Determination of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) in foods by SBSE-TD/GC/MS

4-hydroxybutyric acid lactone, or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), is a molecule included in the FEMA (Flavor Extract Manufacturers Association) list of flavouring substances (No. 3291) and used as natural-identical substance in flavouring formulation. Recently, the use of GBL has been subjected to restrictions by FDA because, together with the conversion derivative GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid), it has been recognized and classified as psychotropic. In 1999 the Italian law included GBL in the list of psychotropic substances and more recently in the Table of substances inducing psychic and physical addiction. However, GBL has been detected in several natural products. Under a toxicological point of view the difference between natural and natural-identical GBL in food is not relevant. In any case, the evaluation of the total content of GBL in many foods contributes to evaluate the consumption ratio and the aim of this paper is to evidence the possibility of detecting GBL with a high sensitivity method also in complex matrices with analytical procedure characterized by high recovery. This paper proposes a new, simplified, sensitive and selective method (SBSE-TD/GC/MS) useful to detect and quantify the GBL in foods. The work shows, as an application of this method, the detection of this molecule in the very complex matrix of a confectionery product on the international market. The reliability of the method was verified by recovery and repeatability tests. Recovery average values result between 85–92% (CV%=8.2–5.3) for the concentration range 1–10 mg/l and between 92–95% (CV%=6.5–4.2) for the concentration range 10–25 mg/l.     

HIV/AIDS and Hope(lessness)

Abstract

Public policy debates, about HIV and prevention policy, have tended to occupy positions at the extremes of the two camps of rational choice, theorists and structuralists. This paper argues that the concept of hope may offer a way through this policy and paradigmatic log-jam. Hope is an individually measurable concept, which serves to link the ecological concept of risk environment with that of individual choice. It may be extended into broader understandings of the social epidemiology of infectious diseases. Use of an operationalised concept of hope also offers a possible way forward for rapid community diagnosis and participation in policy development, because it is immediately and intuitively accessible at three often separated levels: the individual actor, the researcher and those acting in the policy arena.     

Ruthenium(II) phosphine/diimine/picolinate complexes: inorganic compounds as agents against tuberculosis

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of four new ruthenium complexes containing 1,4 bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb), 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid anion (pic) and the diimines [(2,2′-bipyridine (bipy), 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (Me-bipy), 4,4′-dichloro-2,2′-bipyridine (Cl-bipy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as ligands, with formulae [Ru(pic)(dppb)(bipy)]PF₆ (SCAR01), [Ru(pic)(dppb)(Me-bipy)]PF₆ (SCAR02), [Ru(pic)(dppb)(Cl-bipy)]PF₆ (SCAR03) and [Ru(pic)(dppb)(phen)]PF₆ (SCAR04). Additionally, the in vitro anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) activity, cytotoxicity and activity against in vitro infection of these complexes and two more complexes, cis-[Ru(pic)(dppe)₂]PF₆ (SCAR05) and cis-[RuCl₂(dppb)(bipy)] (SCAR06), and their free ligands are described and discussed. All compounds showed excellent MIC against MTB, low cytotoxicity and a selectivity index higher than 10. Also, all compounds showed significant intracellular inhibition and the compound SCAR05 showed a better activity than rifampin and SQ109. This is the first report of activity against in vitro infection of ruthenium compounds.     

正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描（PET/CT）成像在肿瘤筛查中的应用进展

我国是世界癌症发病最多的国家，筛查可以实现肿瘤早期诊断、改善患者预后、提高生存质量、降低死亡率。正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描（PET/CT）提供的代谢信息有助于肿瘤筛查初始分期、治疗计划、反应评估，并在较小程度上可用于肿瘤的随访；PET/CT成像在放射治疗中的渐进式整合在肿瘤间和肿瘤内恶性病变的生物异质性中具有其基本原理，需要单独调整辐射剂量以获得癌症患者的有效局部肿瘤控制；PET/CT提供有关肿瘤病变的生物学特征（如代谢、缺氧和增殖）的信息，可以识别放射性耐药区域并利用这些信息来优化治疗计划，PET/CT减少了肿瘤部位解剖学描绘的不确定性和可变性。本文主要就目前常见肿瘤在PET/CT研究中的应用进展进行综述。     

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and binge eating

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a persistent and pervasive pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Emerging data suggest higher than expected rates of binge eating occur in subjects with ADHD. Several hypotheses may explain this newly described comorbidity: 1) inattention and/or impulsivity foster binge eating, 2) ADHD and binge eating share common neurobiological bases, 3) binge eating contributes to ADHD, or 4) psychopathological factors common to both binge eating and ADHD mediate the association. In patients with ADHD and binge eating, both conditions might benefit from common therapeutic strategies. Further research is needed to gain insight into the association between ADHD and binge eating in order to facilitate more appropriate clinical management and, ultimately, a better quality of life for patients with both conditions.     

湖北省2011-2013年艾滋病VCT结果分析

目的了解湖北省2011-2013年艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)情况,为制订防治对策提供依据。方法对333个VCT门诊求询者的人口学信息、求询者类型和原因以及HIV抗体筛查情况进行统计分析。结果湖北省2011-2013年共有176 163人接受了VCT服务,173 832人接受了HIV抗体筛查,筛查率98.68%,筛查阳性率为0.77%。求询者中以主动求询者为多,占90.12%,不同年份主动求询者所占比例,经检验其差异有统计学意义(χ2=342.774,P0.05)。三年平均筛查阳性率以男男性行为史者最高,达10.26%。结论开展娱乐场所外展服务和在医疗机构中开展医务人员主动提供HIV检测咨询(PITC)工作,提高HIV/AIDS早期发现能力。     

Determination of ten perfluorinated compounds in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) fillets

A rigorous solid phase extraction/liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the measurement of 10 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in fish fillets is described and applied to fillets of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) collected from selected areas of Minnesota and North Carolina. The 4 PFC analytes routinely detected in bluegill fillets were perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecanoic acid (C10), perfluoroundecanoic acid (C11), and perflurododecanoic acid (C12). Measures of method accuracy and precision for these compounds showed that calculated concentrations of PFCs in spiked samples differed by less than 20% from their theoretical values and that the %RSD for repeated measurements was less than 20%. Minnesota samples were collected from areas of the Mississippi River near historical PFC sources, from the St. Croix River as a background site, and from Lake Calhoun, which has no documented PFC sources. PFOS was the most prevalent PFC found in the Minnesota samples, with median concentrations of 47.0-102 ng/g at locations along the Mississippi River, 2.08 ng/g in the St. Croix River, and 275 ng/g in Lake Calhoun. North Carolina samples were collected from two rivers with no known historical PFC sources. PFOS was the predominant analyte in fish taken from the Haw and Deep Rivers, with median concentrations of 30.3 and 62.2 ng/g, respectively. Concentrations of C10, C11, and C12 in NC samples were among the highest reported in the literature, with respective median values of 9.08, 23.9, and 6.60 ng/g in fish from the Haw River and 2.90, 9.15, and 3.46 ng/g in fish from the Deep River. These results suggest that PFC contamination in freshwater fish may not be limited to areas with known historical PFC inputs.     

武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况分析

目的 了解武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况及其相关因素。方法 在2010 - 2018年武汉市报告的确证HIV/AIDS病人中,选取其一般人口学特征、感染途径、HBsAg、AntiHCV检测结果等信息进行整理分析,采用多元logistic回归分析合并感染相关因素。结果 2010 - 2018年武汉市共报告HIV/AIDS病人5 128人,男4 630人（90.3%）,女498人（9.7%）。年龄范围14～89岁,年龄中位数33（25～48）岁。其中,HBsAg阳性率为9.4%（443人）,AntiHCV阳性率为3.3%（152人）,合并HIV、HBV、HCV三重感染率为0.3%（12人）。在HIV/AIDS病人中,本省人群感染乙肝的可能性是本市人群的1.317倍,已婚/同居以及离异/分居/丧偶者感染乙肝的可能性分别是未婚者的2.044、1.892倍（P＜0.05）。与2018年相比,2011 - 2013以及2015年报告的HIV/AIDS病人感染丙肝的可能性更高,经输血和静脉吸毒途径感染的HIV/AIDS病人感染丙肝的可能性分别是经性行为传播者的18.942倍、63.537倍（P＜0.05）。结论 武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况不容忽视,其感染乙肝、丙肝的相关因素并不相同,需积极进行评估。     

CT性能/质量检测中文文献的初步分析(Ⅰ)

目的:为CT性能/质量检测提供参考。方法:对1998年～2002年8月有关CT性能/质量检测的中文文献进行研究。结果:公布结果的文献汇总约有1/4CT检测不合格;一手机合格率高于二手机;部分文献项目、数据不全。结论:CT性能/质量检测是质量控制系统工程中重要的一环,还须严格执行并完善相关的制度及规章,使医患双方受益。     

Determinants of the quality of life (QoL) in patients with an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD)

OBJECTIVES: In high-risk cardiac patients the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias with an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) extends survival. Other important outcome criteria are treatment side effects especially the quality of life (QoL). Knowledge of the variables that influence QoL is important for therapy decisions in ICD patients. METHODS: Ninety-three ICD patients evaluated their QoL by the SF-36 after 1-6 years of ICD implantation. The QoL was studied in relation to cardiac function (severity of heart failure, ejection fraction), treatment course (number of shocks), coping styles and psychiatric syndromes. RESULTS: About 30% of the somatic QoL (physical role function, pain) is determined by the patients' somatization tendency, i.e. the extent to which they suffer from non-specific symptoms (sweating, weakness in the legs, nausea). The severity of heart failure had little influence on the physical QoL. The emotional QoL is primarily determined by phobic anxiety of ICD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric symptoms are the most important factors to determine the QoL in ICD patients. Behavioural treatment procedures of phobic anxieties and somatization could improve QoL in ICD patients.     

Polyvictimization and mental health consequences of female genital mutilation/circumcision (FGM/C) among Somali refugees in Kenya

ABSTRACT

Female genital mutilation or circumcision (FGM/C) is a perilous social and cultural practice that affects the physical, mental, and psychological health of affected women. It is widespread around the world, affecting 200 million women and girls. This study aimed to explore the relation of FGM/C to mental and physical conditions in Somali refugees displaced in a low-resource setting, applying the concept of poly-victimization to reveal multifaceted trauma sequelae. Data for this cross-sectional study with 143 female Somali youth living in Eastleigh, Kenya were collected between April and May in 2013. FGM/C was strongly associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes, including post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive, anxiety, and somatic symptoms. Logistic regression analysis revealed that separation from a parent and poly-victimization experiences were significantly associated with FGM/C experience. The results also showed that FGM/C and other traumas did not occur singly but were indicative of cumulative adversities, especially for women who were socially vulnerable and marginalized. The results of this study highlight the practice of FGM/C in the context of other adverse living conditions of refugees and the importance of attending to other co-occurring risk factors that prevail with FGM/C practice in the ecological system of refugee forced migration.     

HRGC/HRMS定量检测市售牛奶中二噁(口英)和呋喃

目的采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪(HRGC/HRMS)定量检测了牛奶中17个4～8个氯原子取代的二(口恶)(口英)和呋喃.方法样品中的二(口恶)(口英)经过液-液萃取、碳柱富集、色谱柱纯化、分离,以HRGC/HRMS-MID方法检测,用美国EPA1613方法进行严格的质量控制和同位素稀释的方法定量,该方法定量可精确到pg/g即ppt水平.结果该方法的检测限TCDF和TCDD分别为0.022 2pg/μl和0.031 7pg/μl,在17个PCDDs/PCDFs中,其检测限为最低.同位素标准物的回收率分布于58.46%～79.99%之间.1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF、1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF、2,3,7,8-TCDD均未检出,样品中17个同系物异构体以OCDF和OCDD的含量为最高,分别为0.065pg/g和0.202pg/g,样品的总TEQ值为0.033pg TEQ/g.结论采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪和同位素稀释的方法对基质中的目标化合物二(口恶)(口英)进行检测,该法定性、定量准确,高灵敏度.     

艾滋病/HIV(+)母婴间垂直传播的初步阻断方法

目的:了解艾滋病/HIV(+)在母婴间的传播情况,应用初步的阻断方法,尽量减少新生儿的感染率。方法:对已筛查出艾滋病/HIV(+)的460例坦桑尼亚围产期保健孕妇,分成两组进行观察,观察组给予适当的干预及治疗。结果:出生后观察组的新生儿感染率为70.8％,对照组的达到88.7％。结论:艾滋病/HIV(+)母婴间的传播率不是100％,通过有效的干预是可以减少传播的。     

Re-validation and Shortening of the Functional Assessmentof Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy (FAACT) Questionnaire

Purpose: The original Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy (FAACT) was designed to measure general aspects of quality of life (QOL) as well as specific anorexia/cachexia-related concerns. Our primary purpose was to reduce the number of anorexia/cachexia subscale items in a manner that either retains or improves reliability, validity and precision. Methods: The FAACT was administered using an interactive computer program that allowed immediate entry of the data. A total of 213 patients were recruited. Results: A combined empirical and conceptual approach led to the reduction of the anorexia/cachexia subscale (A/CS) from 18 to 12 items. A 26-item trial outcome index (TOI) combining physical well-being (PWB), functional well-being (FWB), and the A/CS-12 was highly reliable and sensitive to change in performance status rating (PSR). We found that PWB, FWB, and A/CS-12 subscales performed differently. Specifically, PWB and FWB scores decreased in patients whose (PSR) worsened. However, although A/CS-12 scores were responsive to change in PSR over time, average A/CS-12 scores of all patients, even those whose PSR worsened, improved over the course of treatment. Conclusions: Elimination of six items from the anorexia/cachexia subscale of the FAACT was accomplished without loss of internal consistency or sensitivity to change in performance status. The A/CS-12 subscale provides unique, important information not captured by a generic chronic illness questionnaire. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘油三酯与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值和H型高血压的相关性研究

目的 探讨在原发性高血压患者中甘油三酯与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值与H型高血压的关系。方法 采取多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,以湖南省6个城市的社区人群作为研究对象。采取问卷调查、体格检查、实验室检查的方式来收集研究对象的资料。采用回归分析的统计学方法分析甘油三酯与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值与H型高血压的效应值大小。结果 本研究共纳入1 538名高血压患者,其中H型高血压患者共有1 311人（85.24%）,男性766人（49.80%）。TG/HDL - C与H型高血压的关系呈现倒U型的曲线关系。通过阈值效应分析得出:模型1与模型2的对数似然比检验结果具有统计学意义（P = 0.003）,进一步证实了TG/HDL - C与H型高血压之间是曲线关系。在模型2中可知:在拐点2.22之前,TG/HDL - C每增加一个单位发生H型高血压的风险增加52%（OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.16, 2.00, P = 0.002）;在拐点2.22之后,TG/HDL - C每增加一个单位发生H型高血压的风险降低3%（OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.90, 1.04, P = 0.401）。结论 在原发性高血压的患者中TG/HDL - C与H型高血压呈现倒U型的曲线关系,并存在饱和阈值效应。     

Bleeding patterns of women using Lunelle monthly contraceptive injections (medroxyprogesterone acetate and estradiol cypionate injectable suspension) compared with those of women using Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (norethindrone/ethinyl estradiol triphasic) or other oral contraceptives

Persistent and/or unpredictable bleeding is a common reason for discontinuation of hormonal contraceptive methods. An open-label, nonrandomized, parallel, controlled study compared the efficacy, safety, and cycle control of the new, highly efficacious monthly injectable contraceptive containing 25 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and 5 mg estradiol cypionate (E₂C) (MPA/E₂C) (Lunelle™ Monthly Contraceptive Injection) with that of the frequently used norethindrone 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 mg/0.035 mg ethinyl estradiol (NET/EE) triphasic oral contraceptive (Ortho-Novum^® 7/7/7). This report directly compares the bleeding patterns of women on MPA/E₂C to those of women on NET/EE and untreated women. Overall, breakthrough bleeding occurred less frequently in women using MPA/E₂C than in women using NET/EE (p ≤0.01). However, more women using MPA/E₂C experienced amenorrhea/missed periods than those on NET/EE (p ≤0.01). In addition, the percentage of women experiencing breakthrough bleeding or amenorrhea while using other oral contraceptives is compared to that of women using MPA/E₂C. A rapidly reversible method, MPA/E₂C, combines the high contraceptive efficacy of surgical sterilization with the convenience of monthly administration. These data suggest that, for a large proportion of women, MPA/E₂C offers predictability in bleeding patterns comparable to or greater than that experienced by ovulatory untreated women or those using combination oral contraceptives.     

African swine fever virus (ASFV) protection mediated by NH/P68 and NH/P68 recombinant live-attenuated viruses

The risk of spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV) from Russia and Caucasian areas to several EU countries has recently emerged, making it imperative to improve our knowledge and defensive tools against this important pathogen. The ASFV genome encodes many genes which are not essential for virus replication but are known to control host immune evasion, such as NFκB and the NFAT regulator A238L, the apoptosis inhibitor A224L, the MHC-I antigen presenting modulator EP153R, and the A276R gene, involved in modulating type I IFN. These genes are hypothesized to be involved in virulence of the genotype I parental ASFV NH/P68. We here describe the generation of putative live attenuated vaccines (LAV) prototypes by constructing recombinant NH/P68 viruses lacking these specific genes and containing specific markers.     

The migratory experiences of people with HIV/AIDS (PWHA) in Wilmington, North Carolina

People with a serious illness such as HIV/AIDS may migrate in order to receive support from family and friends and/or better health care. In this paper, I examine the experiences of people with HIV/AIDS (PWHA) that are initial and return migrants to Wilmington, North Carolina. For the study this paper is based upon, I conducted 63 interviews of service providers, PWHA and community members in Wilmington, North Carolina. Qualitative data analysis reveals that for return migrants, migration networks made the move and getting 'into the system' easier while initial migrants struggled through the relocation process and often moved for reasons unrelated to family or friends in the area.     

铁路危险品货运站空气污染颗粒提取物的SOS／umu试验

铁路危险品货运站（以下简称危货站）是各种易燃易爆及有毒害化学品的集散地，空气污染严重。为探讨危货站空气污染物对ＤＮＡ可能产生的损伤效应，采用ＳＯＳ／ｕｍｕ试验对危货站空气污染物的遗传毒性进行了分析。结果表明：在未加Ｓ９活化系统的条件下显示出遗传毒性并有明显地剂量－反应关系；加入Ｓ９活化系统后，未见遗传毒性。提示我们危货站空气污染物具有直接遗传毒性作用。