase imagings was best for detecting HCC nodules. Received: 8 July 1998/Revision accepted: 18 November 1998     

Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: CT evaluation

BACKGROUND: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the imaging features and patterns of contrast enhancement in peripheral cholangiocarcinomas with computed tomography (CT) and correlate these features with histologic findings when available. METHODS: We reviewed the CT scans of 24 patients with 25 peripheral cholangiocarcinomas proved by orthotopic liver transplantation (n = 1), liver resection (n = 7), percutaneous needle biopsy (n = 10), and fine needle aspiration biopsy (n = 6). Incremental dynamic nonhelical CT was performed in four cases and helical CT in 21 cases. Portal venous phase images were obtained in all 25 cases. Fourteen patients underwent helical CT during arterial and portal phases. Delayed images were obtained in 20 patients. RESULTS: The size of the tumors ranged from 1.2 to 17 cm. Bile duct dilatation was present in 13 patients (52%), and regional lymph node enlargement was observed in six patients (24%). Retraction of the liver capsule was present in nine patients (36%). In eight patients (32%), satellite nodules were also detected. All tumors were globally hypodense during the portal phase. In 14 patients (70%), delayed images disclosed hyperattenuating tumors. Rimlike contrast enhancement was the most frequent pattern observed in either arterial (57% of patients) or portal (60% of patients) phase imaging. Portal venous encasement was seen in 10 patients (40%). CONCLUSION: In the proper clinical setting, detection of a hypodense hepatic lesion with peripheral enhancement, biliary dilatation, and contrast enhancement on delayed images are highly suggestive of peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.     

彩色多普勒超声引导自动穿刺活检在周围型肺肿块及胸膜病变中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声引导下穿刺活检技术在胸部病变诊断中的作用。方法对45例经X线和(或)CT检查发现肺周围性实质性病变或胸膜病变患者,先观察二维图像及彩超表现,再行超声引导下穿刺活检,送病理检查。结果45例患者,肺周围型病变27例,胸膜病变18例。一次穿刺成功44例,成功率97.8%。其中,恶性肿瘤19例,包括转移性肺母细胞瘤1例,鳞癌9例,腺癌7例,恶性间皮瘤1例,血管肉瘤1例;良性病变26例,包括炎症17例,结核4例,出血性梗死1例,放线菌病1例,结节病1例;无明显病变2例。结论彩超引导下穿刺活检是一种微创、快速、安全、简便的方法,对于肺周围性病变或胸膜病变的确诊具有重要作用。     

经皮芯针肺穿活检对≤5mm肺小结节诊断正确率及并发症评估

目的：通过自动枪经皮针芯针肺穿活检对≤5mm肺小结节的诊断准确率和并发症发生率评估。方法回顾性分析42例直径≤5mm（平均直径4mm）肺小结节患者经皮肺穿活检资料,透视引导下经皮针芯针肺穿活检30例,CT引导下经皮针芯针肺穿活检12例。结果透视引导下经皮肺穿活检的诊断准确率86.7％（26/30）,发生并发症2例（咯血、气胸各1例）,并发症发生率6.7％（2/30）;CT引导下经皮芯针穿刺活检的诊断准确率91.7％（11/12）,发生并发症1例（咯血）,并发症发生率8.3％（1/12）。二者诊断准确率、并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论透视或CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对≤5mm肺小结节诊断准确率均较高,并发症发生率均较低。     

Transjugular liver biopsy: assessment of safety and efficacy of the Quick-Core biopsy needle

BACKGROUND: We assessed the safety and efficacy of transjugular liver biopsy with the Quick-Core biopsy needle. METHODS: Fifty consecutive patients with liver failure and contraindications to percutaneous liver biopsy were referred for transjugular liver biopsy. Eighteen (36%) patients had thrombocytopenia (platelet range = 44-92/microL, mean = 66/microL), 31 (62%) patients had elevated prothrombin times (international normalized ratio range = 1.3-3, mean = 1.6), and 19 (38%) patients had ascites. The Cook Quick-Core biopsy needle was used. RESULTS: Average procedure time was 30 min. Transjugular access to the hepatic veins was successful in 49 of 50 cases. A transfemoral approach was used in one patient. Tissue specimens were satisfactory for histologic diagnosis in all cases. Established cirrhosis was present in 37 (74%) patients. The mean number of cores was 2.2 (range = 1-3). The mean number of portal triads per core was 10.4 (range = 6-20). There were no procedure-related complications. CONCLUSION: Transjugular liver biopsy with the Quick-Core biopsy needle is safe and effective in patients in whom the percutaneous route is contraindicated by coagulopathy or ascites.     

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by radiofrequency hyperthermia with a 'cooled-tip needle'. A preliminary clinical experience.

OBJECTIVE: Radiofrequency hyperthermia using the newly-developed 'cooled-tip' needle has recently been proposed as a therapeutic modality for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein we report our preliminary results on feasibility and effectiveness of the thermal ablation of mono- or pauci-focal hepatocellular carcinoma with the cooled-tip needle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We treated 15 cirrhotic patients (mean age 68.8 years; 12 males; 14 HCV-positive; 13 in Child's Class A and 2 in Class B) with 20 hepatocellular carcinoma nodules (mean diameter 28.1 mm; range 10-43 mm; nine lesions with diameter greater than 3 cm). None of the patients had portal thrombosis and/or extrahepatic spread. We used a radiofrequency generator (100 W of power) connected to a 18 g perfusion electrode needle with an exposed tip of 2-3 cm. The circuit was closed through a dispersive electrode positioned under the patient's thighs. A peristaltic pump infused a chilled (2-5 degrees C) saline solution to guarantee the continuous cooling of the needle tip. The needle was placed into target lesions under US guidance. The interventional procedure was carried out in general anesthesia without intubation. Dynamic helical CT was carried out 15-20 days after thermal ablation to assess therapeutic efficacy. RESULTS: In all, 38 areas of coagulation necrosis (at 1000-1200 mA for 10-15 min) were generated in 24 sessions in the 20 hepatocellular carcinoma nodules (mean 1.9 lesions per nodule and 1.2 sessions per nodule). Complete necrosis as assessed at dynamic CT (lack of enhancement during the arteriographic phase) was achieved in 75% of cases in a single session; after a second RF session success rate was 90% (18 out of 20 nodules). A self-limited pleurisy along with a 5-fold increase in transaminases occurred in one patient; a 3-fold elevation of transaminases was encountered in three other patients. During the follow-up (median 15 months) five patients had recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma with a 1-year disease free interval of 64%. Of the three recorded deaths, two were due to intrahepatic tumor diffusion. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience radiofrequency hyperthermia with the cooled-tip needle afforded an effective and safe percutaneous ablative method for HCC in cirrhosis and shortened treatment time.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after percutaneous ablation therapy: helical CT patterns

Background: To categorize the helical computed tomographic (CT) intrahepatic recurrence patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after treatment with percutaneous ablation procedures. Methods: Double-phase helical CT studies of 67 patients with HCC recurrence were reviewed. The study population had undergone percutaneous ablation therapy procedures (multisession or single-session ethanol injection therapy, radiofrequency thermal ablation therapy, and interstitial laser photocoagulation therapy) for 120 HCC nodules. Results: Four patterns were defined. (A) Enhancing tissue within the edge of the ablated nodule on arterial phase images (ingrowth): this pattern was seen in five treated lesions (4.2% of all treated nodules) in five patients (7.5% of all patients with recurrence) 3–7 months after treatment (mean = 4 months). (B) Enhancing tissue around the treated nodule but continuously to its border on arterial-phase images (outgrowth): this pattern was found in 12 (10%) treated lesions in 12 patients (18%) 3–6 months after ablation (mean = 4 months). (C) Enhancing tissue within the same segment of the treated nodule on arterial phase images (spread): this pattern was detected in 10 (8%) treated lesions in 10 patients (15%) 3–6 months after treatment (mean = 5 months). (D) Enhancing tissue within different segments from the treated nodule on arterial phase images (progression): this pattern was identified in 34 patients (51%) with 53 (44%) treated tumors 5–22 months after ablation (mean = 8 months). A mixed pattern was found in six subjects (9%) with seven (6%) treated nodules. Among the 61 patients with a nonmixed pattern, there were 85 treated nodules with persistent necrosis, 17 treated nodules with local recurrence (pattern A or B), and 107 new nodules due to nonlocal recurrence (pattern C or D). Portal phase enhanced images and especially unenhanced images showed a lower detection rate and a lower lesion-to-liver conspicuity score (for all patterns but mainly for pattern C). Conclusion: Four patterns of recurrence after percutaneous ablation procedures can be categorized on double-phase helical CT and are best depicted on arterial phase images. Knowledge of these patterns is relevant for early detection and may be helpful in understanding the recurrence mechanism. Received: 25 September 2000/Accepted: 15 November 2000     

CT联合实时超声引导经皮穿刺活检胸膜或胸膜下结节

目的 探讨CT联合实时超声引导穿刺活检胸膜或胸膜下结节（SPPN）的可行性。方法 回顾性分析接受经皮穿活检的38例SPPN患者,其中17例接受CT联合超声引导下活检（CT+US组）,21例接受单纯CT引导活检（CT组）,比较2组穿刺活检手术时间、占机时间、CT引导次数、有效辐射剂量及术后并发症。结果 CT+US组CT引导次数、手术时间、占机时间、有效辐射剂量和总剂量均低于CT组（P均<0.01）,2组术后发生气胸、出血差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 CT联合实时超声引导穿刺活检SPPN可降低穿刺技术难度,缩短手术时间,减少辐射剂量。     

小视野扫描方法在CT引导下经皮穿刺活检肺小结节中的应用及对气胸、肺内出血发生率的影响

目的研究小视野(FOV)扫描方法在CT引导下经皮穿刺活检肺小结节中的应用及对气胸、肺内出血发生率的影响。方法回顾性分析2019年4月至2020年3月本院收治的102例肺小结节患者的临床资料,患者均开展CT引导下经皮穿刺活检。分析影响CT引导下经皮穿刺活检肺小结节中发生气胸和肺内出血的危险因素。结果穿刺次数、穿刺时间、结节长径是影响气胸发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05);穿刺次数、穿刺时间、扫描方法、结节长径、病变沿针道距胸膜的距离为影响肺内出血发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论在CT引导下经皮穿刺活检肺小结节中穿刺次数、穿刺时间、结节长径、FOV大小、病变沿针道距胸膜的距离会导致气胸、肺内出血等并发症的发生,临床应积极控制穿刺次数和穿刺时间,调整病变沿针道距胸膜的距离,应用小FOV扫描有助于降低肺内出血等并发症发生率。     

X线导向经皮骨穿刺活检价值

目的:探讨X线导向经皮骨穿刺活检对骨病的诊断价值。材料和方法:骨穿刺活检79例,通过观察X线片及确定活检的最佳部位。在X线导向下进行多点和不同深度的骨穿刺活检取材。结果:79例行骨穿活检82次。因3例穿刺2次。76例穿刺活检结果能作出诊断,阳性率为96.2%。没有发生并发症。结论:本法的优点是适应证广、简单、安全、快速、可靠、经济,并发症少及缩短诊断时间。医生在穿刺活检过程中不受X线辐射,而病人只有短暂的透视定位。     

Power Doppler sonography of hepatocellular carcinomas with portal-vein blood supply

We report the power Doppler imaging (PDI) findings in 2 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a portal-vein blood supply. Gray-scale sonography in both cases showed a well-circumscribed nodule, hypoechoic in case 1 and hyperechoic in case 2. PDI revealed an afferent tumor vessel with constant flow in both nodules, and CT during arterial portography demonstrated a portal-vein supply to both nodules. The nodules were diagnosed by percutaneous core biopsies as highly differentiated HCC. We also examined with PDI another 64 patients with 76 HCC nodules, and none of the nodules showed a constant-flow afferent tumor vessel. The presence of a constant-flow afferent tumor vessel indicates a supplying portal vein; but this is not diagnostic of HCC, and biopsy remains necessary to establish a final diagnosis.     

超声造影引导下穿刺活检在肝占位性病变中的应用价值

目的探讨超声造影（CEUS）引导下穿刺活检在肝占位性病变中的应用价值。 方法收集2016年9月至2017年11月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院拟接受超声引导下经皮肝占位性病变穿刺活检术的患者42例。所有患者穿刺活检前均进行CEUS,在CEUS引导下对肝占位性病变靶向定点经皮肝穿刺活检。以穿刺活检获取组织材料送病理学诊断达到要求为取材满意。活检病理诊断结果为恶性或手术病理结果确诊。未见恶性肿瘤时,结合电子计算机断层扫描（CT）、磁共振成像（MRI）、CEUS、正电子发射计算机断层显像（PET）、发射型计算机断层扫描（ECT）、血管造影、肿瘤标志物［甲胎蛋白（AFP）、糖类抗原199（CA199）等］等检查,随访超过3个月无变化者,考虑为良性病变。 结果本组42例肝占位性病变患者最终临床诊断结果为：肝细胞癌19例,胆管细胞癌3例,转移性肝癌9例,结节性肝硬化3例,炎症5例,海绵状血管瘤1例,局灶性结节增生1例,不典型增生结节1例。在CEUS引导下,选择增强强度和方式为恶性的增强活性区进行了穿刺活检取材,穿刺次数1~2次,平均穿刺（1.74±0.21）次。本组42例肝占位性病变患者穿刺活检病理结果为：肝细胞癌19例,胆管细胞癌3例,转移性肝癌9例,结节性肝硬化3例,炎症5例,海绵状血管瘤1例,局灶性结节增生1例,不典型增生结节1例。CEUS引导下穿刺活检取材成功率100%（42/42）,穿刺阳性率100%（42/42）,穿刺活检诊断符合率100%（42/42）。所有患者穿刺活检后均无肝周肠间隙或腹盆腔出血、气胸、针道种植、胆漏、大血管损伤等并发症发生。 结论CEUS可敏感显示肝占位性病变内微血供情况,准确判断病灶的活性区与坏死液化区域,确认常规超声分辨不清的微小占位,可提高穿刺活检取材成功率、穿刺阳性率、穿刺活检定性诊断符合率以及恶性病变确诊率。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检诊断肺外周病灶153例分析

目的评价CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的临床应用价值。方法采用自动活检切割针(18G)在CT引导下对153例患者肺部病灶行经皮肺穿刺活检术。结果 153例均穿刺成功,146例取得满意标本,7例为坏死组织未能做出诊断;穿刺活检的129例恶性肿瘤患者中有48行手术治疗,其术后病检与穿刺活检结果一致;7例炎症;5例结核;4例真菌;有36例出现了轻重不同的并发症,气胸32例(20.9%),3例(1.9%)出现少量咯血或痰中带血,1例发生胸腔少量出血,经相应治疗后病情好转出院。结论 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检诊断肺外周病灶并发症少、安全有效,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

超声引导穿刺活检诊断胰腺部肿瘤

目的:通过超声引导穿刺活检技术的应用,为胰腺癌的早期病理诊断开创了一个安全有效的新途径,并比较18G粗针及21G细针穿刺活检的临床应用价值。方法:应用粗针及细针经超声引导下对113例可疑胰腺癌的患者穿刺活检,活检取出的组织能作出明确组织病理学诊断的为取材满意,以手术后病理诊断或随访6个月~1年的结果为最后诊断。结果:113例中,107例取材满意,能作出明确组织病理学诊断,穿刺获得组织学诊断率为94.7%。粗针活检46例,细针活检67例,两种针型取材满意率间的比较及就良恶性诊断,粗、细针间的敏感性、特异性、准确性、并发症发生率比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05);细针有2例假阴性,粗针无,两种针型间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:超声引导胰腺病变穿刺活检,技术方法简便,病理诊断阳性率高,对确定诊断有重要意义。18G粗针较21G细针穿刺同样安全,并且获取标本较完整,取材量大,有利于对病变组织结构的观察,故应值得提倡。