A granular cell in the proximal intercalated duct of human parotid and submandibular glands

In human parotid and submandibular gland unusual granulated cells are observed at the acinar-intercalated duct junction. These cells, which show a well developed Golgi apparatus, greatly differ from the typical elements of the intercalated ducts mainly due to the presence of abundant secretory granules of unknown nature. A complex substructure distinguishes these granules from those of conventional ductal cells and from those of acinar cells as well. In addition, some differences exist in the morphology of the granules observed in parotid with respect to those of submandibular gland.     

Histometry of normal thyroid glands in neonatal and adult rats

The present histometric study is on thyroid glands of Wistar rats ranging in age from 0 to 120 days. The mean volume of one lobe of the thyroid in 4-month-old animals was some 22-, 10-, 5-, and 3-fold greater, respectively, than the volumes in the newborn, 5-, 10-, and 30-day-old rats. At 4 months of age the mean length of the lobe was 3 times greater than at birth. The volumetric fractions (Vv) of the different histological components (follicular cells, C-cells, colloid, and interstitial tissue) changed considerably in the course of development. The Vv of follicular cells diminished from 61.4% at birth to 37.2% at 4 months. C-cells increased from 2.9% in the newborn to 4% at 15 days, with no further significant change at 4 months. Colloid and stroma together represented 35.7% at birth, increasing to 58.5% at 120 days. In the course of the first 4 months of life, the absolute volumes occupied by follicular cells, C-cells, colloid, and stroma increased 13.25, 30.75, 38.6, and 33.7 times, respectively; these changes reflect the variations that occur in the volume of the gland and the Vv throughout postnatal development.     

Autonomic denervation effects on the kallikrein and striated duct cells of the rat and cat submandibular glands

Chronic preganglionic parasympathetic denervation in the rat submandibular gland increases kallikrein activity whereas post ganglionic sympathetic denervation has no effect. Ultrastructural morphology of the striated duct following either denervation remains unaltered. Chronic preganglionic parasympathetic denervation in the cat gland dramatically reduces kallikrein activity and causes disruption and disappearance of subcellular organelles. Chronic sympathetic denervation has no effect.     

von Ebner's glands intercalated duct adenocarcinoma with PALB2 gene mutation

Secretory carcinoma of the salivary glands is a distinct entity with distinct morphologic features, immunohistochemical profile and molecular alterations. It mainly affects middle aged individuals with slight male predominance and parotid gland is the most common site of involvement. Although ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion is considered pathognomonic for secretory carcinoma, advances in molecular profiling of this tumor have led to the discovery of novel ETV6 fusion partners and gene mutations. Herein, we describe a case of an adenocarcinoma of intercalated duct origin favor secretory carcinoma, in a unique location of von Ebner's glands of mobile tongue in a 40-year-old Caucasian female. Aside from being in a unique location, the tumor showed somatic mutation for PALB2 gene which has not been described so far in secretory carcinoma. Discovery of novel fusions and mutations have therapeutic implications with respect to targeted therapy.     

Ultrastructural study of acinar and intercalated duct organization of submandibular and parotid salivary gland

According to some current hypotheses, the morphology and organization of the intercalated duct/acinar interface of salivary gland have implications for the induction of tumors in this organ. However, this region has received limited detailed investigation. To study the organization of the terminal ductal segments of salivary gland, conventional transmission electron microscopy of human parotid and submandibular glands and canine submandibular gland was combined with 3-dimensional observations of polymer casts of the canine submandibular ductal system; the latter were prepared by retrograde injection of acrylic resin via the main excretory duct with subsequent digestion of the gland tissue. The division of intercalated ducts, into first- and second-order branches, and acinar arrangement is more complex than previously suggested. The entire surface of each elongated second-order intercalated duct is covered with acini projecting in all directions. In the human gland, some acini abut directly on the intercalated duct surface, whereas others are connected by a short stalk of intercalated duct cells; in comparison with canine submandibular gland, the latter may be a modification producing a third-order of the intercalated duct unit. All of these features combine to produce a highly efficient secretory apparatus with a large proportion of acinar cells to each intercalated duct.     

Structural changes in the granular duct epitheliocytes and terminal areas of the submandibular glands induced by exposure to light and radiation in rats

This investigation was aimed at the evaluation of radiomodifying effect of round-the-clock light exposure on the salivary glands. The changes of morphometric parameters of granular duct epitheliocytes and acinar cells in rat submandibular glands were analyzed by means of light and electron microscopy after 48 h of light exposure by 3500-lux cool white fluorescent lamps, single 5 Gy whole-body X-irradiation and their combination. Early changes of granular duct epitheliocytes after light and combined exposure were more significant in comparison with those on acinar cells. On the 10-th day after combined irradiation reduction of nucleoli and endoplasmatic reticulum in the duct cells was more pronounced as compared with similar period following light and X-ray irradiation. Long-term morphological changes in the glands after X-ray and combined irradiation were similar. It is concluded that radiation and round-the-clock light exposure act synergistically.     

Centroacinar and intercalated duct cells as potential precursors of pancreatic endocrine cells in rats treated with streptozotocin

The present study examined the possibility for regeneration of pancreatic endocrine cells from centroacinar (CA) and intercalated duct (ICD) cells in rat pancreas after 5 days of continuous streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Nine rats were divided into 3 experimental groups: 1) Control group, 2) Short term recovery group; three days after STZ administration (STZ 3), and 3) Long term recovery group; ten days post-STZ administration (STZ 10). The CA and ICD cells in the STZ 3 group had swollen cytoplasm, and sometimes contained a vesicle within the core. An insulin positive signal was detected in and around the CA and ICD cells. In the STZ 3 group, cytokeratin 20 signals were co-localized with insulin signals in both CA and ICD cells. Electron microscopically, endocrine cells and small pancreatic islets were in close contact with CA and ICD cells. Systemic biophysical serum data reflected these immunohistological results. The present results suggest that CA and ICD cells are involved in the regeneration of pancreatic B cells in rats following a lesion produced by five consecutive days of STZ administration.     

糖尿病大鼠下颌下腺内肥大细胞的形态学观察

目的观察糖尿病大鼠下颌下腺内肥大细胞形态和数量变化。方法SD雄性大鼠30只,随机分为实验组12只(4周、12周各6只)、治疗组12只(4周、12周各6只)及对照组6只,用链脲佐菌素复制糖尿病动物模型,应用HE和甲苯胺蓝(Toluidineblue,TB)染色观察并记数肥大细胞。结果对照组大鼠下颌下腺内肥大细胞呈圆形。卵圆形及不规则形,细胞内颗粒密集,平均肥大细胞数为(6.55±4.02)个/HP。实验组大部分肥大细胞胞内颗粒稀疏,有脱颗粒现象。4周平均肥大细胞数为(15.44±5.92)个/HP,12周为(46.67±7.78)个/HP,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而治疗组肥大细胞形态结构与对照组比较无明显区别,4周平均肥大细胞数为(12.33±1.67)个/HP,12周为(21.71±6.25)个/HP。结论糖尿病可导致下颌下腺内肥大细胞脱颗粒活跃、数量增多,提示肥大细胞可能参与糖尿病发生与发展病理过程。     

Fine structure of the differentiating acini in submandibular glands of isoproterenoltreted rats

Chronic treatment with isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic drug, accelerates the postnatal differentiation of the rat submandibular gland. This report compares the ultrastructure of submandibular glands of acute and chronically treated, 2, 11 and 17-day-old rats with that of controls. In all cases a greater number of acinar cells were found in the treated glands. The correlation noted between changes in the nature of the contents of the condensing vaculoes and Golgi apparatus of some proacinar cells and the formation of secretory granules intermediate in appearance between those of proacinar and acinar cells, support the hypothesis that proacinar cells are the precursors of acinar cells in the young rat. Differences in the morphology of secretory granules in acinar cells of treated and control animals are described. It is concluded that precocious differentiation of the submandibular gland may be induced by the administration of isoproterenol as early as the first day of postnatal life, that proacinar cells become recognized as acinar cells following a change in the nature of their secretory product, and that the secretory material produced by acinar cells in the treated animals is not identical to that of the controls.     

正常成人活体肾脏肾实质体积CT-测量

目的:测定正常成人活体肾脏的肾实质体积(Renal Parenchyma Volume,RPV)95%的参考值范围,并探讨RPV与年龄、性别、身高和体重的关系,建立预测RPV的简单方程.方法:收集无肾脏病史并行腹部CT平扫的成人患者200例,应用CT图像和体积测量软件测量RPV.结果:左侧、右侧和双侧RPV的95%的参考值范围女性成人分别为(81.80,166.66)cm~3,(75.50,168.64)cm~3和(160.57,332.03)cm~3;男性成人分别为(102.57,193.71)cm~3,(102.57,188.31)cm~3和(208.01,379.15)cm~3.无论男女左侧RPV与右侧RPV无统计学差异(P＞0.05);男女同侧RPV有统计学差异(P＜0.001);男性不同年龄组及女性不同年龄组双侧RPV均尢统计学差异(P＞0.05);多元线性回归分析显示成人RPV与身高和体重有线性回归关系,而与年龄和性别无线性回归关系,采用逐步回归法得到:成人双侧RPV(cm3)=3.264×身高(cm)+1.060×体重(kg)-335.909.结论:(1)无论男女,成人左侧RPV与右侧RPV无统计学差异;(2)正常成人RPV主要与身高和体重相关,且受身高影响较大;(3)以身高和体重为变量可预测成人RPV.     

正常成人活体肾脏肾实质体积CT-测量及相关因素研究

目的： 测定正常成人活体肾脏的肾实质体积（Renal Parenchyma Volume , RPV）95％的参考值范围，并探讨RPV与年龄、性别、身高和体重的关系，建立预测RPV的简单方程。方法： 收集无肾脏病史并行腹部CT平扫的成人患者200例，应用CT图像和体积测量软件测量RPV。结果： 左侧、右侧和双侧RPV的95%的参考值范围女性成人分别为（81.80，166.66）cm3，（75.50，168.64）cm3和（160.57，332.03）cm3；男性成人分别为（102.57，193.71）cm3，（102.57，188.31）cm3和（208.01，379.15）cm3。无论男女左侧RPV与右侧RPV无统计学差异（P＞0.05）；男女同侧RPV有统计学差异（P<0.001）；男性不同年龄组及女性不同年龄组双侧RPV均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）；多元线性回归分析显示成人RPV与身高和体重有线性回归关系，而与年龄和性别无线性回归关系，采用逐步回归法得到：成人双侧RPV（cm3)=3.264×身高（cm）+1.060×体重（kg）-335.909。结论：（1）无论男女，成人左侧RPV与右侧RPV无统计学差异；（2） 正常成人RPV主要与身高和体重相关，且受身高影响较大；（3）以身高和体重为变量可预测成人RPV。     

甲状腺功能减退症大鼠下颌下腺形态学及超微结构的改变

目的:观察甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)大鼠下颌下腺形态学及超微结构的变化。方法:将成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、甲减组、甲状腺素治疗组。成模后,称重,取血检测三碘甲状腺激素(T_3)、甲状腺素(T_4)、促甲状腺素(TSH);取下颌下腺组织,H-E染色及电镜观察。结果:造模后对照组、甲减组、甲状腺素治疗组体质量分别为(444.50±19.42)g、(292.25±17.40)g、(340.50±27.65)g,后两组与对照组比较、后两组间比较差异均有统计学意义。对照组、甲状腺素治疗组与甲减组T_3、T_4、TSH比较均有统计学意义。甲减组下颌下腺腺泡萎缩,排列不规则,颗粒曲管数目减少,直径变小,胞质淡染;甲状腺素治疗组明显好转。甲减组腺细胞核固缩、染色质致密,线粒体空泡变性,粗面内质网扩张,核糖体脱颗粒。甲状腺素治疗组少数细胞有核固缩现象,线粒体少量空泡变,粗面内质网轻度扩张,没有明显的核糖体脱颗粒现象。结论:甲减可引起下颌下腺形态学及超微结构异常,甲状腺素治疗有效,推测甲减的病理生理机制可影响下颌下腺的形态结构。     

Radioprotective effect of heat shock protein 25 on submandibular glands of rats

Irradiation (IR) is a fundamental treatment modality for head and neck malignancies. However, a significant drawback of IR treatment is irreversible damage of salivary gland in the IR field. In the present study, we investigated whether heat shock protein (HSP) 25 could be used as a radioprotective molecule for radiation-induced salivary gland damage in rats. HSP25 as well as inducible HSP70 (HSP70i) that were delivered to the salivary gland via an adenoviral vector significantly ameliorated radiation-induced salivary fluid loss. Radiation-induced apoptosis, caspase-3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in acinar cells, granular convoluted cells, and intercalated ductal cells were also inhibited by HSP25 or HSP70i transfer. The alteration of salivary contents, including amylase, protein, Ca+, Cl-, and Na+, was also attenuated by HSP25 transfer. Histological analysis revealed almost no radiation-induced damage in salivary gland when HSP25 was transferred. Aquaporin 5 expression in salivary gland was inhibited by radiation; and HSP25 transfer to salivary gland prevented this alteration. The protective effect of HSP70i on radiation-induced salivary gland damage was less or delayed than that of HSP25. These results indicate that HSP25 is a good candidate molecule to protect salivary gland from the toxicity of IR.     

糖尿病大鼠下颌下腺内水通道蛋白-3和-8的表达变化及意义

目的观察水通道蛋白-3(AQP3)和水通道蛋白-8(AQP8)在糖尿病大鼠下颌下腺内表达变化。方法 SD大鼠随机分为对照组、糖尿病组和治疗组,每组10只;糖尿病组和治疗组大鼠腹腔注射2%链尿佐菌素(35 mg/kg)复制Ⅱ型糖尿病模型,治疗组予以胰岛素(3u/d)处理;8周后,取下颌下腺,分别进行HE和免疫组织化学染色。结果与对照组比较,糖尿病组下颌下腺腺泡轻度萎缩,细胞排列紊乱,导管数目减少,直径变小。AQP3表达在三组间无明显差异;与对照组比较,糖尿病组AQP8表达下降,治疗组AQP8表达较糖尿病组有所上调。结论糖尿病大鼠下颌下腺内AQP8低表达可能与糖尿病患者口渴的发病机制相关。     

Unique radiosensitivity of serous cells in rhesus monkey submandibular glands.

The saliva of patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer contains increased acidic mucosubstances associated with a reduced serous component. To assess the morphologic features of the acute radiation damage in serous versus mucous acinar cells, the mixed serous/mucous submandibular glands of 18 rhesus monkeys were studied 1-72 hours after irradiation with single doses of 2.5-15.0 Gy. Selective degeneration and necrosis of serous cells was observed with doses of 2.5-7.5 Gy. Doses of 10.0-15.0 Gy caused widespread destruction of whole serous acini, but only isolated mucous cells were affected. The lesions were clearly expressed by 24 hours. Transient exudation of neutrophils was replaced by plasma cells and lymphocytes. Examination at 16, 22 and at 40 weeks revealed that late atrophy was caused solely by loss of serous acini in glands treated with 7.5 and 10.0 Gy. Although both serous and mucous acini were reduced in glands treated with 12.5 and 15.0 Gy, the atrophy was mainly due to loss of serous acini. The finding that serous cells are more vulnerable to radiation injury than mucous cells provides a morphologic explanation for early and late changes in saliva composition after salivary gland irradiation.     

糖尿病大鼠下颌下腺内水通道蛋白-1和5表达变化及意义

目的:观察水通道蛋白-1(AQP1)和水通道蛋白-5(AQP5)在糖尿病大鼠下颌下腺内表达变化,探讨糖尿病患者口渴症状的发生机制.方法:SD大鼠随机分为对照组、糖尿病组、治疗组.取大鼠下颌下腺,分别进行H-E染色、免疫组织化学显色(SP法)和计算机图像分析.结果:对照组和治疗组的血糖分别与糖尿病组血糖比较,均有差异;与...     

Argyrophil cells in normal endometrial glands

Summary Normal endometrium from one hundred normal cases were examined histologically, using sections stained with the Grimelius method. Endocrine cells were demonstrated in 4 cases. Immunohistochemically, these cells were positive for anti-serotonin and anti-somatostatin antisera. Argyrophil granules were also observed in supranuclear or subnuclear regions of glandular cells in 17 cases, and argyrophilia was present in the apical region including the brush borders or microvilli of glandular cells in 6 cases. In these latter 23 cases argyrophilia seemed to be nonspecific, having no relation to endocrine type secretory granules, judging from the electronmicroscopic observations on the silver-impregnated sections. The presence of endocrine cells and the pattern of argyrophilia in glandular cells were similar to those found previously in endometrial glandular adenocarcinomas with argyrophil cells. This is the first report on the occurrence of endocrine cells in normal endometrial glands.     

Expression of S-100 protein in intercalated duct cells of bovine pancreas

Although Mutoh et al. have found intercalated ducts in the pancreatic islets of avians, including the chicken, moorhen (Gallinula chloorpus), and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), and even demonstrated the functions of intercalated duct cells in pancreatic islets, to our knowledge, there have been only a few reports on the relationship between intercalated ducts and islets in mammalia. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated whether intercalated ducts are morphologically related to the islets of cattle, by using S-100 protein as a ductal cell marker for immunocytochemistry and examining the ultrastructure of intercalated ducts and islets electron-microscopically. The results revealed intercalated ducts that reacted positively for S-100 protein within and near islets, with approximately 12% of the islets having intercalated ducts in the vicinity and approximately 1.5% containing intercalated ducts within them. Ultrastructurally, intercalated ducts were also seem to be closely related to the islets. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that a close relationship exists between intercalated ducts and islets.