小剂量多巴酚丁胺- 硝酸甘油超声心动图试验检测存活心肌的研究

目的 评价小剂量多巴酚丁胺－硝酸甘油超声心动图（ＤＮＥ０检测存活心肌的临床价值。方法 心肌梗塞后伴节优性室壁运动异常患者３６例,接受梗塞相关血管经皮３腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）前进行ＤＮＥ试验。ＰＴＣＡ后随访９个月,将ＤＮＥ识别为存活心肌的室壁节段与实际运动改善节段做对比判定ＤＮＥ检测存活心肌的准确性。结果 ＤＮＥ检测存活心肌的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为８０％、８１％及８２％。结论 ＤＮＥ为     

CK技术检测存活心肌的实验研究

本文利用彩色室壁运动分析技术（ＣｏｌｏｒＫｉｎｅｓｉｓ，简体ＣＫ）与小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图负荷试验（２ＤＥ－ＤＥ）相结合（ＣＫ－ＤＥ），对６条开胸犬心肌顿抑模型进行研究，结果与２ＤＥ－ＤＥ、核素心肌灌注显像和病理检查比较，发现２３个经病理证实的存活心肌节段中ＣＫ－ＤＥ能检出２２个，２ＤＥ－ＤＥ能检出２１个，核素心肌灌注显像以存活分数≥０．１为标准能检出１７个；以存活分数≥０．２为标准能检出１１个。表明ＣＫ－ＤＥ检出存活心肌较核素心肌灌注显像敏感。     

不同剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图评价存活心肌的临床研究

在以不同剂量（５、７．５、１０μｇ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ）多巴酚丁胺连续静注的同时，用二维超声心动图（２ＤＥ）观察陈旧性心肌梗塞（ＯＭＩ）患者室壁运动异常（ＷＭＡ）节段的收缩运动变化，以检出存活心肌。结果显示：Ｄｏｂ－２ＤＥ在评价存活心肌方面是一种很有价值的检测方法，以７．５μｇ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ为国人的最适宜应用剂量。     

小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图预测存活心肌的临床研究

目的 探讨小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图（ＬＤＤＳＥ）预测存活心肌的价值及评价存活心肌的预后状况。方法 ３０例冠心病患者均行经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）或ＰＴＣＡ＋支架术,术前１周内及术后（〉６周）用ＬＤＤＳＥ观察室壁运动情况。结果ＬＤＤＳＥ预测心肌运动严重减弱节段血运重建后功能恢复的敏感性、特异性分别为７２．７％和９２．０％,预测无运动节段心肌恢复的敏感性、特异性分别为７３．９％、７９．     

多普勒组织成像检测冠心病室壁运动及心肌活性的应用价值

本文报道了应用多普勒组织成像（ＤＴＩ）检测冠心病室壁运动异常，并配合小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图判断心肌活性。结果显示：冠心病室壁运动异常节段的收缩期，舒张期速度均低于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。应用小剂量多巴酚丁胺后，１００个异常节段中，３５个节段运动改善（心肌存活组，Ａ组），６５个节段无明显变化（坏死心肌组，Ｂ组）；ＤＴＩ检测Ａ组的收缩期速度Ｖｓ与速度增长率ＶＲ均明显高于Ｂ组。表明ＤＴＩ对心肌缺血及缺血心肌活性的判断有一定价值     

声学造影心肌灌注显像和多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图试验检测存活心肌的实验研究

本文应用声学造影心肌灌注显像（ＭＣＥ）和小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图试验（２ＤＥ－ＤＳＥ）检测６条犬的顿抑心肌，并与ＳＰＥＣＴ核素心肌灌注显像和病理对照。结果ＭＣＥ判别顿抑心肌的敏感性和特异性为８７％、１００％，２ＤＥ－ＤＳＥ判别顿抑心肌的敏感性和特异性分别为９１％和１００％。ＳＰＥＣＴ核素显像以存活分数为０．１作为标准时，判断顿抑心肌的敏感性为７４％；以存活分数为０．２为标准时，判断顿抑心肌的敏感性为４８％。     

Color Kinesis在识别心梗后存活心肌及判断冠脉病变的应用研究

本研究将Ｃｏｌｏｒ Ｋｉｎｅｓｉｓ（ＣＫ）与多巴酚丁胺超声心动图负荷试验（ＤＳＥ）相结合,检测急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）后存活心肌及冠脉病变。方法：左室彩和１６节段分法,室壁运动状态采用４级分法。存活心肌以ＰＴＣＡ２周后二维超声心动图（２ＤＥ）与ＤＳＥ ＢＡＳＥ状态２ＤＥ的比较结果作为参数标准;冠脉病变以冠脉造影结果作为金２ＤＥ相当（７５．０％ｖｓ７９．２％）,ＣＫ对ＬＣＸ病变仍有很高的敏感性（９０．     

动态三维超声心动图在多巴酚丁胺负荷试验中测定心绞痛病人左室容积的临床意义

目的：观察并评价多巴酚丁胺负荷试验（ＤＥＳＴ）中心绞痛病人左室容积（ＬＶＶ）的变化及临床意义。方法：ＬＶＶ采用３－ＤＥ方法测定，ＤＥＳＴ使用多级负荷方法，并进一步计算左室容积指数和射血分数（ＥＦ）；同时观察心室壁节段性运动异常（ＲＶＭＡ）的发生情况。结果：ＤＥＳＴ中正常组随多巴酚丁胺（Ｄｏｂｕ）剂量增加，左室舒张末期容积（ＥＤＶ）和收缩末期容积（ＥＳＶ）逐步缩小；而心绞痛组在小剂量和中等剂量时亦呈逐步缩小趋势，但大剂量时反呈增加趋势。ＥＦ值和ＲＶＭＡ的变化和发生情况在两组间亦有明显不同。结论：ＤＥＳＴ中用３－ＤＥ方法测定ＬＶＶ是评价心绞痛病人冠脉储备和左室功能的客观指标，并可检出心绞痛病人心肌缺血发生时的左室功能减退     

动态三维超声心动图在多巴酚丁胺负荷试验中测定心绞？…

目的：观察并评价多巴酚丁胺负荷试验（ＤＥＳＴ）中心绞痛病人左室容积（ＬＶＶ）的变化及临床意义。方法：ＬＶＶ采用３－ＤＥ方法测定，ＤＥＳＴ使用多级负荷方法，并进一步计算左室容积指数和射血分数（ＥＦ）；同时观察民主室壁节段性运动异常（ＲＶＭＡ）的发生情况。结果：ＤＥＳＴ中正常组随多巴酚丁胺（Ｄｏｂｕ）剂量增加，左室舒张末期容积（ＥＤＶ）和收缩末期容积（ＥＳＶ）逐步缩小；而心绞痛组在小剂量时亦呈逐步缩小     

超声静脉硝酸甘油及CK技术估测存活心肌的价值

本文采用超声静脉硝酸甘油介入试验（Ｎｉｔｒｏｇｌｙｃｅｒｉｎｅｃｈｏｃａｒｄｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＮＥ）与彩色室壁运动分析技术（ＣｏｌｏｒＫｉｎｅｓｉｓ）结合（ＮＥ＋ＣＫ）估测存活心肌，并与血运重建术（ＣｏｒｏｎａｒｙＲｅｖａｓｃｕｌａｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，ＣＲＶ）后实际改善的心肌节段进行对比研究。结果显示：ＮＥ后室壁运动积分指数（ＷＭＳＩ）明显降低。ＮＥ＋ＣＫ检测冬眠心肌的敏感性为８０．９５％、特异性为７９．３１％、准确性为８０．５３％。ＮＴ时仅有收缩压轻度降低，无一例患者因副作用而终止试验。ＮＥ＋ＣＫ检测冬眠心肌具有较高的诊断价值，特别是硝酸甘油（ＮＴＧ）本身具有抗心肌缺血作用，应用安全、可靠。ＣＫ技术能够实时显示心内膜运动轨迹，提高了识别冬眠心肌的敏感性     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.