硅胶管流动腔系统的合理使用

硅胶管流动腔系统被用来研究培养血管内皮细胞在流体切应力和周向应力联合作用下的力学行为。如何选择硅胶管流动腔的几何和力学特性以及前、后负荷条件,真实模拟生理条件下血管内皮细胞的切应力和周向应力环境,是构建硅胶管流动腔系统须解决的关键问题。首先给出了确定硅胶管流动腔无载荷状态几何尺寸和硅胶管弹性模量的方法;其次给出了定常流条件下在硅胶管流动腔中模拟生理环境中壁面切应力和周向应力的过程;最后总结了装置中壁面切应力、周向应力的控制因素。     

心血管系统体循环后负荷的集中参数模型

本文给出一种新的模拟心血管系统体循环后负荷的三弹性腔九元件集中参数模型。它能令人满意地拟合升主动脉输入阻抗的生理曲线，且结构简单，调试方便，各元件具有明确的生理意义，其取值也在合理的生理范围内。本文还研究了模型中各参数对升主动脉输入阻抗的影响。本模型可做为心血管系统体循环模拟研究的较为理想的后负荷。     

平行平板流动腔中Casson流体脉动流的摄动解

高度远小于横向和纵向几何尺寸的矩形平行平板流动腔是人们用以体外研究细胞在切应力作用下力学行为的主要工具之一，考虑到通常采用的矩形平行平板流动腔内的流动属于小雷诺数流动，本文用雷诺数作为摄动参数求出了矩形平行流动腔内Casson流体脉动流的摄动解，给出了腔内切应力随压力梯度和流量的变化规律。数值结果表明，相同压力梯度下Casson流体和牛顿流体对应的腔内切应力分布无明显不同，而在相同流量条件下，Casson流体和牛顿流体对应的腔内切应力分布有明显差异，本文为Casson流体脉动流条件下平行平板流动腔切应力的确定方法提供了理论依据。     

颈动脉血管壁切应力的分析

动脉中管壁的脉动低切应力在动脉粥样硬化形成中起始动和主要的决定作用.本文比较了几种计算血管壁切应力的方法,认为采用有约束的弹性管模型计算获得的动脉壁切应力更适合于临床应用.根据检测得到的正常人和动脉硬化性脑血管病患者的颈动脉血流速度、血管管径等数据,计算两者的颈动脉壁面切应力.研究发现动脉硬化性脑血管病患者的壁面切应力比正常人显著减小.这表明,颈动脉的壁面切应力可以作为动脉硬化性脑血管疾病的早期诊断的重要参考指标.     

二维脉动流场中内皮细胞表面切应力分布的数值模拟

本文对三种生理相关的正弦入口速度波形的脉动流场内,VEC表面的切应力分布进行了有限差分方法的数值模拟.结果表明(1)脉动流场与稳态流场中内皮细胞表面的流场分布完全不同,脉动流场中内皮细胞表面的切应力变化幅值远大于稳态流场中的值.(2)同一时刻,每个VEC上的切应力分布是不均匀的,细胞形状影响其表面的切应力分布.(3)在脉动周期的不同时刻,细胞表面的切应力分布也是不均匀的,切应力分布随时间的变化波形与入口波形相类似,但相位有所超前.(4)细胞的伸长主要取决于EC表面的最大平均切应力大小.(5)本章的计算结果可以用于对Helmilinger实验现象的解释.     

体外血管内皮细胞培养装置中弹性基底的应力研究

目的对一种体外血管内皮细胞动态培养装置中弹性基底的应力情况进行研究,使装置更接近人体血流动力学环境,实验并观察不同张应力情况下平行平板流动腔中弹性基底切应力的变化。方法采用一系列静态拉伸试验拟合动态拉伸的情况,即将两种不同厚度硅胶片置于装置中,从0%开始,分别以每次间隔10%拉伸率做静态拉伸(0%、10%、20%、30%),并在保持其拉伸率不变的情况下,计算硅胶片拉伸后的腔体高度。通过计算切应力得到不同拉伸率下的切应力曲线,分析比较切应力随硅胶片厚度变化的规律。结果实验结果与理论分析基本一致。当拉伸率为30%时,0.5 mm厚度硅胶片随拉伸率的变化(腔体高度的变化),对平行平板流动腔中切应力会产生一定影响,平均和最大切应力分别减小10.1%和10.4%。结论计算平行平板流动腔中切应力必须考虑引入张应力后弹性基底厚度变化所引起的影响因素。研究结果可为体外血管内皮细胞的培养以及设计研制新型平行平板流动腔提供实验技术。     

一种可控性大鼠颈总动脉狭窄模型的建立及切应力测定

目的：为在体研究切应力改变诱导内皮细胞组织因了的表达建立一种可控性的大鼠颈总动脉狭窄模型。方法：54只SD大鼠随机分为9组，用自制硅胶管套扎左颈总动脉中段，术后不同时相点用TS 420型多普勒血流仪测定血流量，灌注前用DIGITEXα数字血管减影操作系统测定血管内径，用Poiseiuue流体力学公式Tw=32ηQ／πD^3计算切应力。结果：颈总动脉狭窄85％后，平均血流量减少了65％，局部切应力发生了显著变化（P〈0．01），在7d内无明显改变。结论：硅胶管套扎大鼠颈总动脉中段的狭窄模型，是比较理想的在体检测血流壁切应力改变对血管内皮细胞形态和功能影响的方法。     

血管壁切应力变化对动脉内皮细胞间连接的影响

目的：探讨动脉血流受阻后管壁切应力变化对动脉内皮细胞连接的影响。方法：60只实验兔建立颈总动脉血流减少模型,在术后0至30天8个不同时相点,制作血流减小后的颈总动态超薄切片,透射电镜下观察内皮细胞间连接和细胞形态学变化。结果：动脉内皮细胞间连接结构及稳定性随血管壁切应力的变化而发生相应改变。3天后,在部分细胞间近腔面出现间隙;细胞间紧密连接不象正常对照那样完好而致密,胞质内未见微丝附着;可见部分动脉壁内皮细胞脱离基底膜或完全脱落人管腔。在血管壁切应力递增阶段,近腔面内皮细胞间隙消失,可见窄而短的闭锁带。结论：血管壁切应力的降低可导致动脉内皮细胞间连接结构发生改变,细胞稳定发生减小。提示低血流的切应力变化可能破坏动态内皮细胞屏蔽的完整性。     

不同入口流量波形对颈动脉分叉壁面切应力的影响

目的 研究不同颈总动脉生理流量波波形对颈动脉分叉壁面切应力的影响。方法 建立颈动脉分叉TF-AHCB数值模型。用Womersley方法求解Bloch和Holdsworth两种经典的血液流量波形的速度分布,并作为入口条件用CFD软件计算分叉管内流场和壁面切应力分布。结果 两种波形在颈动脉分叉根部外侧壁形成的低切应力区相仿,但具有较低重搏波波谷的Holdsworth波形使局部振荡剪切因子明显增大。Holdsworth波形产生的振荡剪切因子是Bloch波形产生的1.75倍,局部最高值可达0.49。结论 在对动脉分叉管血流动力学数值或实验模拟中,正确设定入口流量波形和速度剖面条件是重要的。     

内皮细胞应力测试装置

目的 通过研制“内皮细胞应力测试装置”，为研究血流动力学环境对人工培养的内皮细胞生物学特性的影响提供实验平台。方法 应用流体力学及血流动力学理论与分析方法，制作了“内皮细胞应力测试装置”。结果 本装置可以精确调控正常生理水平和超生理水平下的切应力值、正应力值、以及脉动波幅和脉动频率。结论 本装置能模拟与人体生理状况较一致的血流动力学环境。     

A LabVIEW™ Model Incorporating an Open-Loop Arterial Impedance and a Closed-Loop Circulatory System

While numerous computer models exist for the circulatory system, many are limited in scope, contain unwanted features or incorporate complex components specific to unique experimental situations. Our purpose was to develop a basic, yet multifaceted, computer model of the left heart and systemic circulation in LabVIEW™ having universal appeal without sacrificing crucial physiologic features. The program we developed employs Windkessel-type impedance models in several open-loop configurations and a closed-loop model coupling a lumped impedance and ventricular pressure source. The open-loop impedance models demonstrate afterload effects on arbitrary aortic pressure/flow inputs. The closed-loop model catalogs the major circulatory waveforms with changes in afterload, preload, and left heart properties. Our model provides an avenue for expanding the use of the ventricular equations through closed-loop coupling that includes a basic coronary circuit. Tested values used for the afterload components and the effects of afterload parameter changes on various waveforms are consistent with published data. We conclude that this model offers the ability to alter several circulatory factors and digitally catalog the most salient features of the pressure/flow waveforms employing a user-friendly platform. These features make the model a useful instructional tool for students as well as a simple experimental tool for cardiovascular research.     

循环系统模拟中的后负荷选择

目前国内外现有人工心脏瓣膜测试装置（或称循环系统模拟装置）普遍存在再现人体生理条件差以及测试结果客观性和可比性差的弊病。本文从分析和克服这些弊病出发，放弃仅以压力和流量波形作为判断系统是否正常的传统做法，以血管输入阻抗作为心室后负荷的恰当量度筛选出具有较强再现人体生理条件的后负荷系统，并在此基础上，研制出能较好模拟人体循环系统特性的具有标准后负荷的循环系统模拟装置。     

婴幼儿心室辅助泵——20mL罗叶泵体外测试平台的建立和性能研究

目的 设计并制作基于婴幼儿心室辅助泵——罗叶泵的体外测试平台,分别完成20 mL婴幼儿罗叶泵的流体性能实验和耐疲劳实验。方法 将罗叶泵驱动装置、20 mL婴幼儿罗叶泵、前负荷腔、前负荷压力传感器、后负荷腔、前负荷压力传感器、心电监护器、阻尼器和流量计等按不同的实验目的组装成不同的测试平台,流体温度控制为37 ℃,分别用来完成20 mL婴幼儿罗叶泵的流体性能实验和耐疲劳实验。结果 所制作的流体性能实验平台能较好的模拟人体前后负荷;在固定泵输出压力时,测量了20 mL婴幼儿罗叶泵泵频率与泵前压力（前负荷）、泵后压力（后负荷）和流量的关系;所组装的耐疲劳实验平台能够测试罗叶泵的耐疲劳性能;20 mL婴幼儿罗叶泵在连续搏动70 d后,其形变率仅为4 %。结论 所组装的搏动泵测试平台能测试20 mL婴幼儿罗叶泵的流体性能和耐疲劳性能;所制作的20mL婴幼儿罗叶泵具有较好的稳定性和耐疲劳性。 更多还原     

小口径组织工程血管生物反应器的制造

生物反应器在构建小口径组织工程血管中起着重要的作用.本文设计并造了能够模拟人体小口径动脉脉动流的生物反应器.该反应器的波形发生器输出成年人左心室容积变化信号驱动直线电机作为动力源,通过调节后负荷,从而产生近生理的脉动流.特殊设计的旋转培养室可以对三维的管壁支架进行二次的细胞接种.并且使得旋转接种和脉动培养能够连续进行.与现有的组织工程血管生物反应器相比,在理论和实践上有较大的创新性.     

Pulsatile blood flow in a stenosed artery—a theoretical model

To understand the special flow conditions which may be produced by the presence of stenosis in arteries, an analytical solution is obtained for pulsatile laminar flow in an elliptic tube. Blood is approximated by a Newtonian model and the geometry of the stenosis is introduced by specifying the change in area of cross-section of the stenosed artery with axial distance. The results for velocity, pressure, shear stress and impedance are presented. These are compared with the steady flow results as well as with those of the flow in a stenosed tube of circular cross-section. The study indicates that the fluid dynamic characteristics of the flow are affected by the percentage of stenosis as well as the geometry of the stenosis. The frequency of oscillation is also found to influence shearing stress and the impedance.     

Pitfalls in the development of a rotary blood pump controller

The controller presents a major obstacle in the development of the rotary blood pump as a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Clinically, LVAD flow is a good indicator in the regulation of circulatory conditions and pump flow changes, depending on pump preload and afterload. Many investigators have tried estimating pump flow by referencing the motor current. There have been pitfalls in in vitro experimental settings, however. Using a test loop with a pneumatically driven LV chamber and a centrifugal pump as an LVAD, we monitored pump flow and pressure head to evaluate the pump performance curve (H-Q curve). Under pulsatile LV conditions, the H-Q curve was a loop that changed, depending on LV contractility. The pneumatically driven LV chamber cannot mimic the Starling phenomenon, so the developed LV pressure does not change according to the LV preload. Rotary pump flow estimation is the most effective control method. In pulsatile conditions, however, the H-Q curve is a loop that changes under various LV contractility conditions, complicating determination of linear equation for calculating flow. In addition, the LV chamber in the test loop cannot mimic native heart contractility as described by Starling's law. This finding can lead to a misanalysis of the H-Q curve under pulsatile conditions.     

Modelling of flow and wall behaviour in a mildly stenosed tube

In the present computational analysis, pulsatile flow and vessel wall behaviour in a simplified model of a stenosed vessel were investigated. Geometry of a 45% axisymmetrically stenosed (by area) cylindrical tube and a sinusoidal inflow waveform were simulated, with the fluid being assumed to be incompressible and Newtonian. The vessel wall was treated as a thick-walled, incompressible and isotropic material with uniform mechanical properties across the normal as well as the constricted segment. The study of fluid flow and wall motion was initially carried out separately using two commercial codes CFX4.2 and ABAQUS7 respectively. Their combined effects and interactions were later investigated through an iteratively coupled algorithm. Model validations on the rigid-wall fluid and static no-flow solid models were satisfactory, with Root Mean Square deviations of around 7% in centreline axial velocity between the prediction and measurement values for the rigid wall stenosis model, and 5% in circumferential stress for a cylindrical tube model under static loading when compared with the analytical solution. Results on velocity profiles, wall shear stress, intramural strain and stress for the rigid and compliant cases were all presented. Comparison between the rigid and compliant models revealed that, the flow separation layer distal to the stenosis was thicker and longer, and wall shear stress was slightly lower in the compliant model by less than 7.2%. Results obtained from the static wall model (with uniform pressure loading) and coupled fluid/wall interaction modelling of pulsatile flow showed qualitatively similar wall strain and stress patterns but considerable differences in magnitude. The radial and axial stresses were reduced by 31 and 8%, while the circumferential stress was increased by 13% due to the presence of pulsatile flow. Under the flow and structural conditions investigated, the effects of wall compliance were small, and did not change the flow and solid behaviours qualitatively in this case.     

Simulation of a pulsatile non-Newtonian flow past a stenosed 2D artery with atherosclerosis

Atherosclerotic plaque can cause severe stenosis in the artery lumen. Blood flow through a substantially narrowed artery may have different flow characteristics and produce different forces acting on the plaque surface and artery wall. The disturbed flow and force fields in the lumen may have serious implications on vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and circulating blood cells. In this work a simplified model is used to simulate a pulsatile non-Newtonian blood flow past a stenosed artery caused by atherosclerotic plaques of different severity. The focus is on a systematic parameter study of the effects of plaque size/geometry, flow Reynolds number, shear-rate dependent viscosity and flow pulsatility on the fluid wall shear stress and its gradient, fluid wall normal stress, and flow shear rate. The computational results obtained from this idealized model may shed light on the flow and force characteristics of more realistic blood flow through an atherosclerotic vessel.