奥氮平与喹硫平治疗老年期痴呆伴精神行为症状对照研究

目的探讨奥氮平与喹硫平治疗老年期痴呆伴精神行为症状患者的I临床疗效和安全性。方法将60例老年痴呆伴精神行为症状患者随机分两组,每组30例。奥氮平组口服奥氮平治疗,喹硫平组口服喹硫平治疗,观察8周。采用阿尔茨海默病病理行为评定量表、Cohen-Mansfield激惹性问卷评定患者的精神行为症状及激越行为,采用副反应量表评定不良反应。结果治疗1周末奥氮平组阿尔茨海默病病理行为评定量表、CohenMansfield激惹性问卷评分显著低于喹硫平组（P〈0.05）;治疗8周末奥氮平组显效率为60．0％、总有效率为83．3％,喹硫平组分别为63．3％、80．0％,两组比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;两组副反应量表评分、不良反应发生率比较差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论奥氮平与喹硫平治疗老年期痴呆伴精神行为症状患者疗效均显著,安全性高,但奥氮平起效更快。     

奥氮平与利培酮治疗血管性痴呆伴发精神行为症状对照研究

目的 探讨奥氮平与利培酮治疗血管性痴呆伴发精神行为症状的疗效与安全性.方法 将86例血管性痴呆伴发精神行为症状患者分为奥氮平组与利培酮组,每组43例,在常规治疗的基础上分别口服奥氮平与利培酮治疗,观察8周.于治疗前及治疗2周、4周、8周末采用痴呆行为量表评定临床疗效,日常生活能力量表评定生活自理能力状况,副反应量表评定不良反应.结果 治疗后两组痴呆行为量表及日常生活能力量表评分均较治疗前显著下降(P＜0.01),但奥氮平组治疗2周末痴呆行为量表评分较利培酮组下降更显著(P＜0.05),其他时段评分两组差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).奥氮平组不良反应发生率为30.2%,利培酮组为48.8%,奥氮平组失眠、锥体外系反应、兴奋激越发生率显著低于利培酮组(P＜0.01),而嗜睡发生率显著高于利培酮组(P＜0.05).结论 奥氮平与利培酮治疗血管性痴呆伴发精神行为症状疗效均显著,但奥氮平起效更快,安全性更高,依从性更好.     

国产奥氮平治疗痴呆精神行为症状的疗效分析

目的观察国产奥氮平治疗痴呆精神行为症状的疗效及不良反应。方法37例痴呆患者，其中阿尔茨海默病（AD）19例、血管性痴呆（VD）18例，使用国产奥氮平治疗8周。在治疗前、治疗的第4周和第8周，分别用AD病理行为评定量表（AD-BEHAVE）评定疗效，药物副反应采用副反应量表（TESS）评定。结果国产奥氮平治疗痴呆精神行为症状有效率为67．6％；治疗前后AD病理行为评定量表各因子分下降有显著性差异俨〈0．01～0．05）。治疗的不良反应：体重及甘油三酯（TG）增加，高密度脂蛋白（HDL）下降（P〈0．01～0．05）。结论国产奥氮平能显著改善痴呆精神行为症状，不良反应主要表现在血脂及体重增加。     

奥氮平与利培酮对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的：探讨奥氮平与利培酮对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法将80例精神分裂症患者分为两组。奥氮平组（41例）予以奥氮平治疗,利培酮组（39例）予以利培酮治疗,观察8周。于治疗前后采用阳性与阴性症状量表评定临床疗效,重复性成套神经心理状态测验评定认知功能,副反应量表评定不良反应。结果治疗2周末起两组阳性与阴性症状量表总分较治疗前显著降低（ P＜0．05或0．01）,治疗8周末重复性成套神经心理状态测验总分较治疗前显著升高（P＜0．05或0．01）,同期两组各量表评分比较差异均无显著性（P＞0．05）;奥氮平组显效率为48．8％、总有效率为87．8％,利培酮组分别为48．7％、87．2％,两组比较差异无显著性（χ2＝3．05、0．01,P＞0．05）。奥氮平组失眠、肌强直及静坐不能发生率显著低于利培酮组（ P＜0．05）。结论组奥氮平与利培酮治疗精神分裂症疗效显著且相当,均能显著改善患者的认知功能,但奥氮平安全性更高。     

奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症临床疗效与安全性对照研究

目的探讨奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症临床疗效与安全性。方法选取62例首发精神分裂症患者,随机分为奥氮平组和利培酮组,治疗8周,并于入组前,治疗后第2、4、6．8周采用阳性与阴性症状评定量表（PANSS）和副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效和副反应。结果60例患者完成研究。第4、6、8周末奥氮平组和利培酮组在PANSS总分、阳性症状分、阴性症状分、一般精神病理分与治疗前均有异常显著性降低（P〈0．01）;但第2周末时,奥氮平组阴性症状改善特别明显（P〈0．01）,两组PANSS总分和其余各因子分均有显著性降低（P〈0．05）。总体不良反应发生率两组类似。结论奥氮平是一种安全有效的新型抗精神病药物,和利培酮疗效相当,但奥氮平对改善首发精神分裂症阴性症状明显快于利培酮。     

喹硫平与阿立哌唑治疗血管性痴呆伴发精神行为症状对照研究

目的探讨喹硫平与阿立哌唑治疗血管性痴呆伴发精神行为症状患者的临床疗效和安全性。方法将67例血管性痴呆伴发精神行为症状患者分为两组,分别口服喹硫平和阿立哌唑治疗,观察12周。采用痴呆病理行为评定量表评定临床疗效,副反应量表评定不良反应。结果喹硫平组治疗2周、4周末痴呆病理行为评定量表评分显著低于阿立哌唑组（P〈0．05或0．01）;治疗12周末,喹硫平组显效率为54．8％、有效率为83．9％,阿立哌唑组分别为55．2％、79．3％,两组比较差异均无显著性（x2=0．00、0．17,P〉O．05）。两组不良反应均轻微,发生率比较差异无显著性（P〉O．05）。结论喹硫平与阿立哌唑治疗血管性痴呆伴发精神行为症状患者疗效显著且相当,安全性高,但喹硫平起效更快。     

喹硫平联合丙戊酸镁缓释片治疗老年痴呆伴精神行为症状对照研究

目的 探讨喹硫平联合丙戊酸镁缓释片治疗老年痴呆患者伴发精神行为症状的临床疗效和安全性.方法 将72例老年痴呆伴发精神行为症状患者按照随机数字表法分为两组,均口服喹硫平治疗,研究组联合丙戊酸镁缓释片治疗,观察8周.采用痴呆病理行为评定量表评定临床疗效,副反应量表评定不良反应.结果 治疗后两组痴呆病理行为评定量表评分均较治疗前显著下降(P＜0.01),研究组治疗第2周、4周末痴呆病理行为评定量表评分显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),治疗8周末研究组总有效率为60.0％、对照组为55.9％,两组比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).两组不良反应较轻微,研究组不良反应发生率虽高于对照组,但两组比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 喹硫平联合小剂量丙戊酸镁缓释片治疗老年痴呆伴精神行为症状起效显著快于单用喹硫平治疗,但在不良反应方面表现有所不同,临床选药应权衡风险和效益.     

度洛西汀联合奥氮平治疗更年期抑郁症伴激越症状对照研究

目的：探讨度洛西汀联合小剂量奥氮平治疗更年期抑郁症伴激越症状患者的疗效和安全性。方法将96例更年期抑郁症伴激越症状患者按随机数字表法分为两组,每组48例,均口服度洛西汀治疗,研究组在此基础上联合小剂量奥氮平治疗,观察6周。治疗前后采用汉密顿抑郁量表评定临床疗效,副反应量表评定不良反应。结果治疗第2周末起两组汉密顿抑郁量表总分及激越因子分均较治疗前显著下降（P＜0．01）,但研究组治疗第2周、4周末汉密顿抑郁量表总分及激越因子分显著低于对照组（ P＜0．05或0．01）;治疗第6周末研究组总有效率为85．4％,对照组为66．7％,研究组总有效率显著高于对照组（ P＜0．05）。两组不良反应均较轻微,发生率比较差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论度洛西汀联合小剂量奥氮平治疗更年期抑郁症伴激越症状具有协同增效作用,起效快,疗效显著,安全性高,优于单用度洛西汀治疗。     

利培酮与奋乃静治疗老年期精神分裂症对照研究

目的：探讨利培酮与奋乃静治疗老年期精神分裂症的临床疗效和安全性。方法将60例老年期精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,每组30例,研究组口服利培酮治疗,对照组口服奋乃静治疗,观察24周。于治疗前后采用阳性与阴性症状量表评定临床疗效,副反应量表评定不良反应。结果治疗后两组阳性与阴性症状量表总分及各因子分均较治疗前呈持续性下降（P＜0．05或0．01）,研究组治疗第1周末阳性与阴性症状量表总分及阳性症状、精神病理因子分显著低于对照组（ P＜0．05或0．01）,治疗第24周末仍显著低于对照组（ P＜0．01）。研究组不良反应发生率为13．3％,对照组为36．7％,研究组不良反应发生率显著低于对照组（χ2＝4．36,P＜0．05）。结论利培酮和奋乃静均能有效改善老年期精神分裂症患者的各种精神症状,但利培酮起效快,疗效显著,安全性高,更适合老年期精神分裂症的治疗。     

奥氮平与利培酮治疗老年精神分裂症的对照研究

目的：比较奥氮平与利培酮在老年精神分裂症方面的疗效与安全性。方法：选择46例住院老年精神分裂症患者为研究对象,随机分成两组,每组23例,分别给予奥氮平与利培酮治疗。并于治疗前及治疗第2,4,6,8周末进行精神病评定量表（BPRS）评定,比较两组治疗前后BPRS评分的变化。以BPRS评分的减分率为评定疗效标准,于治疗8周末评定临床疗效。采用副反应量表（TESS）于治疗2,4,6,8周末进行药物副反应评定;于治疗前和治疗8周末进行空腹血糖、胆固醇、甘油三酯测定,比较两组治疗前后血糖、血脂的变化。结果：治疗2,4,6,8周末两组的BPRS评分均逐渐下降,两组间评分比较,P〉0．05;组内比较,两组在第4周末比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）;治疗8周末,奥氮平组显效率为74％,有效率为87％。利培酮组显效率为70％,有效率为83％,两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。总体副反应发生率,奥氮平组出现副反应11例（48％）,利培酮组14例（61％）,两组比较P〉0．05;利培酮组锥体外系反应显著高于奥氮平组（P〈o．01）,奥氮平组体重增加显著高于利培酮组（P〈0．05）,其他副反应两组间比较P〉0．05。治疗8周末与治疗前相比,利培酮组空腹血糖、胆固醇、甘油三酯差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;奥氮平组差异均有显著性（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）。结论：奥氮平和利培酮对老年精神分裂症是安全、有效的,两者疗效相当,总的副反应发生率相近。利培酮锥体外系症状（EPS）突出,奥氮平引起血糖、血脂升高及体重增加明显。因此,在选择奥氮平和利培酮治疗老年精神分裂症时,应根据患者的病情、躯体状况、药物可能带来的风险来选择药物,优化老年精神分裂症的治疗。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.