惠州市吸毒人群危险行为及HIV、梅毒感染情况分析

目的进一步了解和掌握惠州市吸毒人群中艾滋病病毒(HIV)和梅毒感染情况及其相关危险行为的发生率,为探索与制订该人群的艾滋病(AIDS)预防干预措施提供科学依据。方法用统一的调查表对2004年新进入惠州市强制戒毒所的所有吸毒人员进行面对面问卷调查,调查其吸毒及危险性行为的情况,同时抽取其3~5 ml静脉血进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测。结果共调查2 161名吸毒人员,其中以本市户籍的男性青年居多(占70.3%);注射吸毒的占吸毒人员的64.1%(1 386/2 161),其中有共用过注射器的占30.2%(419/1 386);有6.2%(134/2 161)承认曾通过钱或毒品交易与他人发生过性行为,但只有7.5%(10/134)的人自述每次都能使用安全套,从未使用安全套的则有56.0%(75/134);HIV抗体阳性率为1.2%(25/2 161);梅毒抗体阳性率为13.5%(131/970)。结论惠州市吸毒人群的HIV感染率较低,属于低流行,但吸毒人员的相关危险行为普遍存在,应加大宣传干预等工作力度,预防HIV从该人群向多性伴人群扩散。     

2009年桂林市静脉注射吸毒人员基线调查报告

目的 为了解桂林市静脉吸毒人群的人类免疫缺陷病毒流行情况以及存在的危险因素. 方法对在市戒毒所和社区的244名吸毒人员进行问卷调查和血清学检测. 结果吸毒人员以男性青壮年为主,占81.97%,有31.56%的人有共针行为,HIV抗体阳性率为5.74%,发生性行为时安全套的使用率较低,发生商业性行为时每次都使用安全套的比例仅为24.19%.接受干预服务的比例不到50%. 结论吸毒人群存在共针和无保护的商业性行为两条重要的感染艾滋病途径,应加大对这一高危人群的宣传和干预.     

岳阳市吸毒人群四种血液传染病感染的流行病学调查

目的了解岳阳市吸毒人群中艾滋病、丙型肝炎、乙型肝炎和梅毒等四种血液传染病的感染状况及其影响因素,为做好综合防治提供依据。方法对岳阳市强制戒毒所吸毒人员进行问卷调查,并采用常规方法检测Anti-HIV、Anti-HCV、HBsAg和梅毒抗体并作统计分析。结果277名吸毒人员中HIV感染率4.69%,HCV感染率81.95%,HBV感染率(HBsAg阳性率)14.08%,梅毒感染率2.53%,13名HIV感染者均合并感染HCV。结论本市吸毒人群中HIV、HCV感染率较高,静脉吸毒和共用针具吸毒是HIV和HCV传播的高危因素,不洁性行为增加了HIV、HCV、梅毒、乙肝由吸毒人员向其他人群传播的危险性。     

攀枝花市仁和区387名吸毒人员HIV和梅毒感染状况监测分析

[目的]了解攀枝花市仁和区吸毒人群HIV和梅毒的感染状况,为预防和控制艾滋病在吸毒人群中的流行提供科学依据.[方法]2008年对仁和区15个乡镇(街办)辖区内的187名吸毒人员进行HIV和梅毒抗体监测,并对结果进行统计分析.[结果]仁和区吸毒人员HIV感染率为14.21%,梅毒感染率为17.05%. HIV的感染途径以共用针具静脉吸毒为主. [结论]被监测吸毒人群中存在血源性疾病传播和流行的风险,应加强对吸毒人群的监测,同时开展防病知识的宣传教育和行为干预,以降低HIV和梅毒在该人群中的传播和扩散,控制艾滋病等血源性传染病的蔓廷和流行.     

2006年梧州市HIV哨点监测结果分析

目的了解梧州市2006年吸毒人群HIV感染状况,为预防控制提供依据。方法对梧州市强制戒毒所的新入所强戒吸毒人员和社区中未进行过HIV检测的吸毒人员进行行为学调查,并进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测。结果本次共调查了254名吸毒者,结果吸毒以20~39岁男性为主,吸毒方式以静脉注射吸毒为主,占83.07%(211/254);强戒所以及社区吸毒人群HIV抗体阳性率为45.67%(116/254),梅毒抗体阳性率为5.51%(14/254)。结论梧州市不仅存在因静脉注射吸毒经血传播HIV的危险,还存在因性接触传播的危险因素。应加强宣传教育和行为干预工作。     

西宁市青少年强制戒毒人群艾滋病、梅毒、丙肝感染状况及影响因素研究

目的了解青海省西宁市青少年吸毒人群艾滋病、梅毒、丙肝感染状况及影响因素调查。方法采用横断面调查方法对西宁市多巴强制戒毒所内在押吸毒人员行问卷进行调查。采集调查对象血清,检测HIV抗体、梅毒抗体和HCV抗体。结果调查吸毒人员中无HIV感染,梅毒感染率为10.2%,丙肝感染率为37.9%。吸毒人员吸毒后发生过性行为的占76.4%,93.3%的吸毒人员性伴是异性,53.8%的吸毒人员的性伴是临时的,72.3%的吸毒人员有多个性伴,非注射吸毒人群吸毒后发生性行为概率大于注射人群,少数民族有10个以上的性伴的比例高于汉族。结论吸毒人员文化程度低,吸毒后发生性行为者中一半以上吸毒者存在多性伴及不安全性行为,存在疾病传播的危险行为。     

2013-2014年株洲市吸毒人员HIV、丙肝和梅毒感染情况分析

目的通过对戒毒所和社区吸毒者的调查研究,了解株洲市吸毒人群中HIV、梅毒及丙肝感染情况,为在该人群中开展高危干预、预防疾病提供参考依据。方法抽取每年4~7月份的戒毒所新进吸毒人员和社区美沙酮戒毒人员,对其进行问卷调查,采血进行HIV、HCV和梅毒抗体检测,并对结果进行统计和分析。结果 811名吸毒人员以20~45岁的同居或在婚人群为主,同居和在婚吸毒人群最近一年的性行为中安全套每次使用率为4.11%(26/633)。HIV感染率为0.25%(2/811),HCV感染率为50.92%(413/811),梅毒感染率为8.51%(69/811)。整体HCV和梅毒疫情有上升趋势(P0.05)。梅毒主要通过多性伴和商业性性行为感染,注射吸毒是丙肝传播的主要危险因素(P0.05)。结论株洲市吸毒人群存在较严重的知识与行为相背离的现象,并存在注射吸毒和性乱交叉感染血源性疾病和流行传播的危险因素,须加强干预力度,加大毒品危害宣传力度及禁毒工作。     

佛山市2004年HIV哨点监测结果分析

目的了解佛山市2004年吸毒人群HIV感染状况及危险因素行为特征,为预防控制工作提供依据。方法2004年5~8月对佛山市两个吸毒人员监测哨点在规定时间内的吸毒人群进行行为学调查,并采集血样进行HIV、梅毒抗体检测。结果共调查815名吸毒者,吸毒者以20~39岁男性为主,吸毒方式以静脉注射吸毒为主,占62.70%;两个哨点HIV抗体阳性率为5.52%(45/815),梅毒抗体阳性率为8.10%(66/815)。结论佛山市吸毒人群中不仅存在因静脉吸毒经血传播HIV的危险,还存在因性接触传播的危险因素。应及时开展宣传教育及行为干预工作。     

盐城市196例吸毒者美沙酮维持治疗情况的调查

目的 了解进入美沙酮维持治疗门诊吸毒人群的人口学、吸毒行为、性行为等特征,为今后开展综合干预提供依据.方法 采用修改后的调查表对门诊接受治疗的196例吸毒者进行抽样调查.结果 男性84.18％,女性15.82％;HIV无阳性;HCV阳性率56.90％;梅毒ELISA和RPR均阳性的6.12％;最近一次尿吗啡检测阳性率24.49％;入组前以静脉注射吸毒为主的占80.61％,共用注射器的占12.03％;最近一次性行为安全套使用率为55.09％.结论 接受治疗的吸毒人员存在感染HIV和HCV高危行为,建议加强预防艾滋病、丙型肝炎和梅毒等健康教育和行为干预活动.     

上海市宝山区2010—2016年吸毒人群HIV、丙肝和梅毒感染情况及影响因素分析

【目的】了解上海市宝山区吸毒人群中艾滋病病毒(HIV)、丙型病毒性肝炎(丙肝)及梅毒感染情况及其影响因素,为在该人群中开展高危干预提供参考依据。【方法】对2010—2016年新进入宝山区戒毒所和社区招募的吸毒人员进行问卷调查,采静脉血进行HIV、梅毒和丙肝抗体检测。【结果】7年间共调查吸毒人群2 803人,其中男性占76.27%,21~40岁者占51.80%。HIV、梅毒和丙肝病毒(HCV)阳性检出率分别为0.21%、11.70%和42.78%。艾滋病知识知晓率、最近1年商业性行为坚持使用安全套的比例均呈逐年上升趋势,注射吸毒比例、最近1个月有性行为的比例呈逐年下降(P值均<0.05)。多因素非条件logistic回归分析显示,女性吸毒人员相对于男性感染梅毒风险高,最近1次性行为使用安全套是吸毒人员感染梅毒的保护因素;注射吸毒是吸毒人群感染丙肝的危险因素。【结论】宝山区2010—2016年吸毒人群HIV阳性检出率保持在较低水平,丙肝和梅毒阳性检出率较高,高危行为依然存在,应继续加强宣传教育和行为干预。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.