肝癌的微创治疗进展

目前有6种微创技术（射频、微波、激光、冷冻、乙醇消融和化疗栓塞）已用于治疗肝癌，随着技术的不断改进和临床经验的增加，对局灶性肝癌，微创治疗疗效已接近手术疗效，并对外科治疗形成挑战。     

射频微创治疗肝癌

以前治疗肝肿瘤(包括原发性肝癌与肝转移癌)的传统方法为手术、经动脉插管化疗栓塞、酒精注射等,射频消融微创治疗是一种局部治疗的新方法.     

影响肝癌动脉灌注药物和栓塞治疗效果的因素分析

为了分析影响肝癌动脉灌注药物和栓塞治疗效果的因素，作者采用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归多因素方法对９２例做肝动脉灌注化疗或栓塞治疗患者的１９个因素进行分析，结果显示：肿瘤有无包膜、Ｏｋｕｄａ分期、治疗方式是影响疗效的独立因素。作者认为做肝癌动脉灌注药物和栓塞治疗，应了解肿瘤包膜、临床分期情况，给予适当治疗。     

肝癌射频消融治疗技术进展

<正>射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)是将射频电极针(或电极导管)直接插入到肿瘤组织中,利用460kHz射频电流在组织中产生的热效应(90℃¹10℃)直接杀灭肿瘤细胞的一种微创治疗技术。RFA应用于肝癌的治疗已有近20年的历史,随着治疗设备的不断改进和临床技术的不断提高,RFA在肝癌治疗中的应用范围不断扩展,疗效确切、微创安全,正发挥越来越大的作用。一、肝癌病灶原位灭活消融技术RFA治疗时,射频电极针直接插入肝癌病灶中。射频电极针的构造、输出功率、消融时间与消融体积及消融效果密     

放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝癌的研究进展

对于不能手术的原发性肝癌患者，放射治疗配合肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）的疗效明显好于单纯放疗或单纯化疗，治疗并发症的发生率和程度可以接受，大多数患者可以耐受。放疗配合动脉栓塞化疗是治疗不能手术的原发性肝癌患者的非常有发展前途的治疗方法。现综述这二种治疗方法的技术特点、疗效和协同作用研究的现状及最新进展。     

肝癌治疗中肝脏储备功能评估的临床应用进展

治疗肝癌的各种方法均会损伤一部分正常的肝组织，削弱肝脏储备功能，因而治疗前、后进行肝脏储备功能的评估、对现代肝癌治疗具有十分重要的指导意义。本文概述了几种肝脏储备功能评估方法，在肝癌肝切除或化疗栓塞等治疗中应用的一些进展情况。     

肝癌的微创治疗进展

肝癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤，能手术切除的患者应首选外科治疗，但对于明确诊断的患者多已失去了外科治疗的机会。近年来有六种微创技术（射频、微波、激光、冷冻、乙醇消融和化疗栓寨）治疗肝癌比较有效，本文对其发展概况、作用机制、病历选择、临床结果及其优点作一综述。     

TACE术联合氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗中晚期肝癌50例

目的:探讨TACE术和氩氦刀冷冻消融术序贯治疗中晚期肝癌的疗效及安全性。方法:50例巨块型肝癌病人,先行TACE术治疗,术中给予碘化油15ml~20ml 平阳霉素8mg栓塞,然后灌注顺铂60mg 健择800mg/m2,最后以明胶海绵颗粒栓塞。TACE术后10~14天给予CT引导下氩氦刀冷冻消融术治疗。1月后复查血清AFP、肝脏CT增强扫描及肝动脉造影(DSA)检查。随诊12个月。结果:疗前AFP>400ng/ml,疗后下降>50%者90.6%(29/32),其中完全转阴者43.8%(14/32);肝脏CT增强扫描及DSA造影提示:肿瘤完全坏死62.0%(31/50),不完全坏死28.0%(14/50),部分坏死10.0%(5/50)。6个月、12个月生存率分别为94.0%(47/50)和86.0%(43/50)。治疗中、治疗后未发生严重并发症。结论:TACE术和氩氦刀冷冻消融术序贯治疗中晚期肝癌疗效确切,安全可靠。     

射频消融联合肝动脉热灌注化疗栓塞治疗难以手术切除的原发性肝癌18例

[目的]探讨B超引导下射频消融（RFA）联合肝动脉介入热灌注化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌的临床价值。[方法]36例原发性肝癌患者随机分为联合组（18例）和对照组（18例）,联合组采取肝动脉介入热灌注化疗栓塞联合RFA治疗,对照组仅行RFA治疗。治疗后通过影像学进行疗效评价。[结果]联合组和对照组临床治疗有效率分别为72.2%和44.4%（P=0.024）。RFA治疗的主要不良反应为肝区疼痛或上腹部不适,对照组1例患者治疗后4d因上消化道大出血死亡。肝动脉介入热灌注化疗的主要不良反应为发热、恶心呕吐、肝区疼痛等,对症处理后均好转。[结论]肝动脉介入热灌注化疗栓塞联合RFA是原发性肝癌的一种有效治疗方法。     

Recent advances in minimally invasive colorectal cancer surgery

Laparoscopy has improved surgical treatment of various diseases due to its limited surgical trauma and has developed as an interesting therapeutic alternative for the resection of colorectal cancer. Despite numerous clinical advantages (faster recovery, less pain, fewer wound and systemic complications, faster return to work) the laparoscopic approach to colorectal cancer therapy has also resulted in unusual complications, i.e. ureteral and bladder injury which are rarely observed with open laparotomy. Moreover, pneumothorax, cardiac arrhythmia, impaired venous return, venous thrombosis as well as peripheral nerve injury have been associated with the increased intraabdominal pressure as well as patient's positioning during surgery. Furthermore, undetected small bowel injury caused by the grasping or cauterizing instruments may occur with laparoscopic surgery. In contrast to procedures performed for nonmalignant conditions, the benefits of laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer must be weighed against the potential for poorer long-term outcomes of cancer patients that still has not been completely ruled out. In laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery, several important cancer control issues still are being evaluated, i.e. the extent of lymph node dissection, tumor implantation at port sites, adequacy of intraperitoneal staging as well as the distance between tumor site and resection margins. For the time being it can be assumed that there is no significant difference in lymph node harvest between laparoscopic and open colorectal cancer surgery if oncological principles of resection are followed. As far as the issue of port site recurrence is concerned, it appears to be less prevalent than first thought (range 0-2.5%), and the incidence apparently corresponds with wound recurrence rates observed after open procedures. Short-term (3-5 years) survival rates have been published by a number of investigators, and survival rates after laparoscopic surgery appears to compare well with data collected after conventional surgery for colorectal cancer. However, long-term results of prospective randomized trials are not available. The data published so far indicate that the oncological results of laparoscopic surgery compare well with the results of the conventional open approach. Nonetheless, the limited information available from prospective studies leads us to propose that minimally invasive surgery for colorectal cancer surgery should only be performed within prospective trials.     

New approaches to the minimally invasive treatment of liver cancer

Unlike laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic hepatectomy has been slow to gain acceptance because of its association with technical difficulties. Many surgeons feel there are few advantages in laparoscopic hepatectomy when compared to open surgery. The liver is the organ most susceptible to bleeding while dissecting the parenchyma and the resected liver usually requires a wide abdominal incision to deliver the resected specimen. Both the improvement of surgeons' skills and the development of technology have improved results, however, the indication of laparoscopic hepatectomy for malignancy is still controversial. This article focuses on the current status of minimally invasive treatment for liver malignancy.     

不同微创疗法治疗原发性肝癌的近期疗效比较

目的比较不同微创疗法治疗原发性肝癌的近期疗效。方法选取2011年5月至2013年5月间收治的原发性肝癌患者120例,将其随机分为A组、B组和C组,每组40例。其中A组采取射频消融法的微创疗法进行治疗,B组采用氩氦刀冷冻的微创疗法进行治疗,而C组则采用无水酒精注射的微创疗法进行治疗,分析原发性肝癌直径>5 cm以及≤5 cm患者的近期生存率和肿瘤减小率。结果 3种不同微创治疗方法治疗直径≤5 cm的原发性肝癌患者的近期生存率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3种不同微创疗法治疗,直径>5 cm的原发性肝癌患者的近期生存率比较,A组优于B组和C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组与C组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组患者肿瘤减小率要优于A组患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不同的微创疗法对不能手术切除且直径≤5 cm的原发性肝癌患者的近期生存率无明显差异,而射频消融法治疗直径>5 cm的原发性肝癌患者的近期疗效则十分明显,具有高效、安全的治疗优势,能够有效延长患者的生存期,减少患者痛苦,值得临床推广应用。     

Application of minimally invasive treatment for early gastric cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although various types of minimally invasive treatment have emerged as the best front-line therapies for early gastric cancer (EGC), there have been no established indications that these attempts are applicable. The purpose of this study was to propose indications for the application of minimally invasive therapy for EGC. METHODS: A total of 566 patients with EGC who had undergone gastrectomy with D2 or more extended lymphadenectomy, from July 1993 to December 1997 were retrospectively analyzed. The risk factors that determine lymph node metastasis were investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The rate of lymph node metastasis was 11.8% for all EGC, 3.4% for mucosal cancer, and 21.0% for submucosal cancer. Lymph node metastasis was associated with submucosal invasion, larger tumor size, undifferentiated histology, and the presence of lymphatic or blood vessel invasion (LBVI) by univariate and multivariate analyses. When LBVI was absent, there was no lymph node metastasis if the tumor was smaller than 2.5 cm with differentiated histology, and smaller than 1.5 cm with undifferentiated histology, regardless of depth of invasion. Extra-perigastric lymph node metastases were noted in patients with submucosal tumors that have LBVI while none of mucosal cancer showed extra-perigastric lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive treatment can be possibly applied for patients with EGC using these four independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis in EGC. For mucosal cancers, EMR is indicated for EGCs without lymph node involvement based on tumor size and histology. When we found LBVI by pathologic examination after EMR, gastrectomy with D1 lymph node dissection is mandatory. For submucosal cancers, patients with small tumors could be treated with laparoscopic wedge resection without lymph node dissection. However, patients with larger sized tumors or tumors with LBVI should be treated with extended (D2) lymph node dissection.     

Advances in minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA. Surgery is the primary treatment for most patients with CRC. Over the past 15 years, minimally invasive techniques for colorectal surgery have been developed. There is growing evidence that these techniques have significant advantages in short-term outcomes (e.g., postoperative pain and length of hospital stay) with similar long-term recurrence and overall survival. While transanal local excision has been shown to be inferior to radical resection for early rectal cancer, transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a minimally invasive technique that appears to facilitate local excision in appropriate patients. TEM combined with radiotherapy has demonstrated promising early results and is currently being investigated in clinical trials as a potential alternative to radical surgery. We summarize the current literature on these minimally invasive approaches to CRC.     

胰腺癌的微创治疗现状

微创疗法已成为胰腺癌治疗的研究方向之一.高强度聚焦超声、射频消融、微波消融、经皮酒精注射、光动力疗法、冷冻消融等手段均可以使胰腺癌组织发生不同程度的变性和(或)坏死,可有效止痛,提高生活质量,延长生存期,给胰腺癌患者提供了新的治疗选择.     

Ablative approaches to the minimally invasive treatment of breast cancer

With the improvements in imaging techniques that have allowed the earlier detection of smaller breast cancers and the desire for improvements in cosmetic outcome, a number of minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of early stage breast cancers are being investigated. Ablative therapies, including laser ablation, focused ultrasound, microwave ablation, radiofrequency ablation, and cryoablation, have been described. All of these techniques have shown promise in the treatment of small cancers of the breast; however, additional research is needed to determine the efficacy of these techniques when they are used as the sole therapy and to determine the long-term local recurrence rates and survival associated with these treatment strategies.     

New approaches to the minimally invasive treatment of pancreatic cancer

Advances in minimally invasive surgery have revolutionized the field of surgery. Despite the great strides in equipment and experience, operative conduct remains confined by the limits of exposure. Retroperitoneal fat can be abundant and can contribute greatly to difficulty in exposure. Visceral organs ventral to the retroperitoneum preclude direct access and require optimal patient positioning to operate. Additionally, the major vascular pedicles all originate in the retroperitoneum off of the abdominal aorta or enter the inferior vena cava. The pancreas, in particular, is surrounded by the portal vein, celiac axis, superior mesenteric vein and artery, and splenic vein and artery. If injured during surgery, these vessels can present a life-threatening emergency. The issues related to the vasculature, coupled with the difficulty in resecting portions of the pancreas and the relative paucity of pancreatic procedures, have greatly concentrated these cases at tertiary care centers staffed by experienced laparoscopists. However, as surgical technology improves and fellowships train more surgeons with advanced laparoscopic skills, minimally invasive pancreatic surgery may diffuse with more community-based health care networks.     

微创手术治疗前列腺癌的疗效研究

目的：探讨经腹腔入路腹腔镜微创手术治疗前列腺癌患者的临床效果。方法选取经腹腔入路腹腔镜微创手术治疗的53例患者作为微创组,及采用开放经耻骨前列腺癌根治术治疗的47例患者作为对照组,比较两组患者手术相关指标及并发症的发生率。结果两组患者术后淋巴结阳性率、精囊阳性率、切缘阳性率差异均无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）;微创组患者的手术时间长于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）;微创组患者术中出血量、导尿管留置时间、胃肠道功能恢复时间、术后下床时间、住院时间均低于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）;术后3个月、6个月,两组患者尿控率、生化复发率差异均无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）。结论经腹腔入路腹腔镜微创手术治疗前列腺癌与传统开腹手术效果相当,但是具有手术创伤小、恢复快的优势。