利培酮联合坦度螺酮治疗精神分裂症临床对照观察

目的：探讨利培酮联合坦度螺酮治疗精神分裂症的临床疗效。方法将120例精神分裂患者随机分为两组,均予以利培酮治疗,研究组在此基础上联合坦度螺酮治疗。观察8周。于治疗前和治疗各时点采用阳性与阴性症状量表、汉密顿焦虑量表评定临床疗效及焦虑状况。结果治疗各时点两组阳性与阴性症状量表、汉密顿焦虑量表评分较治疗前显著降低（P＜0．01）,研究组显著低于对照组（P＜0．01）。结论利培酮联合坦度螺酮治疗精神分裂症能显著改善患者的精神症状及焦虑症状,优于单用利培酮治疗。     

坦度螺酮治疗2型糖尿病伴发焦虑抑郁情绪患者疗效及对血糖的影响

目的：探讨坦度螺酮治疗2型糖尿病伴发焦虑抑郁情绪患者的疗效和安全性以及对血糖的影响。方法将80例2型糖尿病伴焦虑抑郁患者随机分为两组,均予以糖尿病常规治疗,实验组联合坦度螺酮治疗,观察6周。治疗前后采用汉密顿焦虑量表及汉密顿抑郁量表评定焦虑抑郁状况,副反应量表评定不良反应;检测空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油水平的变化。结果治疗第2周末起两组汉密顿焦虑量表及汉密顿抑郁量表评分均较治疗前显著下降（P＜0．01）,治疗各时点实验组评分较对照组下降更显著（P＜0．01）。治疗6周末两组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油水平均较治疗前显著下降（P＜0．01）,实验组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、三酰甘油水平较对照组下降更显著（P＜0．01）。两组不良反应较轻微,治疗各时点两组副反应量表评分比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。结论坦度螺酮能显著改善2型糖尿病患者伴发的焦虑抑郁情绪,安全性高,有利于控制血糖水平。     

艾司西酞普兰治疗冠心病支架植入术患者伴发焦虑抑郁情绪对照研究

目的：探讨放松训练联合草酸艾司西酞普兰对冠心病支架植入术后患者伴发焦虑抑郁情绪的临床疗效和安全性以及对生活质量的影响。方法将65例冠心病冠脉支架植入术后伴焦虑抑郁患者随机分为两组,均予以冠心病常规治疗及放松训练,研究组在此基础上联合草酸艾司西酞普兰治疗,观察8周。采用汉密顿焦虑量表、汉密顿抑郁量表评定焦虑抑郁情绪,生活质量量表评定生活质量,副反应量表评定不良反应。结果治疗后两组汉密顿焦虑量表、汉密顿抑郁量表评分较治疗前显著下降（P＜0．01）,研究组较对照组下降更显著（P＜0．01）;研究组生活质量量表的4个领域、对照组1个领域评分较治疗前显著升高（P＜0．01）,研究组5个领域评分显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）。治疗过程中两组不良反应均轻微,各项实验室检查均无异常改变。结论放松训练联合草酸艾司西酞普兰能显著改善冠心病冠脉支架植入术患者伴发的焦虑抑郁情绪,提高患者的生活质量,且安全性高,优于单用放松训练治疗。     

艾司西酞普兰与帕罗西汀治疗抑郁症伴焦虑症状对照研究

目的探讨艾司西酞普兰与帕罗西汀治疗抑郁症伴焦虑症状的临床疗效和安全性。方法将118例抑郁症伴焦虑症状患者随机分为两组,研究组58例,口服艾司西酞普兰治疗,对照组60例,口服帕罗西汀治疗,观察8周。于治疗前及治疗1周、2周、4周、6周、8周末采用汉密顿抑郁量表、汉密顿焦虑量表评定临床疗效,副反应量表评定不良反应。结果治疗后两组汉密顿抑郁量表及汉密顿焦虑量表评分均较治疗前显著下降（P〈0.05或0．01）,研究组治疗1周末较对照组下降更显著（P〈0．05或0．01）;治疗8周末,研究组显效率75．9％、总有效率91．4％,对照组分别为71．7％、90．0％,两组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,但研究组性功能障碍发生率显著低于对照组（χ^2=4．66,P〈0.05）。结论艾司西酞普兰与帕罗西汀治疗抑郁症伴焦虑症状疗效显著,总体疗效相当,安全性高,依从性好,但艾司西酞普兰起效更快,可作为治疗抑郁症伴焦虑症状的首选药物。     

帕罗西汀联合认知行为疗法治疗广泛性焦虑障碍对照研究

目的：探讨帕罗西汀联合认知行为疗法治疗广泛性焦虑障碍患者的疗效和安全性。方法将60例广泛性焦虑障碍患者按随机数字表法分为两组,每组30例,均晨口服帕罗西汀治疗,研究组联合认知行为治疗,观察8周。治疗前后采用汉密顿焦虑量表、汉密顿抑郁量表、症状自评量表评定疗效,副反应量表评定不良反应。结果两组汉密顿焦虑量表、汉密顿抑郁量表总分及症状自评量表躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑因子分均较治疗前显著下降（P＜0．01）,研究组评分显著低于对照组（ P＜0．05或0．01）;研究组总有效率为93．3％,对照组63．3％,研究组显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）。治疗后两组副反应量表评分及各项不良反应发生率比较差异均无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论帕罗西汀联合认知行为疗法治疗广泛性焦虑障碍患者具有协同增效作用,起效快,疗效显著,安全性高。     

米氮平联合坦度螺酮治疗抑郁症对照研究

目的探讨米氮平联合坦度螺酮治疗抑郁症的临床疗效及安全性。方法将60例抑郁症患者随机分为研究组与对照组各30例,两组均口服米氮平治疗,研究组在此基础上联合坦度螺酮治疗,观察8周。与治疗前及治疗2周、4周、8周末采用汉密顿抑郁量表评定临床疗效,副反应量表评定不良反应。结果两组治疗后汉密顿抑郁量表总分均较治疗前有显著下降（P〈0．01）,但研究组治疗后均较对照组下降显著（P〈0．05）;研究组汉密顿抑郁量表减分率≥50％的时间为（1．0±0．6）周,对照组为（1．5±0．5）周,研究组起效时间显著快于对照组（t=3．52,P〈0．01）;研究组汉密顿抑郁量表减分率≥75％的时间为（2．5±1．0）周,对照组为（3．5±1．6）周,研究组仍显著快于对照组（t=2．14,P〈0．05）。两组不良反应均轻微,主要表现为口干、嗜睡、头痛、视物模糊、体质量增加等;副反应量表评分两组无显著性差异（t=0．24,P〉0．05）。结论米氮平联合坦度螺酮治疗抑郁症较单用米氮平疗效显著,起效更快,有明显的抗抑郁增效作用,且不增加不良反应,优于单用米氮平治疗。     

国产安非他酮与帕罗西汀治疗老年抑郁症对照研究

目的探讨国产安非他酮与帕罗西汀治疗老年抑郁症的临床疗效及安全性。方法将80例老年抑郁症患者随机分为两组各40例,研究组口服安非他酮治疗,对照组日服帕罗西汀治疗,观察6w。于治疗前及治疗1w、2w、4w、6w末采用汉密顿抑郁量表、汉密顿焦虑量表评定临床疗效,副反应量表评定不良反应。结果治疗6w末,研究组显效率为80．0％,对照组为75．0％,两组无显著性差异（χ^2=0．287,P〉0．05）。汉密顿抑郁量表评分,研究组治疗1w末起,对照组治疗2w末起较治疗前有显著下降（P〈0．01）,研究组治疗1w末较对照组下降显著（P〈0．05）。汉密顿焦虑量表评分,研究组治疗2w末起,对照组治疗1w末起较治疗前有显著下降（P〈0．05或0．01）;对照组治疗后各时点均较研究组下降显著（P〈0．05）。两组总体不良反应发生率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,但研究组头痛、嗜睡、体重增加发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论国产安非他酮与帕罗西汀治疗老年抑郁症疗效均显著,但安非他酮抗抑郁起效更快,不良反应较轻,而抗焦虑作用不如帕罗西汀。     

哌罗匹隆联合脑电生物反馈治疗精神分裂症伴焦虑症状对照研究

目的：探讨哌罗匹隆联合脑电生物反馈治疗精神分裂症伴焦虑症状患者的临床疗效。方法将56例精神分裂症伴焦虑症状患者按随机数字表法分为两组,每组28例,均口服哌罗匹隆治疗,研究组联合脑电生物反馈治疗,观察6周。于治疗前后采用阳性与阴性症状量表评定精神症状,汉密顿焦虑量表评定焦虑状况。结果治疗2周末起两组阳性与阴性症状量表、汉密顿焦虑量表评分均较治疗前显著下降（P＜0．01）,研究组治疗各时点评分均显著低于对照组（ P＜0．01）;治疗6周末研究组显效率为92．9％,对照组为71．4％,研究组显效率显著高于对照组（χ2＝4．38,P＜0．05）。结论哌罗匹隆联合脑电生物反馈治疗精神分裂症伴焦虑症状患者具有协同增效作用,起效快,疗效显著,优于单用哌罗匹隆治疗。     

逍遥散加味联合丁螺环酮治疗广泛性焦虑症对照研究

目的探讨逍遥散加味联合丁螺环酮治疗广泛性焦虑症的临床疗效及安全性。方法将75例广泛性焦虑症患者随机分为两组,研究组37例,口服逍遥散加味汤剂联合丁螺环酮治疗;对照组38例,单用丁螺环酮治疗,观察8周。于治疗前及治疗1周、2周、4周、8周末采用焦虑自评量表、汉密顿焦虑量表评定临床疗效,副反应量表评定不良反应。结果治疗后两组焦虑自评量表、汉密顿焦虑量表评分均较治疗前显著下降,但研究组治疗各时段均较对照组下降更显著（P〈0．05或0．01）;治疗8周末研究组显效率73．0％、总有效率86．4％,对照组分别为50．0％、76．3％,研究组显效率显著高于对照组（x^2=4．17,P〈0．05）;研究组各项不良反应发生率均低于对照组。结论逍遥散加味联合丁螺环酮治疗广泛性焦虑症起效快,疗效显著,安全性高,依从性好,显著优于单用丁螺环酮治疗。     

立体健康教育对阿尔茨海默病患者临床康复及生活质量的影响

目的：探讨立体健康教育对阿尔茨海默病患者的临床效果。方法将68例阿尔茨海默病患者随机分为两组,均接受常规治疗及护理,研究组在此基础上联合立体健康教育,观察6个月。采用简易精神状态量表评定认知功能,日常生活能力量表评定日常生活能力,汉密顿焦虑量表、汉密顿抑郁量表评定焦虑抑郁情绪。结果干预6个月末研究组简易精神状态量表评分显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）,日常生活能力量表、汉密顿焦虑量表、汉密顿抑郁量表评分均显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论立体健康教育能显著改善阿尔茨海默病患者的认知能力,提高日常生活能力,缓解焦虑、抑郁情绪。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.