无框架MRI导航下的内镜经蝶鞍区肿瘤切除术

目的探讨无框架MRI导航系统在内镜经蝶垂体腺瘤和颅咽管瘤切除术中的作用.方法对8例垂体腺瘤和2例颅咽管瘤病人在无框架MRI影像导航引导内镜下经蝶入路切除肿瘤.结果机器定位误差平均1.5mm,重要结构和病变定位满意,导航注册时间平均5 min,手术时间平均50min,术后病人症状均减轻.结论在内镜经蝶鞍区手术治疗中,无框架影像导航使重要结构及病变定位准确,可在手术中发挥重要作用.     

神经导航下经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤

目的总结神经导航下经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤的手术经验.方法运用Stealthstation手术导航系统对30例垂体腺瘤病人行经鼻蝶入路显微神经外科手术,术中随时定位中线、蝶窦前壁及鞍底.结果肿瘤全切除16例(53.3%),次全切除9例(30.0%),大部切除5例(16.7%);导航误差平均1.9mm.结论垂体腺瘤显微手术中运用导航技术具有定位准确、损伤小的优点.     

神经导航在经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术中的应用体会

目的探讨神经导航在经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除手术中的作用。方法回顾性分析21例在神经导航下经鼻蝶手术治疗的垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料。结果根据术后MRI影像学检查结果,21例患者中肿瘤全切10例,次全切除9例,大部切除2例,术后患者症状多有不同程度好转,无严重并发症发生。出院后随访2。19个月,1例复发,再次手术缓解。结论神经导航可以提高经鼻蝶手术的垂体腺瘤的切除程度,减少了对周围重要结构的损伤,对复发的垂体腺瘤尤其适合。     

神经导航内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤(附18例分析)

目的探讨神经导航结合内镜在经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤手术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析18例大型垂体腺瘤病人的临床资料,均在神经导航下行内镜经鼻蝶入路肿瘤显微切除术。术前行薄层头颅CT扫描,采集导航数据;术中运用导航定位引导,单侧鼻孔进入,在内镜及导航引导下进行瘤体切除;术中改在显微镜下操作5例。结果肿瘤全切除13例,次全切除4例,大部切除1例。术中无定位偏差发生。无手术死亡病例,术后无永久性尿崩和脑脊液漏发生,术前视力和视野障碍病人术后均无恶化。结论神经导航内镜经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤定位准确,能明确肿瘤与周边重要解剖结构的关系,增加手术的安全性,提高手术疗效。     

神经内窥镜及导航辅助下经单鼻蝶垂体腺瘤显微切除术(附27例临床分析)

目的探讨神经内窥镜和导航技术结合应用于垂体腺瘤显微切除的效果。方法在神经内窥镜和导航辅助下经鼻蝶入路显微切除27例垂体腺瘤,其中垂体微腺瘤2例,小腺瘤3例,大腺瘤18例和巨大腺瘤4例。结果肿瘤全切的17例,次全切7例,部分切除3例。结论神经内窥镜和导航技术结合应用于垂体腺瘤显微切除,术中定位准确,视野清晰,损伤小,提高了肿瘤的切除程度,术后恢复快,减少了手术的并发症,是垂体腺瘤手术治疗的较佳手段。     

神经导航下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤显微神经外科手术

目的探讨神经导航下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤显微神经外科手术。方法运用美国stealthstation手术导航系统对30例垂体腺瘤行经鼻蝶入路显微神经外科手术。结果全切除16例(53.3%),次全切除9例(30%),大部切除5例(16.7%),导航误差平均1.9mm。结论在显微手术中运用导航技术具有定位准确、损伤小的优点。     

神经导航在显微经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨神经导航在显微经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术中的应用价值。方法将76例垂体腺瘤病人分为导航组36例和非导航组40例,对比手术路径和定位准确性、手术时间、手术效果及并发症发生情况。结果导航组手术时间平均115min,手术路径及定位准确;肿瘤全切除27例,次全切除6例,大部分切除3例。非导航组手术时间平均110min,术中定位困难1例;肿瘤全切除29例,次全切除7例,大部分切除3例。两组手术时间、全切除率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.805）,而手术并发症总体发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论神经导航经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术定位准确,可避免严重并发症的发生,扩展手术适应证;但并不能提高肿瘤切除率。     

导航下经蝶显微手术切除垂体微腺瘤

目的研究神经导航技术在经蝶显微切除垂体微腺瘤手术中的应用.方法在25例垂体微腺瘤经蝶手术中应用神经导航系统指导手术入路﹑肿瘤方位﹑切除范围.结果 25例垂体微腺瘤均达到镜下全切除,并通过术后MRI得到证实,且无严重手术并发症.结论在经蝶显微切除垂体微腺瘤手术中应用神经导航有利于全切病灶,降低手术并发症.     

在导航引导下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤治疗效果的研究

目的探讨在导航引导下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤的治疗效果。方法回顾2004-2005 年导航引导与非导航引导下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤患者57例,对所有病例分别统计术前年龄、肿瘤大小、手术麻醉时间、切除肿瘤时手术时间、术后住院天数、术后并发症,术后3个月复查MRI提示肿瘤全切程度,结果用SPSS 11．0软件进行统计,分析两组之间结果的差异。结果导航组与非导航组中患者年龄、肿瘤大小、麻醉时间、手术后住院天数、术后并发症方面无显著性差异,而手术时间及术后3 个月复查MRI提示肿瘤全切率有显著性差异。结论在导航引导下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤提高了垂体腺瘤患者肿瘤的全切率,缩短了手术切除肿瘤的时间。     

神经导航辅助下经单鼻腔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤

目的评价神经导航系统在经单鼻腔蝶窦人路垂体腺瘤切除手术中的应用。方法24例病人术前行MRI或CT连续薄层扫描,将影像学资料输入Brain LAB Vector Vision神经导航系统进行三维重建,标记出肿瘤及重要结构后,设计最佳手术入路,术中在导航的引导下定位蝶窦前壁、鞍底、海绵窦、颈内动脉和斜坡等结构,切除肿瘤。结果24例患者均在神经导航引导下经鼻蝶入路顺利到达肿瘤部位；注册误差0．3～2．0mm,平均(1．21±0．39)mm；肿瘤全切除19例,次全切除3例,大部分切除2例；术后19例病人症状有不同程度的改善,5例无变化,术后无严重并发症出现。结论神经导航辅助下经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术具有定位准确、创伤小等优点．效果良好。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.