弥散张量成像在高血压脑出血患者预后评估中的应用

目的应用弥散张量成像(DTI)观察高血压脑出血(HICH)皮质脊髓束(CST)的损伤,探讨DTI在HICH治疗、康复过程中对预后评估的应用价值。方法对20例HICH患者分别于入院7 d内及康复治疗2个月后,进行DTI检查、CST分级和肌力评级;测定血肿层面CST部分各向异性分数(FA),计算相对FA值(r FA)。结果 HICH患者入院时和发病2个月后r FA值和肌力评级均呈正相关(r=0.703,0.712,均P=0.01);入院时和发病2个月后患侧CST分级与肌力评级均呈正相关(r=0.658,0.649,均P=0.02)。发病后2个月,肌力较好组(肌力4~5级)r FA与肌力较差组(肌力0~3级)比较,差异有统计学意义,所有r FA0.8的患者运动功能都有显著改善。结论通过DTI的FA测定,可以了解HICH患者CST的损伤情况,有助于早期评估HICH患者的肌力恢复情况和预后。     

微创治疗高血压性脑出血对皮质脊髓束及预后的影响

目的探讨弥散张量成像(DTI)观察皮质脊髓束(CST)受损对评估高血压性脑出血(HICH)预后的价值,以及微创治疗改善其预后的效果。方法 43例HICH(出血量20~40 ml)患者随机分为保守治疗组和微创手术组;微创手术组患者行神经导航下钻孔引流术。分别于患者发病时(术前)和发病3个月后进行DTI检查和美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分。用平均部分各向异性(FA)测量患侧血肿层面周围及对侧的CST,计算患侧/对侧的FA值比率。结果发病时,微创手术组与保守治疗组的FA值比率比较,差异无统计学意义。发病时与发病3个月后的FA值比率比较,保守治疗组的差异无统计学意义;而微创手术组的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。发病3个月后,两组的FA值比率比较,差异无统计学意义;但如除去CST4级病例,两组CST1~3级患者的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。CST完整患者的NIHSS评分在各个时期均较CST中断的患者好。结论 HICH(中小量)患者微创治疗的效果大多优于保守治疗,但CST4级患者无论采取何种治疗的预后都不好;对CST1~3级患者早期微创手术治疗可以改善预后,提高生活质量。     

磁共振弥散张量成像在基底节区高血压脑出血致皮质脊髓束损伤中的应用研究

目的 探讨磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)技术评价基底节区高血压脑出血(HICH)患者皮质脊髓束(CST)受损程度的意义及其与肌力恢复的关系.方法 徐州医学院附属医院神经外科自2006年11月至2009年5月行小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗单侧基底节区HICH患者35例,术后10 d应用3.0T磁共振DTI技术检测患者和10例健康志愿者CST,应用Functool软件进行图像分析观察CST损伤程度,HICH患者康复治疗2月后采用Brunnstrom标准进行肢体肌力检查,分析CST损伤程度与肢体肌力的相关性.结果 10例健康志愿者CST显示清晰.35例HICH患者CST受损的模式有3种:纤维束显示达正常侧的2/3或相仿(11例),患者肢体肌力恢复最好;纤维束显示小于正常侧的2/3(18例),患者肢体肌力恢复较好;纤维柬显示小于正常侧的1/3(6例),患者肢体肌力恢复最差.CST受损患者患侧的FA值均较健侧降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).3种模式CST损伤患者患侧的FA值、肢体肌力不同,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.000).患者CST损伤程度与肌力恢复水平存在负相关关系(r=0.931,P=0.000).结论 应用磁共振DTI技术可显示脑内白质纤维束的走形及分布,能够早期检测HICH患者CST的损伤程度,对患者肢体运动功能损伤的评估、判断预后有重要的临床意义.     

磁共振弥散张量成像对脑出血致皮质脊髓束损害的诊断价值

目的 研究磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)对脑出血致皮质脊髓束(CST)损害的诊断价值.方法 对20例基底节区脑出血患者(急性期14例,亚急性期6例,均有偏瘫)进行DTI检查,分别测量患侧CST损害区及健侧相应区域的各向异性分数(FA)值、表观弥散系数(ADC)值.结果 DTI显示20例脑出血患者患侧CST受压、移位、变薄或显示不清,患侧CST受损区FA值(0.43±0.16)均较健侧(0.70±0.06)明显降低(t=9.11,P<0.01);14例急性期患者患侧受损CST区ADC值(0.60±0.11)较健侧(0.76±0.10)明显降低(t=7.03,P<0.01).6例亚急性期患者两侧CST区ADC值的差异无统计学意义.结论 DTI可以清楚地显示脑出血患者CST的损害状况,这对判断脑出血患者的病情和预后有参考价值.     

DTI在中等量高血压性基底节区出血中的应用

目的 探讨磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）在中等量（30～40 ml）高血压性基底节区出血的治疗方式选择及预后评估中的价值。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2022年12月收治的63例中等量高血压性基底节区出血的临床资料。发病48 h内、2周行DTI检查测量测量各向异性分数（FA）并评估皮质脊髓束（CST）损伤情况,参考美国国立卫生院卒中（NIHSS）量表评分评估肢体运动功能并进行瘫痪分级（PG）。结果 63例中,保守治疗25例（保守组）,手术治疗38例（手术组）;CST分级1级13例,2级21例,3级29例;CST分级1～2级中,保守治疗14例,手术治疗20例;CST分级3级中,保守治疗11例,手术治疗18例。发病48 h内,两组正常侧、患侧内囊区FA值均无统计学差异（P>0.05）;发病2周,两组正常侧、患侧内囊区FA值均显著改善（P<0.05）,而且,手术组明显优于保守组（P<0.05）。两组发病48 h患侧内囊区FA值与发病2周PG值均呈显著负相关（保守组r=-0.769,P<0.05;手术组r=-0.769,P<0.05）。CST分级1～2级病人,无...     

磁共振弥散张量成像对成人基底节脑出血内囊传导束损伤的诊治价值

目的研究磁共振弥散张量成像纤维示踪技术(MR-DTT)在成人基底节脑出血内囊传导束中的改变情况及其与预后的关系。方法分析2015-06—2016-10深圳市第九人民医院神经外科收治的高血压基底节急性脑出血患者42例,均只接受保守治疗,利用MR-DTT分析评估内囊皮质脊髓束损伤程度,并于发病后1个月、2个月、3个月分别进行患侧上下肢肌力评估、运动功能评分(FM量表)并分析其与CST损伤分级的关系,分析发病后1个月FA值的变化。结果 42例患者均得到完整的DTT图像,根据CST损伤程度分级,其中1级7例,2级16例,3级19例,患侧肢体肌力和FM评分均与CST损伤分级呈负相关;治疗1个月后患侧FA值得到明显提高。结论磁共振弥散张量成像纤维示踪技术能准确评估CST受损情况,且能预示脑出血患者肢体肌力预后情况。     

磁共振弥散张量成像在脑梗死中的应用

目的应用磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)技术分析缺血性脑梗死不同时期的表观弥散系数(ADC)、各向异性分数(FA)变化,并通过弥散张量纤维束成像(DTT)观察梗死灶与皮质脊髓束(CST)位置关系,以评估预后。方法 45例由于皮质脊髓束受损所致运动功能障碍的不同时期脑梗死患者作为研究组,分为超急性期(<6h)、急性期(6h～3d)、亚急性期(4d～8w)和慢性期(>8w),分析其DTI参数的变化特点,并与正常组进行比较。结果患侧FA值在超急性期无明显变化,在急性期、亚急性期及慢性期逐渐降低,与健侧和对照组比较有显著性差异(P值均<0.05);患侧ADC值在超急性期、急性期明显减低,亚急性期逐渐恢复接近于健侧,慢性期再度增高;DTT成像显示CST受损严重其预后较差。结论不同时期脑梗死病灶其FA、ADC值有一定规律变化,DTT图像可无创性的显示梗死灶与皮质脊髓束的空间位置关系,可作为评估预后的客观依据。     

弥散张量成像评估急性脑梗死康复治疗前后运动功能变化与预后的相关性

目的利用磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)和神经功能评定量表(FMA)研究急性脑梗死患者康复治疗前后CST类型、部分各向异性(FA)值变化与运动功能恢复及临床预后之间的关系,探讨影响脑梗死患者神经功能恢复的相关因素。方法 40例急性脑梗死患者,随机分为治疗组与康复组。在发病3 d内及发病3 m时行3.0T常规磁共振(MRI)和DTI检查,分别测量病灶侧、对侧皮质脊髓束FA值。通过Fugl-Meyer量表(FMA)评分,探讨影响预后的相关因素。结果 3 m后两组患者FMA值评分均较入院时明显增高(P0.05),康复组CSTⅡ型、CSTⅢ型患者的FMA值较治疗同组有显著提高(P0.05)。预后以CSTⅠ型最好,CSTⅡ型次之,CSTⅢ型最差。所有患者入院时病灶侧FA值均较健侧减低,FA值CSTⅠ型CSTⅡ型于CSTⅡ型,P0.05。3 m复查病灶侧FA值仍低于健侧,且较入院时各型FA值均有下降。结论早期康复训练有助于促进患者运动功能恢复。皮质脊髓束受损重、白质纤维断裂者,运动功能恢复较差。但通过康复训练结果仍好于未康复训练者。FA值与神经功能损害呈正相关。     

磁共振弥散张量及纤维束成像在急性脑梗死的临床应用

目的探讨急性脑梗死病人梗死灶弥散张量的参数变化及对皮质脊髓束的影响,以早期判断病情、评估预后。方法急性脑梗死患者45例,入院及治疗后分别行NIHSS评分记为NIHSS1、NIHSS2,常规MRI、DWI、DTI/DTT检查,分析病灶FA值的变化及与皮质脊髓束的关系。结果①梗死灶FA值降低百分比和NIHSS1相关(r=0.411,P<0.01)。②45例患者中,皮质脊髓束完整(1级)者15例,病灶致使皮质脊髓束受压、移位(2级)者20例,皮质脊髓束中断(3级)者10例。皮质脊髓束的损伤程度与NIHSS2相关(r=0.894,P<0.01)。结论病灶FA值下降越明显,患者病情越重;皮质脊髓束破坏越严重,患者运动功能受损越重,预后越差。     

核磁共振弥散张量纤维素成像对脑血管病患者预后的判定

目的观察急性脑血管病患者皮质脊髓束的损伤状况,分析运动功能变化并对临床预后进行判定。方法对18例脑卒中患者(其中脑梗死患者16例,脑出血患者2例)进行磁共振弥散张量纤维素成像(DTI)检查纤维束的连续性及破坏情况。于患者入院时、发病后2周、1月及2月分别进行肌力判定和神经功能评分。结果皮质脊髓束受累情况分为2级,1级:皮质脊髓束完整,共5例;2级:皮质脊髓束中断,共13例。16例脑梗死患者不同时期肌力及NIHSS评分与皮质脊髓束级别明显相关(P<0.05),发病后2月NIHSS评分转归情况与皮质脊髓束级别有显著性差异(P=0.0202)。2例脑出血患者入院时肌力均为0级但DTI显示皮质脊髓束完整的其预后也较好。18例受试者均进入结果分析,不同时期NIHSS评分与皮质脊髓束级别明显相关(P<0.05),发病后2月NIHSS评分转归情况与皮质脊髓束级别有显著性差异(P=0.0269)。结论三维纤维束示踪成像图可以更立体直观的显示皮质脊髓束状况,并在脑血管病初期即可对其损伤情况进行判定,同时可以提示脑血管病患者的预后。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.