模糊数学法在堆肥腐熟度评价中的应用

根据常见物料的自身特征及国内外评价堆肥腐熟度的相关标准,提出以堆肥高温期持续时间、C／N降解速率、NH3-N／NO3-N、种子发芽指数、NH3-N降解速率5个指标作为堆肥腐熟度的判别指标,并基于模糊数学方法建立腐熟程度的综合判别模型,然后利用该模型验证了分别以污水污泥和生活垃圾为物料的3种堆肥样品的腐熟度。结果表明,利用这5个指标,通过综合判别模型可以作为污泥（C／N初≥C／N终）、生活垃圾高温好氧堆肥腐熟程度通用的判别方法．判别结果合理且较符合实际。     

污泥与稻草混合堆肥试验研究

研究了不同比例的污泥与秸秆混合物在堆肥过程中温度、总氮、氨氮、总磷、有效磷等物质的变化特征.结果表明:堆肥过程中堆体内温度存在空间差异,中心温度与边缘温差最大达到12℃;总氮始终呈下降趋势,氮素损失原因在于有机氮的矿化和氨的持续性挥发,氨氮挥发主要发生在堆肥前10 d;由于有机物的降解,使得总磷在堆肥过程中得到"浓缩",总量呈上升趋势,随着堆体内微生物的作用使得有效磷的含量也随之增加.     

垃圾渗沥液处理系统中氮的转化过程分析

垃圾渗沥液含有高浓度的氨氮、有机氮,在典型垃圾渗沥液处理工艺中,各阶段氮的转化过程有较大区别。混凝沉淀处理可以去除部分有机氮,厌氧处理中氮的转化主要是氨化反应,有机氮经过氨化反应后转化为小分子的有机氮和氨氮,好氧处理系统中主要是硝化反硝化反应,氨化微生物在好氧条件下将有机氮转化氨态氮。一些颗粒有机氮会随剩余污泥排出,膜深度处理过程中,有机氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮绝大部分会进入到浓缩液里,高级氧化可以将大分子有机氮降解为小分子有机氮和氨氮,焚烧处理可以将有机氮转化为氮氧化物。     

城市污泥反应器堆肥实验

采用强制通风好氧静态方式对城市污泥进行堆肥实验,结果表明:通过调节城市污泥水分和C/N,经过好氧反应器堆肥处理,污泥有机质发生降解,TN、TP和TK含量都呈上升趋势,VS和有机碳分别达到60%和30%的稳定状态,种子发芽指数达到100%左右,有效杀灭病原菌,实现城市污泥无害化、稳定化和减量化的要求.腐熟的污泥堆肥成为高价值的农用产品.     

生活垃圾的不同组分对堆肥腐熟度的影响

依托北京市南宫堆肥厂,研究了生活垃圾的不同物理组分对高温发酵阶段的堆肥腐熟度的影响。结果表明：从EC、Ed/E6、C／N、GI等指标来看,植物性垃圾对堆肥的腐熟度起主导性作用;纸类和木竹类也对堆肥的腐熟度有一定的促进作用。在8d的高温发酵阶段,以上类别的原垃圾均可以得到较充分的降解,基本达到了高温期间对腐熟度指标的要求。因此在堆肥的原料中适当增加植物性垃圾,如厨余垃圾的比例,可加快垃圾堆肥的腐熟速度。     

二维相关光谱结合移动窗口技术研究堆肥溶解性有机质演化

探究堆肥过程有机质演化时序及关键演化阶段,为堆肥物质转化研究和工艺优化提供参考。提取不同发酵阶段的餐厨垃圾溶解性有机质,采用核磁共振和红外光谱,结合二维相关光谱和移动窗口技术解谱技术,研究了堆肥过程中有机质演化特征。结果表明,堆肥过程中溶解性有机质中不同组分转化顺序整体呈现为:脂类→胺→醇、酯、醚→蛋白类→木质素酚;在堆肥后期(第13～35天)物质变化明显,其中酰胺类化合物的变化最为明显,此时期有机质可能腐殖化形成了腐殖质。堆肥有机质碳结构转化时序为:COO和N—C=O、NCH或OCH_3→CCH_3→CCH_2;第3～6天和第13～35天是有机质碳骨架演变明显的时间段,其中CCH_2的碳骨架变化在两时间段均发生了剧烈变化。基于以上对有机质分子层面结构转化规律认识,可知在堆肥高温期和腐熟期有机质发生了剧烈转化,后续研究可通过控温、接种微生物以加速有机质降解和腐殖质合成。     

固定化硝化细菌去除废水中氨氮的效果观察

目的观察固定化硝化细菌对废水中氨氮(NH3-N)的去除效果。方法用硝化细菌富集培养基摇床驯化污泥,选用聚乙烯醇(PVA)作为包埋载体,添加适量粉末活性炭及海藻酸钠包埋固定硝化污泥,做成固定化小球,经驯化后处理废水中氨氮和化学需氧量(COD)。结果经6周驯化后,硝化细菌从最初的13.1 cfu.mL-1增至2.7×107cfu.mL-1。应用固定化小球处理合成废水(COD=221.4 mg.L-1,NH3-N=40.2 mg.L-1)24 h,COD去除率达66.5%,NH3-N去除率达100%;处理鱼塘污染水(COD=242.8 mg.L-1,NH3-N=117.9 mg.L-1)24 h,COD去除率达60.9%,NH3-N去除率达79.7%。结论固定化硝化细菌对合成废水和鱼塘污染水中的NH3-N及COD均有良好去除效果,且对前者的去除效果更佳。     

污泥好氧堆肥不同阶段通风量研究

讨论了通风控制对污泥好氧堆肥堆体温度变化的影响,分析了堆体温度变化曲线与合理通风量之间的关系。并根据不同学者的研究结果,提出污泥好氧堆肥合理通风量及控制方式,指出在污泥好氧堆肥堆体起爆阶段采用微量0．01m3／（m3．min）通风,缓慢升温阶段通风量为0．02m3／（m3．min）,快速升温期通风量为0．04m3／（m3．min）,高温维持期通风量为n17m3／（m3·min）,降温期通风量为0．04m3／（m3·min）。通风控制采用温度反馈一时间联合控制方式,通风间隔为20min。     

高温污泥堆肥卫生效果的观察

强制通风高温污泥堆肥,堆后2～3天,堆温达60～77.5℃,且高溫期持续8～16天。堆后7天检验堆内沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、弯曲杆菌及蛔虫卵等均得到杀灭。经13～18天堆积,污泥的速效性氮增加5～10倍,碳氮比率及含水率有所下降,且无臭味。因此,污泥经过高温堆肥发酵处理,对卫生和农业均有利,值得推广应用。     

堆肥过程中的保氮技术

在城市生活废弃物的堆肥处理过程中,若添加适量的半腐熟垃圾或少量硫酸亚铁盐或在堆肥表面覆盖一层已腐熟的肥料,可以吸附氮元素,防止氮损失。     

Effects of Composting Process and Fly Ash Amendment on Phytotoxicity of Sewage Sludge

With the increasingly growing global production of sewage sludge, evaluation of its applicability in agriculture and land restoration is essential. This study assessed the potential effects of composting process and fly ash amendment on soil-ameliorating properties of sewage sludge. The metal availability and phytotoxicity of ash-amended sludge compost (AS, mature sewage sludge compost mixed with fresh lagoon ash) and sludge-ash co-compost (SA, co-composted mixture of sewage sludge and lagoon ash) were compared. The results of this work suggested that both composts favored the applicability of sewage sludge for land application by reducing Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn availability. The SA co-compost stimulated seed germination at ash amendment rates of ≤10%, whereas various treatments of AS compost inhibited germination at an extract dilution of 50%. Amendment of lagoon ash before or after sludge composting increased electrical conductivity (EC) and volatilization of NH₄-N, but lowered availability of PO₄-P. Together with the results of phytotoxicity, an optimal ash amendment rate of 5% for AS and 10% for SA were most desirable. Alkaline amendment prior to sludge composting was recommended, because it could be more effective in reducing soluble and plant-available metal concentrations through the composting process. Received: 1 October 1999/Accepted: 31 May 2000     

大港污水污泥兼性厌氧堆肥用于绿地的可行性研究

以天津市大港区污水处理厂的剩余污泥为研究对象,利用兼性厌氧堆肥装置,研究了污泥堆肥前后温度、含水率、有机质、氮、磷、钾以及pH等指标的变化。结果表明：采用污泥与锯末的体积比为1∶1的堆肥,控制初始含水率为65%左右,可顺利实现升温。堆肥15d后,物料的含水率、有机质明显降低;总氮、总磷及总钾的含量有不同程度的增加,符合绿地施用的要求。经计算得出由N决定的污泥堆肥年施用量为32.77t/hm2。     

Quality monitoring of composting processes of wastewater sludge in Alexandria

There are two wastewater primary treatment plants in Alexandria (west and east). The produced primary sludge is mechanically dewatered and transported to sludge disposal site 9N where composting is carried out. However, prior to 1970, composting played a very minor role in sludge or solid wastes treatment because of greatly unfavorable balance between its economics and those of the principal competing option, namely landfill disposal. This study aims at monitoring and evaluating the composting process of demitted sludge produced from Alexandria wastewater treatment plants. Ten batches of sludge were composted. During the composting process the batches were been investigated and followed up to 3 months. Representative samples (10 for each batch) were taken from these batches at the start of windrowing and after each turning (4-15 days) and were analyzed for physical; chemical; bacteriological; and parasitological characteristics, heavy metals, and plant nutrients. Results revealed that C/N ratio of the final compost product comply with the decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 100 11967, while moisture, C%, and TKN did not. Heavy metals, faecal coliforms, and helminthes complied with the decree No. 222/2002 for the Minister of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Communities. Moisture had positive correlation with both C and VS and negative correlation with pH. Temperature had negative correlation with TKN. Both total and faecal coliforms had negative correlation with temperature and positive correlation with C, N, and VS. It is recommended to optimize the quality of the produced sludge compost by use bulking agent rich in carbon and nitrogen as Hay or Rice straw, instead of the matured sludge compost.     

UASB厌氧氨氧化反应器快速启动特性研究

采用预培养的混合污泥作为接种污泥,接种于上流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）来启动厌氧氨氧化,结果表明：采用含氮模拟废水,进水pH控制为7.00～7.40,在30℃条件下,运行52 d,成功启动了UASB厌氧氨氧化反应器.反应器的容积总无机氮（TIN）负荷为3.26 kg/（m^3·d）,去除率达到90.85％.稳态运行时,NH4＋-N去除量、NO2--N去除量与NO3--N生成量的比值为1.00∶ 1.22∶0.15.启动过程中,在水力负荷与进水基质负荷不稳定的情况下,反应器出水效果良好,说明其具有较好的稳定性.NH4＋-N去除量、NO2--N去除量与NO3--N生成量的比值变化可指示厌氧氨氧化反应器性能的演变.     

强制通风堆肥技术处理农村生活垃圾的可行性研究

对北京市海淀区北部新区农村生活垃圾中的有机成分进行3组不同物料配比的堆肥试验,在堆肥周期内对堆体的理化性质、腐熟度指标与控制参数进行了研究.结果表明:农村生活垃圾中的有机成分含水率偏高,不利于直接堆肥.采用强制通风静态好氧堆肥,堆肥过程中温度、含水率、体积、pH、电导率、碳氮比的变化与一般堆肥过程各参数的变化规律相似,...     

生活垃圾生物稳定化处理效果研究

以广州市番禺区猛涌村生活垃圾为研究对象,采用生物稳定化技术,通过12d高温发酵,12d后熟化,12d最终熟化的堆肥方式来处理研究,结果表明：温度能达到60℃至少10d以上,使堆肥无害化;水分在堆肥结束时为29．7％,pH为7．87,水溶性碳（wsc）为4．45g／kg,堆肥腐熟度好。浸提液NH3-N浓度为15．1mg／L,是峰值（93．8mg／L）的16．1％;COD浓度1770mg／L,为峰值（16266mg／L）的10．9％,生活垃圾污染潜力大大消减,稳定性提高。筛分后的堆肥产品,总养分含量（N＋P20,＋K：0）超过4％。     

2007-2015年广州市市政水厂水源水氨氮和硝酸盐及高锰酸盐指数的分布

目的 了解广州市市政水厂水源水的污染现状.方法 于2007-2015年对广州市市政水厂水源(珠江、北江、东江和西江)水中的氨氮、硝酸盐和高锰酸盐指数进行检测并分析变化规律以及相关性.结果 与珠江比较,北江、东江、西江水样中高锰酸盐指数和氨氮的合格率均较高(P＜0.05);而硝酸盐均合格且无明显差异.珠江水样的氨氮合格率随着年份的增加有下降趋势(P=0.050);东江水样的氨氮合格率随着年份的增加有上升趋势(P＜0.05).珠江、东江和西江水样中的高锰酸盐指数与氨氮均呈正相关(P＜0.05);东江和西江水样中的高锰酸盐指数与硝酸盐均呈负相关(P＜0.05);珠江、北江、东江和西江水样中氨氮与硝酸盐均无统计学相关性(P＞0.05).结论 市政水厂水源由珠江水更换为西江水后,高锰酸盐指数和氨氮的合格率明显提高,水质得到了很大的改善.珠江受有机物污染的程度相对较重,应重点加强水源防护.     

Survey of toxicants and nutrients in composted waste materials

Currently, there is much activity in composting yard wastes (leaves, twigs, grass), sewage sludge and portions of municipal solid wastes (MSW) in the United States. The resultant compost is typically applied to agricultural or recreational land. A nationwide analytical survey was therefore conducted of 21 toxic and nutrient elements, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and gamma emission in 26 composts sampled nationwide in 1991. Those composts produced solely from sludge or MSW tended to be higher in metals such as Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn as compared to totally yard waste compost. Molybdenum, P and Se were higher in composted sewage sludge and Na and Pb in composted MSW than in yard waste compost. PCBs and gamma emission were low or not detectable in most compost samples. Shards of metal and glass found particularly in MSW-containing composts would detract from its application especially in recreational areas. References dealing with the reactions of metals in composts and environmental effects of compost application to land are cited.     

食管癌高发区粮食中铜、锌、铁、钙及饮水中“三氮”含量测定

对食管癌高发区林州市和低发区禹州市的主食（小麦、玉米）及林州市四种类型的饮用水进行了分析，结果显示：高发区林州市小麦、玉米中锌、钙的含量低于禹州市的含量，铜含量高于禹州市，差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５），小麦中的铁两市无差异，而玉米中的铁低于禹州市，差异具有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５），林州市四种类型的饮用水中，硝酸盐氮均低于国家饮用水标准，而氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮均超标，以河渠水的污染较严重。作者认为粮食中低锌、铁、钙和高铜及饮水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量较高，可能与食管癌发病的原因或诱因有关。