Tibial physeal changes in renal osteodystrophy: lateral Blount's disease.

In a group of 27 children with chronic renal failure and renal osteodystrophy, we identified eight patients with significant involvement of the proximal tibial physis (15 knees). The radiographic changes observed were analogous to those observed in tibia vara (Blount's disease) but involved the lateral physis rather than the medial physis. This observation is offered as further evidence that such changes are related to eccentric weight-bearing rather than alternative etiologies such as trauma, infection, or heredity.     

股骨头骨骺早期缺血的动态Gadolinium增强MRI研究

目的 比较动态Gadolinium(Gd)增强和常规Gd增强MR技术在早期缺血的股骨头骨骺中的灌注差异,并观察骨骺血管闭塞时生长板的血供.方法 28只2周龄乳猪,共56个髋关节,雄性12只,雌性16只;体重5～7 kg,平均6 kg;随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只.将A、B组乳猪的双髋关节极度外展固定30 min后,对A组行动态Gd增强FSPGR序列扫描,对B组行常规Gd增强SE T1WI序列扫描;行双髋关节外展体位的血管造影.之后让乳猪自由活动1 d,再采用双髋关节自然平放体位重复MR扫描.C、D组分别是A、B组的对照,即MR扫描前及扫描中双髋关节保持自然平放,C组行动态Gd增强扫描,D组行常规Gd增强扫描.最后将乳猪处死行组织学观察.结果 动态Gd增强MRI示:A组股骨头不同组织(除干骺端外)的强化率(ER)和强化速度(ES)均明显小于C组;A组生长板的ER和ES均小于干骺端,而C组生长板与干骺端的ER和ES值均无明显差异.常规Gd增强MRI示:B组股骨头各部分的ER与D组比较无明显下降.结论 对早期股骨头骨骺缺血的检测,动态Gd增强MRI技术比常规Gd增强SE T1WI技术更敏感.当骨骺血管闭塞时,生长板的血液灌注可能来自于干骺端.     

股骨头骨骺早期缺血的动态Gadolinium增强MRI研究

目的 比较动态Gadolinium(Gd)增强和常规Gd增强MR技术在早期缺血的股骨头骨骺中的灌注差异,并观察骨骺血管闭塞时生长板的血供.方法 28只2周龄乳猪,共56个髋关节,雄性12只,雌性16只;体重5～7 kg,平均6 kg;随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只.将A、B组乳猪的双髋关节极度外展固定30 min后,对A组行动态Gd增强FSPGR序列扫描,对B组行常规Gd增强SE T1WI序列扫描;行双髋关节外展体位的血管造影.之后让乳猪自由活动1 d,再采用双髋关节自然平放体位重复MR扫描.C、D组分别是A、B组的对照,即MR扫描前及扫描中双髋关节保持自然平放,C组行动态Gd增强扫描,D组行常规Gd增强扫描.最后将乳猪处死行组织学观察.结果 动态Gd增强MRI示:A组股骨头不同组织(除干骺端外)的强化率(ER)和强化速度(ES)均明显小于C组;A组生长板的ER和ES均小于干骺端,而C组生长板与干骺端的ER和ES值均无明显差异.常规Gd增强MRI示:B组股骨头各部分的ER与D组比较无明显下降.结论 对早期股骨头骨骺缺血的检测,动态Gd增强MRI技术比常规Gd增强SE T1WI技术更敏感.当骨骺血管闭塞时,生长板的血液灌注可能来自于干骺端.     

股骨头骨骺早期缺血的动态Gadolinium增强MRI研究

目的 比较动态Gadolinium(Gd)增强和常规Gd增强MR技术在早期缺血的股骨头骨骺中的灌注差异,并观察骨骺血管闭塞时生长板的血供.方法 28只2周龄乳猪,共56个髋关节,雄性12只,雌性16只;体重5～7 kg,平均6 kg;随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只.将A、B组乳猪的双髋关节极度外展固定30 min后,对A组行动态Gd增强FSPGR序列扫描,对B组行常规Gd增强SE T1WI序列扫描;行双髋关节外展体位的血管造影.之后让乳猪自由活动1 d,再采用双髋关节自然平放体位重复MR扫描.C、D组分别是A、B组的对照,即MR扫描前及扫描中双髋关节保持自然平放,C组行动态Gd增强扫描,D组行常规Gd增强扫描.最后将乳猪处死行组织学观察.结果 动态Gd增强MRI示:A组股骨头不同组织(除干骺端外)的强化率(ER)和强化速度(ES)均明显小于C组;A组生长板的ER和ES均小于干骺端,而C组生长板与干骺端的ER和ES值均无明显差异.常规Gd增强MRI示:B组股骨头各部分的ER与D组比较无明显下降.结论 对早期股骨头骨骺缺血的检测,动态Gd增强MRI技术比常规Gd增强SE T1WI技术更敏感.当骨骺血管闭塞时,生长板的血液灌注可能来自于干骺端.     

股骨头骨骺早期缺血的动态Gadolinium增强MRI研究

目的 比较动态Gadolinium(Gd)增强和常规Gd增强MR技术在早期缺血的股骨头骨骺中的灌注差异,并观察骨骺血管闭塞时生长板的血供.方法 28只2周龄乳猪,共56个髋关节,雄性12只,雌性16只;体重5～7 kg,平均6 kg;随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只.将A、B组乳猪的双髋关节极度外展固定30 min后,对A组行动态Gd增强FSPGR序列扫描,对B组行常规Gd增强SE T1WI序列扫描;行双髋关节外展体位的血管造影.之后让乳猪自由活动1 d,再采用双髋关节自然平放体位重复MR扫描.C、D组分别是A、B组的对照,即MR扫描前及扫描中双髋关节保持自然平放,C组行动态Gd增强扫描,D组行常规Gd增强扫描.最后将乳猪处死行组织学观察.结果 动态Gd增强MRI示:A组股骨头不同组织(除干骺端外)的强化率(ER)和强化速度(ES)均明显小于C组;A组生长板的ER和ES均小于干骺端,而C组生长板与干骺端的ER和ES值均无明显差异.常规Gd增强MRI示:B组股骨头各部分的ER与D组比较无明显下降.结论 对早期股骨头骨骺缺血的检测,动态Gd增强MRI技术比常规Gd增强SE T1WI技术更敏感.当骨骺血管闭塞时,生长板的血液灌注可能来自于干骺端.     

股骨头骨骺早期缺血的动态Gadolinium增强MRI研究

目的 比较动态Gadolinium(Gd)增强和常规Gd增强MR技术在早期缺血的股骨头骨骺中的灌注差异,并观察骨骺血管闭塞时生长板的血供.方法 28只2周龄乳猪,共56个髋关节,雄性12只,雌性16只;体重5～7 kg,平均6 kg;随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只.将A、B组乳猪的双髋关节极度外展固定30 min后,对A组行动态Gd增强FSPGR序列扫描,对B组行常规Gd增强SE T1WI序列扫描;行双髋关节外展体位的血管造影.之后让乳猪自由活动1 d,再采用双髋关节自然平放体位重复MR扫描.C、D组分别是A、B组的对照,即MR扫描前及扫描中双髋关节保持自然平放,C组行动态Gd增强扫描,D组行常规Gd增强扫描.最后将乳猪处死行组织学观察.结果 动态Gd增强MRI示:A组股骨头不同组织(除干骺端外)的强化率(ER)和强化速度(ES)均明显小于C组;A组生长板的ER和ES均小于干骺端,而C组生长板与干骺端的ER和ES值均无明显差异.常规Gd增强MRI示:B组股骨头各部分的ER与D组比较无明显下降.结论 对早期股骨头骨骺缺血的检测,动态Gd增强MRI技术比常规Gd增强SE T1WI技术更敏感.当骨骺血管闭塞时,生长板的血液灌注可能来自于干骺端.     

股骨头骨骺早期缺血的动态Gadolinium增强MRI研究

目的 比较动态Gadolinium(Gd)增强和常规Gd增强MR技术在早期缺血的股骨头骨骺中的灌注差异,并观察骨骺血管闭塞时生长板的血供.方法 28只2周龄乳猪,共56个髋关节,雄性12只,雌性16只;体重5～7 kg,平均6 kg;随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只.将A、B组乳猪的双髋关节极度外展固定30 min后,对A组行动态Gd增强FSPGR序列扫描,对B组行常规Gd增强SE T1WI序列扫描;行双髋关节外展体位的血管造影.之后让乳猪自由活动1 d,再采用双髋关节自然平放体位重复MR扫描.C、D组分别是A、B组的对照,即MR扫描前及扫描中双髋关节保持自然平放,C组行动态Gd增强扫描,D组行常规Gd增强扫描.最后将乳猪处死行组织学观察.结果 动态Gd增强MRI示:A组股骨头不同组织(除干骺端外)的强化率(ER)和强化速度(ES)均明显小于C组;A组生长板的ER和ES均小于干骺端,而C组生长板与干骺端的ER和ES值均无明显差异.常规Gd增强MRI示:B组股骨头各部分的ER与D组比较无明显下降.结论 对早期股骨头骨骺缺血的检测,动态Gd增强MRI技术比常规Gd增强SE T1WI技术更敏感.当骨骺血管闭塞时,生长板的血液灌注可能来自于干骺端.     

股骨头骨骺早期缺血的动态Gadolinium增强MRI研究

目的 比较动态Gadolinium(Gd)增强和常规Gd增强MR技术在早期缺血的股骨头骨骺中的灌注差异,并观察骨骺血管闭塞时生长板的血供.方法 28只2周龄乳猪,共56个髋关节,雄性12只,雌性16只;体重5～7 kg,平均6 kg;随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只.将A、B组乳猪的双髋关节极度外展固定30 min后,对A组行动态Gd增强FSPGR序列扫描,对B组行常规Gd增强SE T1WI序列扫描;行双髋关节外展体位的血管造影.之后让乳猪自由活动1 d,再采用双髋关节自然平放体位重复MR扫描.C、D组分别是A、B组的对照,即MR扫描前及扫描中双髋关节保持自然平放,C组行动态Gd增强扫描,D组行常规Gd增强扫描.最后将乳猪处死行组织学观察.结果 动态Gd增强MRI示:A组股骨头不同组织(除干骺端外)的强化率(ER)和强化速度(ES)均明显小于C组;A组生长板的ER和ES均小于干骺端,而C组生长板与干骺端的ER和ES值均无明显差异.常规Gd增强MRI示:B组股骨头各部分的ER与D组比较无明显下降.结论 对早期股骨头骨骺缺血的检测,动态Gd增强MRI技术比常规Gd增强SE T1WI技术更敏感.当骨骺血管闭塞时,生长板的血液灌注可能来自于干骺端.     

股骨头骨骺早期缺血的动态Gadolinium增强MRI研究

目的 比较动态Gadolinium(Gd)增强和常规Gd增强MR技术在早期缺血的股骨头骨骺中的灌注差异,并观察骨骺血管闭塞时生长板的血供.方法 28只2周龄乳猪,共56个髋关节,雄性12只,雌性16只;体重5～7 kg,平均6 kg;随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只.将A、B组乳猪的双髋关节极度外展固定30 min后,对A组行动态Gd增强FSPGR序列扫描,对B组行常规Gd增强SE T1WI序列扫描;行双髋关节外展体位的血管造影.之后让乳猪自由活动1 d,再采用双髋关节自然平放体位重复MR扫描.C、D组分别是A、B组的对照,即MR扫描前及扫描中双髋关节保持自然平放,C组行动态Gd增强扫描,D组行常规Gd增强扫描.最后将乳猪处死行组织学观察.结果 动态Gd增强MRI示:A组股骨头不同组织(除干骺端外)的强化率(ER)和强化速度(ES)均明显小于C组;A组生长板的ER和ES均小于干骺端,而C组生长板与干骺端的ER和ES值均无明显差异.常规Gd增强MRI示:B组股骨头各部分的ER与D组比较无明显下降.结论 对早期股骨头骨骺缺血的检测,动态Gd增强MRI技术比常规Gd增强SE T1WI技术更敏感.当骨骺血管闭塞时,生长板的血液灌注可能来自于干骺端.     

股骨头骨骺早期缺血的动态Gadolinium增强MRI研究

目的 比较动态Gadolinium(Gd)增强和常规Gd增强MR技术在早期缺血的股骨头骨骺中的灌注差异,并观察骨骺血管闭塞时生长板的血供.方法 28只2周龄乳猪,共56个髋关节,雄性12只,雌性16只;体重5～7 kg,平均6 kg;随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只.将A、B组乳猪的双髋关节极度外展固定30 min后,对A组行动态Gd增强FSPGR序列扫描,对B组行常规Gd增强SE T1WI序列扫描;行双髋关节外展体位的血管造影.之后让乳猪自由活动1 d,再采用双髋关节自然平放体位重复MR扫描.C、D组分别是A、B组的对照,即MR扫描前及扫描中双髋关节保持自然平放,C组行动态Gd增强扫描,D组行常规Gd增强扫描.最后将乳猪处死行组织学观察.结果 动态Gd增强MRI示:A组股骨头不同组织(除干骺端外)的强化率(ER)和强化速度(ES)均明显小于C组;A组生长板的ER和ES均小于干骺端,而C组生长板与干骺端的ER和ES值均无明显差异.常规Gd增强MRI示:B组股骨头各部分的ER与D组比较无明显下降.结论 对早期股骨头骨骺缺血的检测,动态Gd增强MRI技术比常规Gd增强SE T1WI技术更敏感.当骨骺血管闭塞时,生长板的血液灌注可能来自于干骺端.     

股骨头骨骺早期缺血的动态Gadolinium增强MRI研究

目的 比较动态Gadolinium(Gd)增强和常规Gd增强MR技术在早期缺血的股骨头骨骺中的灌注差异,并观察骨骺血管闭塞时生长板的血供.方法 28只2周龄乳猪,共56个髋关节,雄性12只,雌性16只;体重5～7 kg,平均6 kg;随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只.将A、B组乳猪的双髋关节极度外展固定30 min后,对A组行动态Gd增强FSPGR序列扫描,对B组行常规Gd增强SE T1WI序列扫描;行双髋关节外展体位的血管造影.之后让乳猪自由活动1 d,再采用双髋关节自然平放体位重复MR扫描.C、D组分别是A、B组的对照,即MR扫描前及扫描中双髋关节保持自然平放,C组行动态Gd增强扫描,D组行常规Gd增强扫描.最后将乳猪处死行组织学观察.结果 动态Gd增强MRI示:A组股骨头不同组织(除干骺端外)的强化率(ER)和强化速度(ES)均明显小于C组;A组生长板的ER和ES均小于干骺端,而C组生长板与干骺端的ER和ES值均无明显差异.常规Gd增强MRI示:B组股骨头各部分的ER与D组比较无明显下降.结论 对早期股骨头骨骺缺血的检测,动态Gd增强MRI技术比常规Gd增强SE T1WI技术更敏感.当骨骺血管闭塞时,生长板的血液灌注可能来自于干骺端.     

股骨头骨骺早期缺血的动态Gadolinium增强MRI研究

目的 比较动态Gadolinium(Gd)增强和常规Gd增强MR技术在早期缺血的股骨头骨骺中的灌注差异,并观察骨骺血管闭塞时生长板的血供.方法 28只2周龄乳猪,共56个髋关节,雄性12只,雌性16只;体重5～7 kg,平均6 kg;随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组7只.将A、B组乳猪的双髋关节极度外展固定30 min后,对A组行动态Gd增强FSPGR序列扫描,对B组行常规Gd增强SE T1WI序列扫描;行双髋关节外展体位的血管造影.之后让乳猪自由活动1 d,再采用双髋关节自然平放体位重复MR扫描.C、D组分别是A、B组的对照,即MR扫描前及扫描中双髋关节保持自然平放,C组行动态Gd增强扫描,D组行常规Gd增强扫描.最后将乳猪处死行组织学观察.结果 动态Gd增强MRI示:A组股骨头不同组织(除干骺端外)的强化率(ER)和强化速度(ES)均明显小于C组;A组生长板的ER和ES均小于干骺端,而C组生长板与干骺端的ER和ES值均无明显差异.常规Gd增强MRI示:B组股骨头各部分的ER与D组比较无明显下降.结论 对早期股骨头骨骺缺血的检测,动态Gd增强MRI技术比常规Gd增强SE T1WI技术更敏感.当骨骺血管闭塞时,生长板的血液灌注可能来自于干骺端.     

Blount's disease: classification and treatment

Forty-three tibia vara in 27 patients were analyzed retrospectively in two centers. The criteria for diagnosis of the child form are discussed. A simple classification is suggested to facilitate the choice of treatment. In stage 0 (possible Blount's disease), the patient is younger than 2 1/2 years, and an observation period is indicated for gathering data. In stage 1 (confirmed Blount's disease and absence of medial metaphyseal bony bridge), known as physis+, a valgization osteotomy is proposed. In stage 2 (evidence of a medial metaphysoepiphyseal bony bridge) known as physis-, valgization osteotomy with lateral epiphysiodesis and treatment of the lower limb discrepancy is proposed. For stages 1 and 2, there are two possibilities: normal medial tibial plateau or sloping of the medial tibial plateau, indicating a transphyseal elevation osteotomy. When one-step correction is proposed for stage 2 disorder, external fixators such as Orthofix or Ilizarov devices are useful.     

Infantile Blount's disease treated by hemiplateau elevation and epiphyseal distraction using a specific external fixator: preliminary report

The treatment of infantile Blount's disease remains controversial. The progressive development of epiphysiodesis of the medial tibial physis induced a complex deformity of the lower limb such as severe genu varum, joint incongruity, torsion instability and leg length discrepancy with major functional consequences. Nine knees on eight children (average age was 7 years and 2 months) were treated by a one-time procedure using a specific external fixator that combined elevation of the medial tibial plateau, axial correction in the valgus, complete sterilization of the upper tibial growth cartilage, leg lengthening anticipation and de-rotation if necessary. Magnetic resonance imaging was useful to describe the deformity and to prepare for surgery. Corrections were progressively obtained through the physis plan by means of short incisions and the use of a specific external fixator. The primary results at an average of 24 months were good with a low rate of complications but final evaluation will be conducted at the end of the children's growth period.     

Late-onset tibia vara (Blount's disease). Current concepts

Idiopathic tibia vara or Blount's disease can be classified into three age-onset groups: (1) infantile, less than three years; (2) juvenile, four to ten years; and (3) adolescent, 11 years or older. The latter two groups comprise late-onset tibia vara, which is much less common than the infantile-onset form. In a comparison of eight juvenile-onset patients (13 knees) and seven adolescent-onset patients (nine knees), there were essentially no significant clinical, roentgenographic, or physeal-histopathologic differences. Both groups had severe obesity, mild to moderate varus deformities, and less-pronounced roentgenographic characteristics. Histopathologic analyses of the entire physis from the proximal tibia in five cases (seven knees) were essentially identical in patients with the infantile form as well as in those with slipped-capital femoral epiphyses, suggesting a common etiology. Recurrence of deformity after surgical correction occurred frequently in the juvenile onset males but not in juvenile onset females or the adolescent onset group. Incomplete correction of the varus deformity occurred more frequently in the latter group. The etiology for tibia vara appears to involve varus stress growth suppression, and disruption of endochondral ossification. The major differences between the three groups is due to the age at clinical onset, the amount of remaining growth, and the magnitude of the medial compression forces across the medial aspect of the knee.     

Posterior remodeling of medial clavicle causing superior vena cava impingement

Injuries involving the sternoclavicular region resulting in posterior displacement of the medial clavicle are rare, and those that occur prior to fusion of the medial epiphyseal growth plate are more often a result of physis fracture, rather than sternoclavicular joint dislocation. Medial clavicular physis fractures initially are treated by closed reduction with the expectation of normal osseous repair and remodeling. We report a case of a previously fractured medial clavicle physis that abnormally remodeled, was reinjured, and resulted in posterior displacement with superior vena cava impingement and brachioplexopathy. Our case report describes the patient's initial injury and repair, the reinjury and discovery of abnormal remodeling, and the outcome of surgical intervention. We also include a review of recent literature on sternoclavicular joint injuries and treatment options. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an abnormally remodeled medial clavicle resulting in superior vena cava compression.     

Double-elevating osteotomy of tibiae in the treatment of severe cases of Blount's disease

The results of operative correction of 13 cases of tibia vara in 10 children with advanced infantile Blount's disease are presented. All of the children were operated by "double-elevating" osteotomy. An essential element of this procedure was the reconstruction of the horizontal level of the medial tibial plateau. The average follow-up after treatment was 8 years 1 month. We recommend this method of osteotomy in cases of considerable depression of the medial tibial condyle with the defect of epiphyseal bone and as a bone bridge between the metaphysis and the epiphysis.     

Answer please. Blount's disease: tibia vara

Infantile tibia vara, although uncommon compared to normal physiologic bowing, is significant due to the resultant progressive deformities if not diagnosed early. The key radiographic finding is medial tibial metaphyseal beaking and fragmentation. Although the etiology is unclear, it appears to be an acquired growth disturbance of the proximal medial tibial epiphysis, ossification center, and metaphysis rather than any type of avascular necrosis. The Langenski?ld six-stage classification is useful for the diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment staging of the disease. The adolescent form is less common and less severe with only slight irregular thickening of the physis present on radiograph. The MDA appears to be the most reproducible method for measuring angular deformities in both variants of the disease. Treatment of the infantile stages I or II consists of observation and bracing. Stage III or IV disease in children over age 3 years with more than 5 degrees of varus angulation should be treated with corrective valgus osteotomy. Stages V or VI may require repeated surgical treatment with multiple osteotomies and possible contralateral epiphysiodesis. The adolescent form frequently requires surgery when there is significant physical impairment related to the severe genu varum.     

Correction of deformity and shortening due to post traumatic epiphyseal arrest by distraction osteogenesis

Growth arrest in the epiphyseal plate during childhood often causes both periarticular deformities and limb length discrepancy, leading to compartmental osteoarthrosis and gait disturbance or spinal disorders, respectively. Distraction osteogenesis using external fixators with hinge systems appears to be useful for the simultaneous correction of deformity and shortening. In this paper, we evaluated cases of lower limbs with periarticular deformities and limb length discrepancy after epiphyseal plate injury that has been treated by distraction osteogenesis using external fixators. This is the first report regarding the outcomes of distraction osteogenesis for a group of patients having deformity and limb length discrepancy due to traumatic arrest of the physis. Successful outcomes may promise the use of this method as the first choice for the treatment of growth disorders after the arrest of the epiphyseal plate in the lower limbs. However, treatment under 20 years of age may provide a better outcome with a lower incidence of complications.