左肾静脉压迫综合征合并肾小球疾病26例报告

目的探讨彩超诊断左肾静脉压迫综合征的慢性肾脏疾病患者肾组织病理变化和临床特点。方法回顾性分析26例左肾静脉压迫综合征伴肾小球疾病患者的临床病理资料。结果多数病例通过体检发现,部分以活动（或劳累）后出现肉眼血尿、浮肿、泡沫尿、腰酸（或腰痛）以及排尿不适为表现,尿相差显微镜红细胞分类为肾小球源性或混合性血尿,且平卧位即出现尿检异常。临床表现为血尿合并蛋白尿11例,发作性肉眼血尿7例,肾病综合征4例,单纯血尿3例,单纯蛋白尿1例。肾组织病理表现多样化：IgA肾病9例,系膜增生性坚小球病变8例,局灶节段系膜增生性肾炎4例,乙肝病毒相关性肾炎4例,膜性肾病1例。结论左肾静脉压迫综合征合并肾小球疾病在临床上并不少见;其临床及病理均呈现多样性;当临床上遇到左肾静脉综合征不能解释的血尿及蛋白尿时．应积极进行肾活检,避免漏诊而延误病情和治疗。     

左肾静脉压迫综合征伴蛋白尿19例患者尿蛋白电泳分析

目的：了解左肾静脉压迫综合征伴蛋白尿患者蛋白尿成分的异同,从而为左肾静脉压迫综合征伴蛋白尿患者是否存在肾损害的鉴别提供依据。方法：将19例确诊为左肾静脉压迫综合征伴蛋白尿患者,行右侧肾脏活组织病理检查并留尿行尿电白电泳分析。同时将21例左肾静脉压迫综合征无蛋白尿肾脏病理无异常的患者为对照组。结果：19例伴蛋白尿者,肾脏病理异常13例,占68.4%,其中IgA肾病9例、系膜增殖性肾炎4例。尿蛋白电泳：病理异常组蛋白〈33kD/70kD、160kD/70kD、〉160kD/70kD比值均较病理正常及对照组高;病理正常组〈33kD/70kD、160kD/70kD比值均较对照组为高,〉160kD/70kD比值无表达;对照组〈33kD/70kD同样有表达。结论：左肾静脉压迫综合征伴蛋白尿患者有68.2%合并肾脏病理改变;肾脏病理异常和正常者均存在小球小管损伤,但病理异常者较正常者为重;无蛋白尿肾脏病理无异常的左肾静脉压迫综合征患者同样存在肾小管的损伤;左肾静脉压迫综合征伴蛋白尿患者大分子量蛋白尿的存在可作为鉴别是否合并肾脏病的一个指标。     

3D打印支架治疗胡桃夹综合征合并IgA肾病的疗效观察

目的 观察3D打印血管外支架治疗胡桃夹综合征合并IgA肾病的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年5月—2021年9月在空军军医大学唐都医院接受左肾静脉3D打印血管外支架植入术的19例胡桃夹综合征合并IgA肾病患者的资料,通过配对样本的统计学方法,分别对照术前、术后的影像学与临床检验结果,分析比较胡桃夹综合征合并不同Lee氏分级IgA肾病的治疗情况。结果 随访数据显示19例患者术后至最新随访或随访结束影像学结果均呈现稳定。其中Lee氏分级Ⅱ级以下的16例患者肉眼血尿与蛋白尿症状均明显改善;此外,Lee氏分级Ⅲ级的3例患者虽然尿红细胞定量、24 h尿蛋白定量较术前也明显好转,但依然出现明显的肉眼血尿与蛋白尿,故需实施肾内科干预。结论 3D打印血管外支架治疗胡桃夹综合征合并IgA肾病安全、有效,不同的Lee氏分级或可引导制定更加个性化的治疗方案。     

258例儿童原发性IgA肾病临床与病理分析

目的分析258例儿童原发性IgA肾病的临床和病理特点。方法收集自2008年12月至2017年12月于成都市妇女儿童中心医院儿童肾脏内科肾活检诊断为IgA肾病患儿258例。所有肾活检样本均行光镜、免疫荧光和电镜检查。比较IgA肾病不同病理分级和临床特点的相关性。结果 258例IgA肾病患儿平均年龄为(9.3±3.2)岁,男女比为2.23∶1。临床表现为孤立性血尿型84例,肾脏病理Lee氏分级以Ⅱ级为主(51.1%);孤立性蛋白尿型45例,Lee氏分级以Ⅱ级为主(40.0%);血尿和蛋白尿型72例,Lee氏分级以Ⅲ级为主(56.9%);急性肾炎型4例,其中Lee氏分级为Ⅲ级者2例,Ⅱ、Ⅳ级各1例;肾病综合征型50例,Lee氏分级以Ⅲ级为主(80.0%);慢性肾炎型3例,其中Lee氏分级为Ⅳ级者2例,Ⅴ级1例。不同临床型IgA肾病患儿的免疫球蛋白主要沉积形式为IgA、IgM、C3共沉积;随着病理分级的加重,IgA、IgM、C3共沉积所占比率显著增多(P0.05)。结论 IgA肾病临床分型与病理分级有一定相关性,急性肾炎型、肾病综合征型及慢性肾炎型患儿病理损伤程度重,通过临床分型间接判断IgA肾病进展情况,对于指导临床治疗及判断疾病预后有一定临床价值。     

IgA肾病合并膜性肾病一例

报告1例IgA肾病合并膜性肾病.患者临床肾损害表现为蛋白尿、血尿及肾功能异常,肾组织病理诊断为IgA肾病合并抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体(PLA2R)相关性膜性肾病.半乳糖缺乏IgA1(Gd-IgA1)特异性抗体阳性,亦排除了IgA非特异性沉积的可能.经激素及血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)等药物治疗后病情快速缓解.提示对于膜性肾病合并肾组织有IgA沉积的患者,除了需排除继发性膜性肾病,鉴别IgA是否为特异性沉积亦具有重要意义,避免不必要的免疫抑制剂使用.     

18例左肾静脉压迫综合征患者尿可滴定酸等检测指标的变化

目的:对18例左肾静脉压迫综合征患者肾小管功能部分指标进行检测,以了解左肾静脉压迫综合征患者肾小管的损伤情况.方法:观察组为18例确诊为左肾静脉压迫综合征但无蛋白尿、肾脏病理无异常的患者.同时选择18例健康人为对照组.留尿检测可滴定酸(TA)、铵( NH 4)及乙酰β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-M)、尿渗透压.结果:尿NAG、β2-M、RBP观察组明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),而TA、NH 4、渗透压两组无变化(P＞0.05).结论:左肾静脉压迫综合征患者即使无肾脏病理改变仍存在肾小管损伤,并以近端为主.     

强直性脊柱炎相关IgA肾病临床病理分析

目的了解强直性脊柱炎（AS）相关IgA肾病的临床病理特点。方法自1997年1月至2006年12月10年间在北京协和医院接受肾活检确诊为IgA肾病的AS患者10例，回顾性分析其临床及病理特点。结果男性9例，女性l例，平均年龄（28．6＋6．8）岁（16～53岁）。4例患者表现为无症状镜下血尿；6例表现反复血尿合并蛋白尿，其中2例有发作性肉眼血尿。平均尿蛋白量（24h）为（1．56±1．53）g（0．02-5．26g）。2例患者有血压升高。所有患者的血肌酐水平均在正常范围。光镜下，8例患者呈轻度系膜细胞增生，IgA肾病Lee氏分级均为Ⅰ或Ⅱ级；另外2例呈中重度系膜增生性改变，IgA肾病Lee氏分级分别为Ⅲ级和Ⅵ级。结论AS相关IgA肾病临床表现为隐匿性肾炎或慢性肾小球肾炎，病理改变以轻度系膜增生为主。     

IgA肾病气阴两虚证微观辨证研究

目的：探讨IgA肾病患者气阴两虚证与肾组织病理指标之间的相关性，为IgA肾病气阴两虚证的微观辨证提供依据，并对其他证型的深入研究提供借鉴。方法：对161例确诊为IgA肾病患者进行分组，其中气阴两虚证86例，非气阴两虚证75例，观察两组肾组织病理指标的变化。结果：86例气阴两虚证患者的病理分级多见Lee分型Ⅱ～Ⅳ级；气阴两虚证组肾小球系膜区免疫复合物沉积数目及程度均弱于非气阴两虚证组（P〈0.05）；气阴两虚证组患者的肾小球指数、系膜细胞增生、系膜基质增生、肾小管萎缩积分显著高于非气阴两虚证组（P〈0．05）；间质浸润、间质纤维化积分显著低于非气阴两虚讧组（P〈0．05）。结论：肾组织的病理分级、肾小球系膜区免疫复合物沉积数目及程度、肾小球指数、系膜细胞增生、系膜基质增生、肾小管萎缩、间质浸润、间质纤维化积分可作为IgA肾病气阴两虚证的微观辨证参考依据。     

左肾静脉压迫综合征(附10例报告)

目的　提高左肾静脉压迫综合征的诊治水平。　方法　回顾性分析 10例左肾静脉压迫综合征患者的临床资料。男 9例 ,女 1例。年龄 14～ 37岁 ,平均 2 4岁。临床表现血尿 7例 ,蛋白尿2例 ,血尿合并蛋白尿 1例。彩色多普勒超声示左肾静脉扩张段直径均为受压狭窄处 3倍以上 ,9例行磁共振血管成像 (MRA)示左肾静脉受压。　结果　患者行左肾静脉内支架植入术 7例 ,肠系膜上动脉切断再吻合术 3例 ,手术均获成功。术后电话或门诊随访 1～ 5年 ,患者症状消失 ,左肾静脉无明显受压。　结论　左肾静脉压迫综合征临床表现多为非肾小球性血尿或直立性蛋白尿。多普勒超声、MRA及膀胱镜检查结合临床症状并除外其他疾病可作出诊断。一般行保守治疗随访观察 ,对有肾功能损害或有并发症者行外科手术或介入治疗。     

左肾静脉压迫综合征29例报告

目的提高左肾静脉压迫综合征的诊治水平。方法回顾性地分析29例左肾静脉压迫综合征患者的临床资料。结果29例左肾静脉压迫综合征中表现血尿22例,蛋白尿5例,血尿合并蛋白尿2例。所有病例彩色多普勒超声示左肾静脉扩张段直径均为受压狭窄处的3倍以上,20例行MRA示左肾静脉受压。22例患者行保守治疗,随访观察病情发展,其中19例好转,3例加重。5例患者行左肾静脉内支架植入术,2例患者行肠系膜上动脉切断再植术,随访均症状消失,左肾静脉无明显受压。结论非肾小球性血尿或直立性蛋白尿为本病的主要临床表现。多普勒超声及MRA检查对本病具有重要的诊断价值。治疗上一般行保守治疗随访观察,对有肾功能损害或有并发症者行外科手术或介入治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.