18F-前列腺特异性膜抗原-1007 PET/CT显像、11C-胆碱PET/CT显像及单光子发射计算机断层成像术骨显像对前列腺癌骨转移的诊断价值比较

目的探讨¹⁸F-前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)-1007标记的正电子发射体层显像融合计算机体层显像技术(PET/CT)显像、11C-胆碱(11C-CHO)PET/CT显像及单光子发射计算机断层成像术(SPECT)骨显像在前列腺癌骨转移诊断上的差异。方法回顾性分析2018年9月至2020年7月北部战区总医院核医学科收治的43例男性前列腺癌患者的临床资料,年龄(77.47±11.87)岁,年龄范围为55~89岁。所有患者行¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像、11C-CHO PET/CT显像及SPECT骨显像检查。分别统计¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像、11C-CHO PET/CT及SPECT骨显像诊断骨转移的阳性例数和阴性例数,计算三种方法各自的灵敏度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算并比较各自曲线下面积(AUC),评价三种检查方法对前列腺癌骨转移的诊断效能。结果 43例前列腺癌患者中,27例患者出现骨转移。¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像示26例患者发生骨转移,漏诊1例;11C-CHO PET/CT显像示24例患者发生骨转移,误诊1例,漏诊4例;SPECT骨显像示23例患者发生骨转移,误诊3例,漏诊7例,三者诊断前列腺癌骨转移的灵敏度、特异度、准确性分别为96.3%(26/27)、100%(16/16)、97.7%(42/43);85.2%(23/27)、93.8%(15/16)、88.4%(38/43);74.1%(20/27)、81.3%(13/16)、76.7%(33/43)。¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像、11C-CHO PET/CT和SPECT骨显像ROC曲线的AUC和95%CI分别为0.981(0.885~1.000)、0.913(0.763~0.967)、0.777(0.624~0.889)。三种检查的AUC曲线下面积进行两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。采用Wilcoxon秩和检验对27例患者三种方法检出的骨转移灶的数量进行两两比较发现,¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像与SPECT骨显像比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.484,P=0.013),¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像与11C-CHO PET/CT显像比较,差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.160,P=0.873);11C-CHO PET/CT显像与SPECT骨显像比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.085,P=0.037)。结论 PET/CT显像较SPECT骨显像能发现更多的骨转移灶。¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像对前列腺癌骨转移诊断的灵敏度、特异度及准确性高于其他两种检查方式。在低前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)的情况下,能够精确地对前列腺癌骨转移做出诊断。     

64CuS‐labeled nanoparticles: a new sentinel‐lymph‐node‐mapping agent for PET–CT and photoacoustic tomography

Determining sentinel lymph node (SLN) status is critical to cancer staging and treatment decisions. Currently, in clinical practice, ^99mTc‐radiocolloid‐mediated planar scintigraphy and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are used to guide the biopsy and resection of SLNs. Recently, an emerging technique that combines positron emission tomography (PET) and photoacoustic tomography (PAT; PET–PAT) may offer accurate information in detecting SLNs. Herein, we report a kind of ⁶⁴CuS‐labeled nanoparticle (⁶⁴CuS‐NP) for the detection of SLNs with PET–PAT. We subcutaneously injected ⁶⁴CuS‐NPs into the rats’ forepaw pads. After 24 h, the rats’ first draining axillary lymph nodes (i.e. the SLNs) could be clearly visualized with micro‐PET (μPET)–CT. Rats were sacrificed after μPET–CT imaging, their axillary lymph nodes were surgically identified, and then PAT was employed to discover ⁶⁴CuS‐NP‐avid SLNs, which were embedded inside tissues. Biodistribution, autoradiography, and copper staining analyses confirmed the SLNs’ high uptake of ⁶⁴CuS‐NPs. Our study indicates that ⁶⁴CuS‐NPs are a promising dual‐function agent for both PET–CT and PAT and could be used with multi‐modal imaging strategies such as PET–PAT to identify SLNs in a clinical setting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Liver metastases from colorectal cancer: imaging with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced MR imaging,computed tomography and positron emission tomography

The literature about superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MR imaging, computed tomography (CT) and PET (positron emission tomography using fluorine-18 labelled fluoro-deoxy-glucose) in detection of liver metastases (LM) from colorectal cancer is reviewed in this update. Special emphasis is given to studies with surgical standard of reference allowing for the lesion-by-lesion sensitivity to be determined. Based on the review, it is concluded that state-of-the-art anatomical imaging, e.g., SPIO-enhanced MR imaging and multidetector CT (MDCT), must be considered more sensitive than PET in detection of individual LM, due to technical developments in MR imaging, such as liver specific contrast agents, modern sequences and high performance gradients, and in modern MDCT have increased the performance of these modalities. MR imaging with a liver specific contrast agent is recommended for the preoperative evaluation before liver surgery for LM because of high sensitivity and better discrimination between small LM and cysts compared to MDCT. PET or PET/CT can be used for detection of extra-hepatic tumor before liver surgery.     

18F-NaF PET/CT 显像与99mTc-MDP SPECT 骨显像对乳腺癌患者骨转移诊断的对比研究

目的:探讨18F-NaF PET/CT显像与99mTc-MDP SPECT显像对乳腺癌患者骨转移的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析2017年12月-2019年6月间我院收治的乳腺癌患者35例.所有患者均在2周内行18F-NaF PET/CT显像与99mTc-MDP SPECT显像,以病理结果、X线、CT、MRI、临床随访等综...     

PET/CT在食管癌分期诊断中的价值

目的评价18F-FDG PET/CT在食管癌分期诊断中的价值。方法对86例病理已明确证实为食管癌的患者进行PET/CT检查,利用18F-FDG在肿瘤病灶及转移灶中的高代谢原理,分析全身各系统病灶放射性摄取的最大标准摄取值（SUVmax）,对患者进行准确的诊断分析。结果 PET/CT的分期准确率（88.4%）以及区域淋巴结转移检查的敏感性（63.3%）、特异性（83.8%）均较单纯CT高。结论 18F-FDG PET/CT检查对食道癌患者的临床分期和治疗选择具有重要的指导意义。     

Magnetically driven nanoparticles: 18FDG‐radiolabelling and positron emission tomography biodistribution study

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have received increasing interest as contrast media in biomedical imaging and innovative therapeutic tools, in particular for loco‐regional ablative treatments and drug delivery. The future of therapeutic applications would strongly benefit from improving the capability of the nanostructured constructs to reach the selected target, in particular beyond the intravascular space. Besides the decoration of SPIONs surface with ad hoc bioactive molecules, external magnetic fields are in principle able to remotely influence SPIONs’ physiological biodistribution and concentrate them to a specific anatomical region or portion of a tissue. The reduction of SPIONs administered to the body and the need for defining the effective SPIONs local concentration suggest that PET/CT may be a method to quantitatively detect the nanoparticles accumulation in vivo at low concentration and assess their tridimensional distribution in response to an external magnetic field and in relation to the local anatomy highlighted by CT imaging. Here, we report on the possibility to assess the spatial distribution of magnetically‐driven radiolabelled SPIONs in a peripheral tissue (mouse thigh) with microPET/CT imaging. To this aim we labelled SPIONs using ¹⁸F‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose as a synthon, by chemoselective oxime formation between its open‐chain tautomer and nanoparticle amino‐groups, and employed microPET/CT imaging to measure the radiolabelled construct biodistribution in a small animal model, following intravenous administration, with and without the application of a permanent magnet onto the skin. The in vivo and ex vivo results showed that micro‐PET/CT was able to demonstrate the localizing action of the magnet on SPIONs and provide information, in a multimodal 3D data set, about SPIONs biodistribution taking into account the local anatomy. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Main applications of hybrid PET‐MRI contrast agents: a review

In medical imaging, the continuous quest to improve diagnostic performance and optimize treatment strategies has led to the use of combined imaging modalities. Positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) is a hybrid imaging existing already for many years. The high spatial and contrast resolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the high sensitivity and molecular information from PET imaging are leading to the development of this new hybrid imaging along with hybrid contrast agents. To create a hybrid contrast agent for PET‐MRI device, a PET radiotracer needs to be combined with an MRI contrast agent. The most common approach is to add a radioactive isotope to the surface of a small superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particle. The resulting agents offer a wide range of applications, such as pH variation monitoring, non‐invasive angiography and early imaging diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Oncology is the most promising field with the detection of sentinel lymph nodes and the targeting of tumor neoangiogenesis. Oncology and cardiovascular imaging are thus major areas of development for hybrid PET‐MRI imaging systems and hybrid contrast agents. The aim is to combine high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, morphological and functional information. Future prospects include the use of specific antibodies and hybrid multimodal PET‐MRI‐ultrasound‐fluorescence imaging with the potential to provide overall pre‐, intra‐ and postoperative patient care. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

18F‐FDG PET/CT and MRI in the follow‐up of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

We evaluated the diagnostic performance of ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT and MRI for the assessment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) relapse. Since early treatment might prevent inoperable relapse, we also evaluated THE performance of early unenhanced ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT in residual tumor detection. The study was prospectively performed on 32 patients who underwent ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT and MRI before treatment and at 4 and 12 months after treatment. ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT was also performed 2 weeks after the end of radiotherapy. Histopathology or a minimum of 18 months follow‐up were used as gold standard. Before treatment ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT and MRI detected all primary tumors except for two limited vocal fold lesions (sensitivity 94%). MRI was more sensitive than ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT for the detection of local extension sites (sensitivity 75 vs 58%), but at the cost of a higher rate of false positive results (positive predictive value 74 vs 86%). For relapse detection at 4 months, sensitivity was significantly higher for ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT (92%) than for MRI (70%), but the diagnostic performances were not significantly different at 12 months. For the detection of residual malignant tissue 2 weeks post‐radiotherapy, sensitivity and specificity of ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT were respectively 86 and 85% (SUV cut‐off value 5.8). ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT is effective in the differentiation between residual tumor and radiation‐induced changes, as early as 2 weeks after treatment of a primary HNSCC. For follow‐up, performance of ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT and MRI are similar except for a higher sensitivity of ¹⁸F‐FDG PET/CT at 4 months. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FDG-PET in the pretherapeutic evaluation of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the involvement of cervical lymph nodes.

PURPOSE: The diagnostic role of positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is evaluated. PROCEDURES: In 38 patients, the results of FDG-PET, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound were compared. The standard uptake values (SUV) of FDG-PET were correlated to histopathological grading and DNA-image cytometry. RESULTS: In the case of lymph node metastases, the sensitivity of FDG-PET (93%) was higher than the sensitivity for the compared methods. The specificity was best for CT. SUVs of diploid tumor cell lines seemed to be lower than in non-diploid tumor cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: The high sensitivity and the high negative predictive value of PET may lead to more restrictive therapeutic regimens regarding lymph node metastases. Studies are necessary regarding possible relationships between glucose metabolism and tumor grading.     

18氟-脱氧葡萄糖PET/CT对原发灶不明的骨转移瘤的诊断作用

目的 探讨18氟-脱氧葡萄糖PET/CT在原发灶不明的骨转移瘤（BMUPT）患者中的应用价值,并总结BMUPT患者PET/CT图像特征。 方法 回顾性分析本院PET/CT中心检查的49例原发灶不明的骨转移瘤患者的影像资料,记录其原发灶部位、淋巴结转移、远处脏器转移、骨转移部位及骨转移性质,同时测定各骨转移灶最大标准化摄取值（SUV_max）,对不同骨转移性质及部位的SUV_max做统计学分析。 结果 PET/CT检查共正确检出48例原发灶, 有1例未正确检出,新发现42例合并淋巴结转移,26例合并器官转移。49例患者中成骨性转移9例,溶骨性转移33例,混合性转移7例。各部位骨转移发生率依次为:脊柱91.8%、骨盆85.7%、胸部77.5%、四肢57.1%、颅骨24.4%。溶骨性转移SUV_max大于成骨性转移（t=3.55,P<0.05）。成骨性转移、溶骨性转移各部位之间SUV_max差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 PET/CT在BMUPT的原发灶寻找中具有很高的准确性,且能发现新的淋巴结及远处转移灶,可以BMUPT患者病情评估及综合治疗提供更全面的价值。       

非小细胞肺癌淋巴结的无创分期评价

目的 本研究通过对经胸部CT解剖显像后的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者进行18F-FDG PET全身扫描及经食管超声解剖显像，着重评估无创检查对NSCLC术前分期准确性及价值。方法 56例经病理证实的NSCLC术前患者经CT扫描、全身^18F-FDG PET显像，并与手术病理结果进行回顾性的分析。结果 所有56例NSCLC患者肺部及相应转移部位^18F-FDG摄取增高，^18F-FDG PET对预测NSCLC纵隔淋巴结转移的灵敏度为83％，特异性为91％，CT扫描纵隔淋巴结转移的灵敏度为58％，特异性为78％，其中38例行经食管超声解剖显像纵隔淋巴结转移的灵敏度为77％，特异性为72％。^18F-FDG PET对NSCLC对纵隔淋巴结优于胸部CT解剖显像和经食管超声解剖显像。结论 ^18F-FDG PET在对NSCLC的术前分期均优于CT等常规检查，但PET在精确定位方面仍然需要结合解剖显像，图像融合技术等是发展的方向。     

Positron emission tomography versus positron emission tomography/computed tomography: from "unclear" to "new-clear" medicine.

PET/CT is a new diagnostic imaging modality, which proves that adding PET and CT is not merely additive, but highly synergistic. While PET provides high sensitivity for lesion detection, CT provides the anatomic backdrop, which frequently is important in order to make a specific diagnosis. CT can, however, also add sensitivity to PET, as certain lesions such as small clearly pathological lung nodules may not at all be visualized on PET alone; and PET clearly adds specificity to CT because, e.g., indeterminate lymph nodes seen on CT can often be diagnosed unequivocally as benign or malignant, using PET information. Furthermore, attenuation correction of PET data, which is needed for best PET image quality, can also be obtained using the same CT data. Hence, PET/CT also provides a very fast solution for obtaining attenuation images. The major clinical applications of PET/CT are in tumor imaging of the body and the search for inflammatory foci, while for brain imaging, PET/CT is less relevant. In the brain, post acquisition fusion of PET and MRI data is relatively easy, while post acquisition fusion of PET and CT or MR data in the body is unreliable and cumbersome. We strongly feel that PET/CT is the oncological staging "one-stop-shop" examination of the future for many tumors. The key question in the next few years will be how much CT is needed in PET/CT for which clinical question? The advent of ever faster CT scanners suggests that PET/CT eventually may also provide a tool for a cardiac "one-stop-shop." So the future of PET/CT indeed looks bright.     

Preoperative staging of colorectal cancer: CT vs. integrated FDG PET/CT

Accurate preoperative staging is essential in determining the optimal therapeutic planning for individual patients. The computed tomography (CT) in the preoperative staging of colorectal cancer, even if controversial, may be useful for planning surgery and/or neoadjuvant therapy, particularly when local tumor extension into adjacent organs or distant metastases are detected. There have been significant changes in the CT technology with the advent of multi-detector row CT (MDCT) scanner. Advances in CT technology have raised interest in the potential role of CT for detection and staging of colorectal cancer. In recent studies, MDCT with MPR images has shown promising accuracy in the evaluation of local extent and nodal involvement of colorectal cancer. Combined PET/CT images have significant advantages over either alone because it provides both functional and anatomical data. Therefore, it is natural to expect that PET/CT would improve the accuracy of preoperative staging of colorectal cancer. The most significant additional information provided by PET/CT relates to the accurate detection of distant metastases. For the evaluation of patients with colorectal cancer, CT has relative advantages over PET/CT in regard to the depth of tumor invasion through the wall, extramural extension, and regional lymph node metastases. PET/CT should be performed on selected patients with suggestive but inconclusive metastatic lesions with CT. In addition, PET/CT with dedicated CT protocols, such as contrast-enhanced PET/CT and PET/CT colonography, may replace the diagnostic CT for the preoperative staging of colorectal cancer.     

18FDG PET/CT与增强CT对胰腺癌分期的价值

目的比较PET/CT与增强CT(CECT)对胰腺癌T和N分期的准确性;探讨PET/CT对胰腺癌治疗前M分期的影响以及最大标准摄取(SUVmax)值与远处转移的关系。方法收集经病理或临床、影像学随诊证实的胰腺癌患者46例,术前全部患者接受PET/CT检查,43例并接受CECT检查,中位间隔时间为6天;对接受手术切除或探查的19例患者以手术所见为参照,比较PET/CT与CECT检查对胰腺癌T和N分期的准确率。结果 19例胰腺癌患者术中发现肿瘤与周围血管粘连或侵犯周围血管/器官,术前CECT明确诊断17例(17/18,94.44%),PET/CT明确诊断3例(3/19,15.79%),CECT对T分期的准确率高于PET/CT。对于N分期,CECT和PET/CT的敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为66.67%(8/12)、100%(7/7)、78.95%(15/19)和75.00%(9/12)、100%(7/7)和84.21%(16/19),二者诊断区域淋巴结转移差异无统计学意义(P=1.00)。46例胰腺癌患者中,PET/CT发现28例血行转移及远隔淋巴结转移,常规影像学分期检出其中的15例。PET/CT明确诊断了5例CT不能肯定的肝脏病灶,并发现2例患者同时存在第二原发癌;ROC曲线分析表明,SUVmax越高,发生血行转移的可能越大,其曲线下面积为0.68,诊断界值为4.80。结论 PET/CT对胰腺癌T分期的准确率远低于CECT;PET/CT和CECT对N分期的敏感度、特异度、准确率相似;PET/CT对M分期和远隔淋巴结转移具有明显优势,并可同时发现第二原发癌灶,SUVmax越高,发生血行转移的可能越大。     

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography hypermetabolism of Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease mimicking malignant lymphoma: a case report and literature review

Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease (KFD), also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a benign, self-limiting inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. This report presents a rare case involving a man with ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) hypermetabolism caused by KFD mimicking malignant lymphoma. The PET/CT maximum intensity projection showed multiple hypermetabolic lymphadenopathies and homogeneous FDG uptake in the bone marrow and spleen. Malignant lymphoma was initially suspected. The patient then underwent excision biopsy of one enlarged right cervical lymph node that was selected because it showed the highest FDG uptake in PET/CT, and examination of this biopsy specimen confirmed the diagnosis of KFD. PET/CT is useful for assessing the general condition of patients and can help to select lymph nodes for excision biopsy based on the highest FDG uptake. However, KFD can predispose to localized FDG uptake and limit the specificity of PET/CT by mimicking malignancy. Thus, positive results of PET/CT should be interpreted with caution.     

胰高血糖素样肽-1受体PET/CT定位诊断胰岛素瘤的技术规范

胰岛素瘤的诊断和手术治疗依赖于准确的影像学检查定位。以胰腺β细胞为靶点的胰高血糖素样肽-1受体(glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, GLP-1R)是近年来胰岛素瘤影像研究中的亮点, 推荐临床推广使用⁶⁸Ga-exendin-4进行GLP-1R正电子发射断层显像/计算机体层成像(positron emission tomography/computed tomography, PET/CT)来定位诊断胰岛素瘤。本文介绍GLP-1R显像在胰岛素瘤中的应用概况, 并以⁶⁸Ga-exendin-4 GLP-1R PET/CT显像为例, 介绍该技术的操作规范, 以期为临床提供借鉴。     

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography--imaging protocols, artifacts, and pitfalls.

There has been a longstanding interest in fused images of anatomical information, such as that provided by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, with biological information obtainable by positron emission tomography (PET). The near-simultaneous data acquisition in a fixed combination of a PET and a CT scanner in a combined PET/CT imaging system minimizes spatial and temporal mismatches between the modalities by eliminating the need to move the patient in between exams. In addition, using the fast CT scan for PET attenuation correction, the duration of the examination is significantly reduced compared to standalone PET imaging with standard rod-transmission sources. The main source of artifacts arises from the use of the CT-data for scatter and attenuation correction of the PET images. Today, CT reconstruction algorithms cannot account for the presence of metal implants, such as dental fillings or prostheses, properly, thus resulting in streak artifacts, which are propagated into the PET image by the attenuation correction. The transformation of attenuation coefficients at X-ray energies to those at 511 keV works well for soft tissues, bone, and air, but again is insufficient for dense CT contrast agents, such as iodine or barium. Finally, mismatches, for example, due to uncoordinated respiration result in incorrect attenuation-corrected PET images. These artifacts, however, can be minimized or avoided prospectively by careful acquisition protocol considerations. In doubt, the uncorrected images almost always allow discrimination between true and artificial finding. PET/CT has to be integrated into the diagnostic workflow for harvesting the full potential of the new modality. In particular, the diagnostic power of both, the CT and the PET within the combination must not be underestimated. By combining multiple diagnostic studies within a single examination, significant logistic advantages can be expected if the combined PET/CT examination is to replace separate state-of-the-art PET and CT exams, thus resulting in significantly accelerated diagnostics.     

18F-DCFPyL PET/CT显像对前列腺根治性切除术患者有无区域淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的：探讨18F-DCFPyL PET/CT显像对前列腺根治性切除术患者有无区域淋巴结转移的诊断价值。 方法：回顾性分析在我院同时行前列腺根治性切除术及盆腔淋巴结清扫术的49例前列腺癌患者术前的18F-DCFPyL PET/CT图像及其临床资料。统计清扫淋巴结的总数及转移淋巴结情况，计算18F-DCFPyL PET/CT对区域转移淋巴结的诊断效能。利用独立样本t检验检测切除后的转移淋巴结及非转移淋巴结长径、中径及短径差异是否具有统计学意义。 结果：49例患者共清扫淋巴结511枚，其中10例患者共出现14枚淋巴结转移，18F-DCFPyL PET/CT正确诊断出其中的9例共12枚转移淋巴结。切除后的转移淋巴结组及非转移淋巴结组的长径、中径及短径的均值分别为1.64±1.23 cm VS 1.12±0.61 cm、1.05±0.87 cm VS 0.59±0.39 cm、0.61±0.54 cm VS 0.36±0.19 cm，差异均无统计学意义（P值均大于0.05）。18F-DCFPyL PET/CT诊断前列腺癌根治性切除患者有无淋巴结转移的灵敏度为90.00%，特异性为100%，准确性为97.96%，阳性预测值为100%，阴性预测值为97.50%。 结论：前列腺癌区域淋巴结是否转移与其大小无关，18F-DCFPyL PET/CT对于前列腺癌区域淋巴结的良恶性鉴别具有较高的诊断价值，有望用于指导前列腺根治性切除术时是否需要清扫区域淋巴结及其合理的清扫范围。     

F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography image of gastric mucormycosis mimicking advanced gastric cancer: A case report

BACKGROUND Mucormycosis is a very rare fungal infection,and its prognosis is poor.Most common sites of infection are the sinuses,lung,or skin,and gastric involvement is uncommon.The standard antifungal therapy is the treatment of choice for gastric mucormycosis.However,the symptoms of gastric mucormycosis are varied and the early diagnosis is not easy.CASE SUMMARY I report a 53-year-old alcoholic man,who was admitted due to epigastric pain.The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a huge ulcer lesion in the stomach,which was suspected to be gastric cancer.F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography(F-18 FDG PET/CT)showed diffusely intense FDG uptake at the ulcer lesion of the stomach,and several enlarged hypermetabolic lymph nodes were noted at the left gastric chain.Although,endoscopy and F-18 FDG PET/CT findings suggested advanced gastric cancer with regional lymph node metastases,there was no cancer cells in the biopsy results and multiple fungal hyphae were noted in the periodic acid-Schiff stained image.CONCLUSION He was diagnosed with gastric mucormycosis and successfully underwent amphotericin B and posaconazole treatment.     

Imaging of the lymphatic system: new horizons

The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymph vessels, lymphatic organs and lymph nodes. Traditionally, imaging of the lymphatic system has been based on conventional imaging methods like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whereby enlargement of lymph nodes is considered the primary diagnostic criterion for disease. This is particularly true in oncology, where nodal enlargement can be indicative of nodal metastases or lymphoma. CT and MRI on their own are, however, anatomical imaging methods. Newer imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET), dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) and color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) provide a functional assessment of node status. None of these techniques is capable of detecting flow within the lymphatics and, thus, several intra‐lymphatic imaging methods have been developed. Direct lymphangiography is an all‐but‐extinct method of visualizing the lymphatic drainage from an extremity using oil‐based iodine contrast agents. More recently, interstitially injected intra‐lymphatic imaging, such as lymphoscintigraphy, has been used for lymphedema assessment and sentinel node detection. Nevertheless, radionuclide‐based imaging has the disadvantage of poor resolution. This has lead to the development of novel systemic and interstitial imaging techniques which are minimally invasive and have the potential to provide both structural and functional information; this is a particular advantage for cancer imaging, where anatomical depiction alone often provides insufficient information. At present the respective role each modality plays remains to be determined. Indeed, multi‐modal imaging may be more appropriate for certain lymphatic disorders. The field of lymphatic imaging is ever evolving, and technological advances, combined with the development of new contrast agents, continue to improve diagnostic accuracy. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.