持续质量改进在科室护理文书质量管理中的应用

目的为探讨科室护理文书质量管理的有效方法,提高书写质量,减少医疗纠纷的发生。方法对2005年度质控抽查病历的扣分情况进行分析,查找产生问题的原因,成立CQI小组,运用持续质量改进方法对护理文书进行质量管理一年,将二年的质控病历和2006年各季度质控病历得分情况进行比较和分析。结果2006年护理质控病历的得分与2005年的差异有显著性意义(P<0.01);2006年第二、三、四季度与第一季度护理质控病历得分差异也具有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论持续质量改进增强了护理人员的主人翁意识和团队精神,强化了护理文书质量的环节管理,确保了科室护理文书的书写质量。     

持续质量改进在精神科护理文书质量管理中的应用

目的：探讨实施持续质量改进（CQI）的方法，降低护理文书书写缺陷率。方法：自2007年4月我院护理管理运用持续质量改进的原则，建立完善的质控体系，完善护理文书质量检查标准，重视培训，全员参与，注重反馈的导向作用，实施持续改进护理质量的评价原则。结果：实施1年来护理文书书写缺陷率明显下降，经统计学处理差异有统计学意义。结论：持续质量改进是控制护理文书书写缺陷切实有效的方法。     

病区层级管理在护理文书质量管理中的应用

目的应用病区层级管理提高护理文书质量。方法组建病区层级管理组织,建立护理文书质量检查、控制、反馈、层级奖罚制度,制订质量检查标准、护理文书质量检查登记表。结果层级管理实施前后,体温单、医嘱记录单、住院首次护理评估单、危重患者护理记录单、一般患者护理记录单等护理文书合格率比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.01),护理文书纠纷发生率为零。结论建立护理文书质量病区层级管理有利于提高科室护理文书质量,有效防范医疗纠纷的发生。     

实施三级质量控制 提高护理文书书写质量

目的探讨实施三级质量控制对护理文书书写质量的影响。方法2006年在架病历及出院病历护理文书采用传统方法进行质量控制,2007年采用三级质量控制对在架病历及出院病历护理文书进行环节及终末质量的双重控制,同时制定标准,全员参与,加强教育,抓好重点,加强管理。结果实施三级质量控制后,2007年医院临床科室在架病历护理文书平均得分为(96.76±1.69)分,优于2006年(p<0.01);出院病历Ⅰ、Ⅱ级病历合格率达到97.87%,优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(p<0.005)。结论建立三级质量控制体系,实施持续质量改进,能有效提高护理文书书写的质量。     

重症护理文书质量控制信息反馈系统的设计与应用

目的建立重症护理文书质量控制信息反馈系统,探讨其在临床中的应用效果。方法由护士与计算机工程师共同设计建立重症护理文书质量控制信息反馈系统,通过质量检查、信息确认及反馈、质量分析与整改、质量控制的步骤实施重症护理文书质量控制,比较系统应用前后终末重症护理文书质量控制得分、质量控制问题未修改发生率以及质量控制结果统计分析平均用时。结果应用重症护理文书质量控制信息反馈系统后,与原来的质量控制信息纸质登记并手工统计模式相比,终末重症护理文书质量控制得分从(91.19±2.72)分提高至(94.96±1.83)分,质量控制问题未修改发生率从17.64%下降至4.65%,质量控制平均用时从(3.84±0.38)h下降到(1.79±0.19)h,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论重症护理文书质量控制信息反馈系统是保证护理文书书写质量的有效手段,提高了质量控制效率和质量控制水平,提升了护理管理信息化水平。     

护理文书的质量监控与缺陷管理

目的:落实医院管理年精神,规范护理文书书写,提高护理文书质量,保障护理安全,维护医患双方利益。方法:制定护理文书质量标准,科室质控小组按标准对运行中护理文书进行实时缺陷控制,护理部质控组实施动态护理文书缺陷控制及护理文书的终末缺陷控制,采取持续护理文书缺陷管理的方法。结果:护理文书出现缺陷率由2004年的20.88%降到2005年的8.07%。结论:通过对护理文书实施监控与缺陷管理,提高了护理文书质量。     

持续质量改进在特勤科疗养护理文书质量管理中的应用

目的 观察持续质量改进(CQI)在特勤科疗养护理文书质量管理中的应用效果.方法 成立CQI小组,统一疗养护理文书检查评分标准,分析疗养护理文书存在的问题及原因,并通过提高护理人员疗养护理文书质量管理意识和能力,加强环节控制等方法,提高特勤科疗养护理文书质量.结果 疗养护理文书在实施CQI管理后较实施前缺陷明显减少,疗养护理文书质量明显提高(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义.结论 CQI可有效地提高特勤科疗养护理文书质量.     

护理文书书写中的缺陷分析与对策

通过执行新《护理文书书写规范及管理规定》5个月后护理文书的终末质量检查,将常见缺陷归类、汇总,进行分析,提出改进措施。认为要提高护理文书质量,必须加强各方面的学习,加强各环节质量控制,转变思想观念,加强法律意识和自我保护意识。     

"点对点"质控方法在护理文书书写质量管理中的作用

目的探讨"点对点"质控方法对护理文书书写质量管理的作用.方法采用"点对点"的质量管理方式,对护理文书书写质量问题进行"专项质控",并跟踪检查实施效果,直至护理文书书写质量问题得到解决为止.结果护理文书书写质量问题得到了较好的解决,护理文书质量管理工作得到进一步落实.结论"点对点"的"专项质控"方法对护理文书质量管理有持续改进的作用.     

“点对点”质控方法在护理文书书写质量管理中的作用

目的:探讨"点对点"质控方法对护理文书书写质量管理的作用。方法:采用"点对点"的质量管理方式,对护理文书书写质量问题进行"专项质控",并跟踪检查实施效果,直至护理文书书写质量问题得到解决为止。结果:护理文书书写质量问题得到了较好的解决,护理文书质量管理工作得到进一步落实。结论:"点对点"的"专项质控"方法对护理文书质量管理有持续改进的作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.