氧化型低密度脂蛋白中不同氧化产物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞溶酶体胆固醇蓄积的影响

为研究氧化型低密度脂蛋白中不同氧化产物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞溶酶体胆固醇蓄积的影响。分别用1 0 0mg L的铜氧化的低密度脂蛋白和次氯酸钠氧化的低密度脂蛋白处理小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞 2 4h ,分别测定巨噬细胞溶酶体中胆固醇和总蛋白的含量以及溶酶体中组织蛋白酶L的活性。结果发现 ,铜氧化型低密度脂蛋白和次氯酸钠氧化型低密度脂蛋白均可引起总胆固醇和总蛋白在溶酶体蓄积 (实验组总胆固醇分别为 1 6 .90± 0 .1 5 μg和1 5 .1 1± 0 .5 4 μg ,对照组为 3.2 8± 0 .0 8μg ,P <0 .0 1 ;实验组总蛋白分别为 1 7.93± 1 .6 6 μg和 2 1 .0 0± 1 .6 8μg ,对照组为 1 3.39± 2 .6 4 μg ,P <0 .0 1 )。但蓄积的胆固醇类型有所不同 ,前者以游离胆固醇为主 (游离胆固醇为 1 4 .1 3± 0 .1 4μg ,胆固醇酯为 4 .77± 0 .33μg) ;后者则以胆固醇酯为主 (游离胆固醇为 5 .0 1± 0 .30 μg ,胆固醇酯为 1 0 .1 0± 0 .4 8μg)。铜氧化低密度脂蛋白可造成溶酶体组织蛋白酶L活性明显下降 (1 1 .1± 2 .3kau g比 73.2± 1 5 .0kau g ,P <0 .0 1 ) ,而次氯酸钠氧化低密度脂蛋白的作用不明显 (73.6± 9.5比 73.2± 1 5 .0 ,P >0 .0 5 )。以上结果提示 ,不同氧化产物引起溶酶体胆固醇蓄积的种类不同 ,而蛋白降解受阻可     

磷脂对高密度脂蛋白3介导大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内胆固醇流出的影响

为了研究卵磷脂和鞘磷脂对高密度脂蛋白 3介导大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内胆固醇流出的影响 ,测定了细胞内胆固醇含量、磷脂含量及游离胆固醇 -胆固醇酯平衡的变化。结果发现 ,各组细胞内胆固醇含量从 79.75 μg/皿变为 42 .79、37.16、31.5 3μg/皿 ;高密度脂蛋白 3组和卵磷脂组中卵磷脂磷含量分别为 13.95和 16 .2 8μg/皿 ;高密度脂蛋白和鞘磷脂组中鞘磷脂磷含量分别为 5 .0 3和 7.0 1μg 皿。细胞与BSA、卵磷脂、鞘磷脂单独孵育后 ,细胞内胆固醇含量分别为 75 .30、74.6 5和 73.0 9μg/皿 ,游离胆固醇 /总胆固醇比值分别为 5 9.42 %、5 6 .95 %和 6 4.77%。结果提示卵磷脂和鞘磷脂均能促进高密度脂蛋白 3介导细胞内胆固醇流出 ,后者强于前者 ,而卵磷脂和鞘磷脂单独不能促进细胞内胆固醇的流出。鞘磷脂促进细胞内胆固醇酯向游离胆固醇转化 ,卵磷脂促进细胞内游离胆固醇向胆固醇酯转化     

苦瓜蛋白对THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞的形成及三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1的影响

为研究苦瓜蛋白对泡沫细胞形成的作用及其机制 ,用离心、超滤和色谱技术从苦瓜 (MomordicacharantiaL)果肉中提取苦瓜蛋白 (Momordicin) ,THP 1细胞经 16 0nmol/LPMA孵育 2 4h ,诱导其分化成巨噬细胞 ,然后用 2 5mg/L乙酰化低密度脂蛋白孵育 4 8h ,使其泡沫化 ,以观察苦瓜蛋白对泡沫细胞形成的影响。用高效液相色谱法分析细胞内胆固醇和胆固醇酯的变化 ,用逆转录—聚合酶链反应技术检测苦瓜蛋白对三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1的影响。结果发现 ,经苦瓜蛋白作用后 ,细胞内总胆固醇及胆固醇酯均显著减少 (对照组总胆固醇为 6 34± 2 1,苦瓜蛋白处理组为 2 5 7± 2 6 ,P <0 .0 1;对照组胆固醇酯为 339± 2 1,苦瓜蛋白处理组为 93± 9,P <0 .0 1)。胆固醇酯与总胆固醇比值从对照组的 6 2 .9%下降到 36 .2 %。同时 ,细胞内三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1表达显著上调 (P <0 .0 5 )。提示苦瓜蛋白抑制THP 1单核巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞的形成可能与上调三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1有关。     

氧化型低密度脂蛋白对THP-1巨噬细胞三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1表达的影响

观察氧化型低密度脂蛋白对THP 1巨噬细胞三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1和胆固醇流出的影响。用液体闪烁计数器检测细胞内胆固醇流出 ,流式细胞术检测细胞的三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1平均荧光强度。THP 1巨噬细胞与 5 0mg L氧化型低密度脂蛋白孵育不同时间即 6、12、2 4、4 8h ,油红O染色 ,显微镜下观察 ,可见细胞内脂滴由小而少逐渐地变为大而多 ,特别到 4 8h时非常明显地增多变大。油红O染色细胞计数分别为 2 6± 3个、30± 4个、4 3± 5个、5 4± 5个。 2 4h和 4 8h时分别与 6h时比较 ,油红O染色细胞明显增多 (P <0 .0 5 )。用 5 0mg L氧化型低密度脂蛋白孵育THP 1巨噬细胞不同时间即 6、12、2 4、4 8h ,测量胆固醇流出。结果显示氧化型低密度脂蛋白对THP 1巨噬细胞胆固醇流出的影响依时间不同而有所不同 ,在 6、12、2 4、4 8h时胆固醇流出分别为 2 .2 %、2 .9%、6 .3%、7.8% ,2 4h、4 8h时分别与 6h时比较 ,胆固醇流出明显增多 (P <0 .0 5 )。氧化型低密度脂蛋白使THP 1巨噬细胞的三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1平均荧光强度从 6h时的 11.1增加到 4 8h的 32 .2。提示氧化型低密度脂蛋白可上调THP 1巨噬细胞三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1的表达并增加胆固醇流出。     

抗磷脂抗体对巨噬细胞摄取氧化型低密度脂蛋白及CD36表达的影响

为了探讨抗磷脂抗体对巨噬细胞摄入氧化型低密度脂蛋白的影响及其主要清道夫受体CD36抗原表达的调节 ,将培养的U937细胞与氧化型低密度脂蛋白 (80mg L)和抗磷脂抗体 (10 0mg L)孵育 ,用酶荧光法观察人类单核细胞株U937内脂质的变化、逆转录—聚合酶链反应和流式细胞术观察CD36抗原mRNA和蛋白水平表达的改变。结果发现氧化型低密度脂蛋白存在时细胞内胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量分别为 2 4 3± 9mg g细胞和 2 89± 12mg g细胞 ,流式细胞仪测CD36抗原为 2 5 % ,凝胶电泳分析CD36mRNA β actionmRNA为 1.0 5 ;在加入抗磷脂抗体后 ,胞浆内胆固醇和胆固醇酯明显增加 ,分别为 2 76± 10mg g细胞和 4 78± 13mg g细胞 ,流式细胞仪测CD36抗原为 37% ,凝胶电泳分析CD36mRNA β actionmRNA为 1.90 ;两组相比差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。以上提示抗磷脂抗体有促进U937细胞摄取氧化型低密度脂蛋白的作用 ,这一过程是通过在转录及蛋白水平上调CD36抗原表达而实现的     

干扰素γ影响THP-1巨噬细胞脂质蓄积的机制

目的 探讨干扰素γ(IFN-γ)影响THP-1巨噬细胞脂质蓄积的机制.方法 THP-1巨噬细胞分组如下:A组(对照组)-2 g/L BSA的无血清培养基;B组-2 g/L BSA的无血清培养基+50 μg/L IFN-γ;C组-2 g/L BSA的无血清培养基+50 μg/L IFN-γ+25 mg/L oxLDL;D组-2 g/L BSA的无血清培养基+100 μg/L IFN-γ +25 mg/L oxLDL.处理24 h后,油红O染色和高效液相色谱观察细胞内脂质蓄积,FITC免疫荧光化学染色和PepTag(R)Assay法观察蛋白激酶C(PKC)α的亚细胞定位及细胞膜PKC活性,RT-PCR分析巨噬细胞清道夫受体CD36和胆固醇酰基转移酶-1(ACAT-1)的表达.结果 IFN-γ能显著诱导THP-1巨噬细胞内脂滴的聚集与融合;A、B、C、D四组每100个细胞油红O阳性细胞数分别为(8±1)、(21±3)、(35±2)、(69±6)个,胆固醇酯/总胆固醇比值(CE/TC)分别是22.5%、40.4%、49.6%、71.2%(超过50%,形成泡沫细胞),组间比较差异有显著性(P<0.05).随着IFN-γ的加入及浓度的加大,巨噬细胞内由FITC标记的荧光强度增大,而且强荧光明显由胞浆移向胞膜,巨噬细胞PKC活性显著增强.RT-PCR半定量分析显示IFN-γ干预可下调CD36 mRNA表达而上调ACAT-1 mRNA表达.结论 IFN-γ可能是通过PKC信号途径级联放大、ACAT-1表达上调,进而促进荷载与非荷载oxLDL巨噬细胞胆固醇的摄取、合成及酯化.     

白细胞介素34对巨噬细胞泡沫化过程中细胞内胆固醇水平的影响

目的 探讨白细胞介素34(IL-34)对小鼠巨噬细胞向泡沫细胞分化过程中细胞内胆固醇水平的影响及其可能的分子机制。方法 采用小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW 246.7,并分为对照组(PBS)、处理组[氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxLDL 40μg/ml)]、低剂量组(oxLDL+IL-34 20ng/ml)、高剂量组(oxLDL+IL-34 50ng/ml),不同条件诱导培养24h,油红O染色观察泡沫细胞形成情况,比色法检测细胞内总胆固醇、胆固醇酯及游离胆固醇水平,RT-PCR和Western blot检测胆固醇酰基转移酶(ACAT-1)、中性胆固醇水解酶(nCEH)mRNA及蛋白表达。结果 处理组与低剂量组细胞内总胆固醇、胆固醇酯水平无明显差异(P0.05);与处理组比较,高剂量组细胞内红染脂滴增多,细胞内总胆固醇[(0.23±0.04)μg/μl vs(0.14±0.02)μg/μl,P0.05)]、胆固醇酯水平明显增多[(0.12±0.02)μg/μl vs(0.06±0.05)μg/μl,P0.05)],ACAT-1蛋白及mRNA表达上调(1.03±0.12 vs 0.43±0.07,P0.05),nCEH蛋白和mRNA无明显变化(P0.05)。结论 高剂量IL-34能增加巨噬细胞内胆固醇酯含量蓄积,其作用机制可能是通过上调ACAT-1促进细胞内游离胆固醇的酯化实现。     

亲环素A在巨噬细胞荷脂过程中的影响

目的观察胆固醇转运复合物中关键蛋白亲环素A在氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导的巨噬细胞荷脂过程中的表达变化及其与细胞内胆固醇蓄积的关系,进而分析亲环素A在巨噬源性泡沫细胞形成过程中的作用。方法采用75 mg/L氧化型低密度脂蛋白与RAW264.7细胞共同孵育,建立巨噬细胞荷脂化模型;Western-blot、免疫荧光法检测亲环素A蛋白的表达水平;高效液相色谱法检测细胞内胆固醇含量的变化。结果75 mg/L氧化型低密度脂蛋白与RAW264.7细胞共同孵育48 h后,亲环素A的蛋白表达逐渐减弱,48 h、72 h分别较未处理组下降了54.5%±6.3%、59.8%±5.9%(P<0.05)。间接免疫荧光定位检测发现氧化型低密度脂蛋白显著抑制RAW264.7细胞中亲环素A在胞膜、胞浆中的表达,且随着处理时间的延长作用更明显。细胞内胆固醇酯/总胆固醇的比值由未处理组的28.3%±1.2%上升至48 h的42.3%±5.9%(P均<0.05)。结论氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞泡沫化过程中,亲环素A的表达下调与细胞胆固醇蓄积密切相关。     

硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖及肝素对巨噬细胞脂质蓄积的抑制作用

用苏丹Ⅳ染色观察巨噬细胞内脂质聚积的变化；通过酶－荧光法检测巨噬细胞内胆固醇含量并检测125Ⅰ标记氧化型低密度脂蛋白降解量来反映巨噬细胞清道夫受体的活性，以探讨硫酸乙酸肝素蛋白聚糖及肝素对巨噬细胞脂质蓄积的影响及机制。结果发现，氧化型低密度脂蛋白（100mg／L）组巨噬细胞的胞浆内可见较多苏丹Ⅳ着色红染颗粒，氧化型低密度脂蛋白（100mg／L）十硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖（15．5mg／L）组0及氧化型低密度脂蛋白（100mg／L）十肝素（200mg／L）组巨噬细胞内红色颗粒明显少于氧化型低密度脂蛋白组；氧化型低密度脂蛋白十硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖组及氧化型低密度脂蛋白十肝素组巨噬细胞内总胆固醇和胆固醇酯的含量明显低于氧化型低密度脂蛋白组（P＜0．05，P＜0．01）；硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖组及肝素组125Ⅰ标记的氧化型低密度脂蛋白降解量均低于对照组。结果提示，硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖和肝素可能是通过下调清道夫受体活性减少了巨噬细胞对氧化型低密度脂蛋白的摄取而抑制脂质在巨噬细胞内的聚集和泡沫细胞的形成。     

普罗布考对巨噬细胞分泌基质金属蛋白酶9的抑制作用

通过观察普罗布考对THP 1细胞基质金属蛋白酶 9表达的影响 ,初步探讨普罗布考稳定斑块的分子机制。运用逆转录聚合酶链反应、免疫印迹、明胶酶图等方法 ,检测氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导后的人单核细胞 巨噬细胞系THP 1细胞基质金属蛋白酶 9mRNA表达、蛋白分泌和酶活性。实验发现 ,在氧化型低密度脂蛋白 (80mg L)刺激下 ,THP 1细胞基质金属蛋白酶 9的表达和酶活性明显增强 ;予普罗布考 2 0、4 0、6 0 μmol L处理 ,均能在对细胞活性无影响的前提下 ,显著抑制基质金属蛋白酶 9的蛋白分泌量及明胶降解活性 ,且这种作用呈浓度依赖性增强 ,其中 6 0 μmol L的普罗布考抑制基质金属蛋白酶 9的蛋白分泌和明胶降解活性分别达 74 .0 %± 2 .4 %和 4 8.0 %±5 .1% (P <0 .0 5 )。实验结果说明 ,普罗布考能有效抑制巨噬细胞的基质金属蛋白酶 9的蛋白分泌及其活性 ,这一作用可能是其抗动脉粥样硬化和稳定斑块的重要机制之一。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.