Acetabular fractures revisited: a new CT-based classification

The objective of this investigation is to provide a new CT-based classification of acetabular fractures. The axial CT scans of 112 randomly selected acetabular fracture patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma center between January 1998 and December 2000 were analyzed by an experienced orthopedic trauma surgeon and two experienced emergency radiologists. When available, 3D reformatted images were analyzed as well. The fracture pattern for each acetabular fracture with respect to column(s) wall(s) and extension superiorly and/or inferiorly from the acetabulum, when present, was recorded. Fracture comminution was not a defining characteristic. Analysis of the acetabular fracture patterns showed that each fracture fell into one of four broad categories: Category 0--wall only; Category 1--single column; Category 2--both columns, with extension subcategories of (A) no extension, (B) superior extension only, (C) inferior extension only, and (D) both superior and inferior extension; and Category 3--the "floating" acetabulum. The axial CT display of acetabular fracture patterns provides a basis for a classification of acetabular fractures that is simple, unambiguous, readily understood by both radiologists and orthopedic surgeons, and provides clear direction for both diagnosis and surgical treatment planning. Category and subcategory fracture specificity creates a mechanism for intra- and interdepartmental postoperative assessment of any of the individual acetabular fracture types.     

Acetabular fractures revisited: part 1, redefinition of the Letournel anterior column

OBJECTIVE: The objective of part 1 of this study is to redefine the Letournel anterior column on the basis of developmental and adult pelvic skeletal anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The axial CT scans of 112 randomly selected patients with acetabular fracture or fracture-dislocations admitted to a level I trauma center between January 1998 and December 2000 were analyzed by an experienced orthopedic trauma surgeon and two experienced emergency radiologists. When available, 3D reformatted images were analyzed as well. The discrepancy between the Letournel definition of the anterior and posterior columns became readily apparent. Standard text books of anatomy and surgical anatomy were referenced relative to the embryologic and adult components of the acetabulum. RESULTS: The anterior column is redefined with its superior border being the anatomic arcuate and iliopectineal lines, thereby coinciding with the superior border (arcuate line) of the Letournel posterior column. CONCLUSION: Redefinition of the anterior column eliminates diagnostic ambiguity of the Letournel elementary anterior column fracture as well as the Letournel associated anterior column or wall with hemitransverse fracture. The redefined anterior column is integral to the CT-based classification described in part 2 of our study.     

Ⅰ期全髋关节置换治疗髋臼骨折

目的 探讨髋臼骨折后Ⅰ期全髋关节置换(total hip arthroplasty,THA)的手术适应证和手术方法,观察其临床疗效.方法 对11例髋臼骨折患者行Ⅰ期THA.其中前柱骨折3例,后壁骨折1例,后柱骨折2例,后柱合并后壁骨折2例,横形骨折1例,横形合并后壁骨折1例,两柱骨折1例.伤后8～37 d(平均24 d)接受THA.对新鲜髋臼骨折患者,先用重建钢板或螺钉固定骨折以恢复髋臼肇的形态,将切下的股骨头制成颗粒状或块状植于髋臼内后安置臼杯.陈旧性髋臼骨折有节段性髋臼骨缺损者,将切下的股骨头制成大块状进行髋臼内结构性植骨后再安置臼杯.结果 术后3个月完全负重,无人工关节脱位.随访时间6～45个月,平均28个月.Harris评分平均78分.髋关节屈伸平均活动度为95°.X线片示1例出现髋臼松动及骨溶解征象.结论 髋臼骨折移位明显,关节软骨面损伤严重,错过了手术复位时机,可以Ⅰ期行THA.如能创造稳定的髋臼杯结构,近期临床效果满意.     

严重髋臼骨折

严重髋臼骨折是一种复杂损伤。可分为前、后柱、横、Y／T形和臼顶骨折五类。大多数髋臼骨折均有错位和股骨头中心脱位。牵引不能复位者应行手术治疗。本文报告17例严重髓臼骨折，其中9例行手术治疗效果满意。     

Evaluation of acetabular fractures with two- and three-dimensional CT.

The authors applied a widely used radiographic system of classifying acetabular fractures to axial computed tomographic (CT) scans and three-dimensional reconstructions in over 100 cases. In the classification system, fractures are analyzed according to the extent of involvement of two acetabular columns--the posterior and the anterior. To provide a better understanding of the CT anatomy of the acetabulum, the authors defined the boundaries of the columns on axial CT scans. They illustrated the most common fractures (posterior wall, transverse, transverse with posterior wall, and both columns) with radiographs, axial CT scans, and three-dimensional reconstructions. Axial CT scans readily demonstrated the fractures and presence of intraarticular fragments. Three-dimensional images helped in understanding the precise plane of the fracture, the degree of disruption of the articular surface, and spatial relationships of fragments. Although present three-dimensional CT is not without limitations, the authors believe that the technique is valuable and that, in their experience, it has facilitated preoperative planning.     

Normal acetabular anatomy for acetabular fracture assessment: CT and plain film correlation

The computed tomographic (CT) and conventional radiographic appearances of the acetabulum are correlated for assessment of acetabular fractures according to the Judet and Letournel classification system, a system widely used by orthopedic surgeons performing fracture reduction and external fixation of the acetabulum. A desiccated pelvis was marked along the acetabular borders with lead solder, and anteroposterior (AP) and oblique radiographs were obtained. The solder was then replaced by barium-impregnated string, and the acetabulum was scanned by CT. Radiographic-CT correlations of acetabular landmarks should aid the orthopedist by providing a useful interpretation of acetabular fractures according to the Judet and Letournel system.     

髋臼后壁骨折对髋臼与股骨头之间应力的影响

目的　评价髋臼后壁骨折对髋臼与股骨头之间应力的影响。　方法　 6具完整骨盆及近侧 1 3股骨标本 ,用夹具将其固定于单足站立骨盆中立位 ,在LDS - 5 0 0试验机上加载至体重的 5 6,维持 2min。用压敏片依次测量完整髋臼、后壁 1 3 ,2 3 ,3 3骨折时髋臼前壁、后壁和负重顶区的应力和应力分布变化。　结果　后壁骨折使负重顶区的平均应力显著增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,后壁完整时为 ( 1.0 9± 0 .3 1)MPa,1 3骨折时为 ( 1.5 0± 0 .3 7)MPa ,2 3骨折时为 ( 1.67± 0 .2 1)MPa ,3 3骨折时为 ( 1.72± 0 .3 2 )MPa ;而使前壁的平均应力显著减少 (P <0 .0 1) ,完整时为 ( 1.95±0 .4 5 )MPa ,1 3骨折时为 ( 1.4 3± 0 .5 0 )MPa,2 3骨折时为 ( 1.3 4± 0 .5 2 )MPa ,3 3骨折时为 ( 1.4 0±0 .61)MPa ;对残余后壁的平均应力影响不大。　结论　后壁骨折显著改变了髋臼与股骨头之间的应力和应力分布 ;后壁 1 3骨折时影响率最大 ;变化最显著的部位是负重顶区     

手术治疗髋臼骨折34例临床分析

目的：探讨髋臼骨折的手术方法和观察临床效果。方法：对2005-06～2010-06间共手术治疗髋臼骨折34例,采用Kocher-Langenbeck入路和髂腹股沟入路进行回顾性分析。结果：解剖复位28例,复位满意4例,复位不满意2例。全部病例获随访6～27月,平均10.2月,临床效果优良率为94.12%（32/34）。结论：手术是治疗髋臼骨折的有效方法,正确的手术入路选择、骨折解剖复位、稳定的内固定及早期功能锻炼是治疗的关键。     

Acetabular stress fractures in military endurance athletes and recruits: incidence and MRI and scintigraphic findings

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and the MRI and scintigraphic appearance of acetabular stress (fatigue) fractures in military endurance athletes and recruits. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: One hundred and seventy-eight active duty military endurance trainees with a history of activity-related hip pain were evaluated by both MRI and bone scan over a 2-year period. Patients in the study ranged in age from 17 to 45 years. They had hip pain related to activity and had plain radiographs of the hip and pelvis that were interpreted as normal or equivocal. The study was originally designed to evaluate the MRI and scintigraphic appearance of femoral neck stress fractures. Patients had scintigraphy and a limited MRI examination (coronal imaging only) within 48 h of the bone scan. Twelve patients demonstrated imaging findings compatible with acetabular stress fractures. RESULTS: Stress fractures are common in endurance athletes and in military populations; however, stress fracture of the acetabulum is uncommon. Twelve of 178 patients (6.7%) in our study had imaging findings consistent with acetabular stress fractures. Two patterns were identified. Seven of the 12 (58%) patients had acetabular roof stress fractures. In this group, two cases of bilateral acetabular roof stress fractures were identified, one with a synchronous tensile sided femoral neck stress fracture. The remaining five of 12 (42%) patients had anterior column stress fractures, rarely occurring in isolation, and almost always occurring with inferior pubic ramus stress fracture (4 of 5, or 80%). One case of bilateral anterior column stress fractures was identified without additional sites of injury. CONCLUSIONS: Stress fractures are commonplace in military populations, especially endurance trainees. Acetabular stress fractures are rare and therefore unrecognized, but do occur and may be a cause for activity-related hip pain in a small percentage of military endurance athletes and recruits.     

CT detection of cortical fracture of the femoral head associated with posterior hip dislocation

Posterior dislocation of the femoral head is a common injury in automobile accidents and is frequently associated with fractures of the posterior acetabular rim. Fractures of the anterior cortex of the femoral head have not been described. One hundred sixty-four cases of posterior hip dislocation presenting consecutively to our shock trauma unit and emergency department during a 3-year period were evaluated with plain film radiology and CT. In 21 cases (13%), CT showed an anterior cortical fracture of the femoral head that could not be seen on plain radiographs. This injury is similar to the Hill-Sachs lesion of the humerus that results from anterior dislocation. The anterior cortical fracture was associated with fractures of the posterior acetabulum in 18 cases (86%). The anterior fracture is caused by impaction of the anterior femoral head against the posterior acetabular rim at the time of dislocation. We conclude that anterior cortical fracture of the femoral head is a common accompaniment to posterior acetabular dislocation.     

复合髋臼骨折手术中后方入路的特点和选择

目的探讨后方入路(Kocher-Langenbeck,K-L)在治疗复合髋臼骨折中的特点和选择指征。方法自1994年10月～2010年1月,通过后方入路手术治疗59例复合髋臼骨折,对患者手术过程、术后复位情况和并发症进行随访评价。结果平均手术时间105分钟,平均出血量480m l,平均输血2U;解剖复位31例,良好复位17例,复位差11例;发生异位骨化11例。结论在复合髋臼骨折中,后柱+后壁、横断+后壁、部分T型和前方伴后方横形骨折,甚至少量双柱骨折可经后方入路完成复位和固定,手术创伤小,复位情况良好,并发症发生率低。     

Radiologic diagnosis of acetabular fractures

Acetabular fractures are caused by high kinetic energy, and satisfactory management requires differentiation of the fracture types. The basic radiological examinations consist of the A-P pelvic view, the obturator, and the iliac oblique view. Plain radiography proves to be insufficient, particularly for visualization of the posterior column and the posterior acetabular lip. In comparison, axial CT scans give exact and complete information about the acetabular fracture and associated injuries. In summary CT is the method of choice in evaluating dislocated or non-dislocated fractures, even when two- and three-dimensional reformation is involved.     

Impact of clinical history on radiographic detection of fractures: a comparison of radiologists and orthopedists

Are the methods used by radiologists in interpreting imaging studies different from those of attending physicians? We evaluated the influence that knowledge of localizing clinical signs has on the accuracy of fracture detection by orthopedic surgeons and compared the results with those of an identical study of radiologists performed earlier. The orthopedists studied had the same degree of experience as the radiologists. Forty radiographs of the extremities were examined twice by seven orthopedic surgeons. In 26 cases, a subtle fracture was present; 14 cases were normal. During one interpretation of the radiographs of each case, the precise location of pain, tenderness, or swelling was provided; during the other, this information was withheld. Analysis of receiver-operating-characteristic parameters indicates that the clues regarding location of trauma facilitate detection of fractures by orthopedists (an 11% improvement in Az, the area under the ROC curve, F[1,12] = 49.67, p less than .001). This finding is similar to the results of the earlier study with radiologists (a 6% improvement in Az, F[1,12] = 14.77, p less than .005). Statistical comparison of the two experiments showed that orthopedists depend on this information much more than do radiologists, demonstrated by a statistically significant prompting-by-specialty interaction (F[1,12] = 5.13, p less than .05). Localization clues improve ability of orthopedic surgeons to detect fractures in the trauma patient even more than they improve the ability of radiologists. The accuracy of the radiologist will suffer less than that of the orthopedist when localization clues are unavailable. Nonetheless, the findings show that localizing clues are important to both orthopedists and radiologists when searching for fractures.     

髋臼骨折手术入路选择策略

髋臼骨折的损伤机制为股骨头撞击髋臼导致的髋臼骨性结构破坏,手术日的是重建髋关节的头臼匹配关系并维持稳定.由于髋关节的特殊解剖结构,股骨头的遮挡使其前后面不能相互照应,因此手术入路的选择关系到手术区域显露、骨折复位质量、固定效果,直接影响手术疗效;合理的手术入路选择在手术时间、术中出 血、手术创伤及手术并发症等方面均有较...     

自体髂骨解剖性重建髋臼后壁缺损的生物力学与临床研究

目的 为严重粉碎性与陈旧性髋臼后壁骨折的重建提供一种新方法.方法 (1)生物力学研究:从稳定性及头臼应力分布两个方面进行研究.6具成人新鲜骨盆股骨标本左右侧两两对应分为实验组与对照组,造成髋臼缺损模型后,实验组用髋臼三维记忆内固定系统(acetabular three dimensional memory fixation system,ATMFS)解剖性重建缺损髋臼;对照组用钢板螺钉系统重新复位固定髋臼骨块.比较两组加载状态下在经度及纬度方向的位移,分析解剖性髋臼后壁重建的稳定性;利用压敏片计算并比较两组头臼对应面积,髋臼前壁、臼顶、后壁的平均压强与最大压强,分析解剖性髋臼后壁重建后的头臼匹配性.(2)临床研究:髋臼后壁解剖性重建:取与髋臼直径相同的髋臼锉,从髂嵴内缘旋锉形成解剖性弧面,髂嵴外缘相当于臼壁唇缘.将凿取的髂骨块用ATMFS三维锁定修复后壁缺损.2000年1月-2002年6月,共用此法治疗10例男性患者,年龄16～50岁,平均36.4岁,其中新鲜髋臼骨折7例,陈旧性髋臼骨折3例.后者从骨折至重建术的时间为58～251 d,平均137.7 d.随访平均5.8年(5.2～7.1年).结果 (1)生物力学研究:实验组与对照组相比,重建后的稳定性与头臼匹配性差异无统计学意义.(2)临床研究:全部患者术后X线片未发现骨折有再移位,下床负重时间为1.6个月(1.2～2.1个月).异位骨化2例,未影响关节功能活动.按照Modified d'Aubigne and Postal临床分级标准,优良率93 %.结论 利用ATMFS进行自体髂骨解剖性髋臼后壁重建具有良好的稳定性及头臼应力分布,临床应用疗效优良,为髋臼后壁严重粉碎与陈旧性骨折的治疗提供了一种新方法.     

髋臼前柱螺钉微创内固定技术的研究进展

对于累及前柱的髋臼骨折目前的治疗方案仍以切开复位内固定为主,但随着科技的飞速发展以及髋臼解剖研究的深入,临床医生逐渐开始使用髋臼前柱螺钉微创内固定技术。但目前临床对其适应证的选择上尚存争议,在如何借助解剖研究、数字骨科技术等达到安全、精准、有效的内固定上还有诸多待解决的问题。本文总结近年来相关文献,就髋臼前柱螺钉微创内固定技术的研究进展进行综述,旨在提高骨科医师对该技术的认识。     

髋臼骨折CT与X线平片检查比较

目的探讨CT与X线平片检查在髋臼骨折诊断中的临床应用价值。方法对照分析18例髋臼骨折CT、X线平片及临床治疗随访资料。结果18例髋臼骨折中前壁骨折4例,前柱骨折4例,后壁骨折2例,后柱骨折2例,复杂骨折6例。伴有盆腔内软组织肿胀11例。其中X线平片误漏诊4例。CT检出骨碎片27块,X线平片检出12块,其中关节腔内游离骨碎片CT检出17块,X线平片检出4块。股骨头脱位7例,伴股骨头骨折3例,其中X线平片漏诊1例。结论CT显示关节腔内碎骨片,确定骨折分型及了解盆腔软组织受损情况优于X线平片检查。     

Association of femoral head and acetabular fractures on computerized tomography: correlation with the Judet-Letournel classification

Purpose

Tha aims of this study were to identify the incidence of femoral head fractures in the setting of acetabular fractures and to determine the relationship between acetabular fracture pattern, the degree of acetabular fracture displacement, and the incidence of femoral head fractures.

Materials and methods

This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of 274 patients with 300 acetabular fractures diagnosed on pelvic CT. Acetabular fractures were categorized using the Judet-Letournel classification system.

Results

Femoral head fractures were present in 18.0% of acetabular fractures. Fracture patterns with a posterior wall component had a very high (56.3%) incidence of femoral head fracture. Anterior column and anterior column with posterior hemitransverse fractures have a very low (3.4%) incidence of femoral head fracture. Anterior hip dislocation had a 66.7% incidence of femoral head fracture, while posterior dislocation had a 71.9% incidence. Acetabular fractures displaced by more than 5 mm had a 26.9% incidence of femoral head fracture, while acetabular fracture displaced less than 5 mm had only 4.2% incidence of femoral head fracture.

Conclusion

Femoral head fractures are a very common associated finding in patients presenting with acetabular fractures. In patients with a posterior wall component of the fracture or associated hip dislocation, a femoral head fracture is more likely than not present. Conversely, in acetabular fractures with less than 5 mm displacement or anterior column fractures without posterior acetabular involvement, femoral head fractures are very unlikely in the absence of a dislocation event.

     

Missed rib fractures on evaluation of initial chest CT for trauma patients: pattern analysis and diagnostic value of coronal multiplanar reconstruction images with multidetector row CT

Objective The objective of this study was to review the prevalence and radiological features of rib fractures missed on initial chest CT evaluation, and to examine the diagnostic value of additional coronal images in a large series of trauma patients. Methods 130 patients who presented to an emergency room for blunt chest trauma underwent multidetector row CT of the thorax within the first hour during their stay, and had follow-up CT or bone scans as diagnostic gold standards. Images were evaluated on two separate occasions: once with axial images and once with both axial and coronal images. The detection rates of missed rib fractures were compared between readings using a non-parametric method of clustered data. In the cases of missed rib fractures, the shapes, locations and associated fractures were evaluated. Results 58 rib fractures were missed with axial images only and 52 were missed with both axial and coronal images (p=0.088). The most common shape of missed rib fractures was buckled (56.9%), and the anterior arc (55.2%) was most commonly involved. 21 (36.2%) missed rib fractures had combined fractures on the same ribs, and 38 (65.5%) were accompanied by fracture on neighbouring ribs. Conclusion Missed rib fractures are not uncommon, and radiologists should be familiar with buckle fractures, which are frequently missed. Additional coronal imagescan be helpful in the diagnosis of rib fractures that are not seen on axial images.