肩胛带区骨肿瘤的保肢治疗

目的探讨肩胛带区骨肿瘤的保肢手术方法及相关的临床效果。方法35例肩胛带骨肿瘤患者,男24例,女11例,平均年龄34岁(12～74岁)。肿瘤部位:肱骨上段21例,肩胛骨12例,锁骨2例;肿瘤类型:骨肉瘤10例,软骨肉瘤7例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤3例,尤文肉瘤3例,纤维肉瘤1例,骨髓瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤7例,转移瘤3例。按照Malawer等提出的手术分类方法进行分类。保肢手术方法:肿瘤假体置换8例,瘤段骨灭活回植4例,异体骨关节移植3例,自体腓骨移植2例,髓针骨水泥假体置换1例,Tikhoff-Linberg手术3例,瘤段肢体切除、上肢短缩再植2例,全肩胛骨或关节盂切除、肱骨头悬吊4例,部分肩胛骨切除6例,锁骨瘤段切除2例,其中16例作了化疗。结果本组患者平均随访71个月(6～186个月),局部复发4例,远处转移6例,死亡9例,无瘤存活22例。按MSTS上肢功能评分标准,35例患者上肢功能评分平均为77%(40%～100%),上肢功能与手术切除范围密切相关。并发症:切口感染裂开4例,移植骨骨折2例,暂时性桡神经麻痹2例,肩关节半脱位3例。结论肩胛带区骨肿瘤的治疗应根据患者情况、肿瘤类型及侵袭范围等因素决定切除范围并选择应用肿瘤假体置换、自体或异体骨关节移植、瘤段骨骨灭活回植及Tikhoff-Linberg手术等重建方法,可以达到控制肿瘤、稳定无痛的肩关节重建和保留良好的肘部与手部功能的目的。     

肱骨近端恶性肿瘤的保肢治疗

目的 探讨肱骨近端恶性肿瘤切除术后的重建方法。方法 36例肱骨近端恶性肿瘤,其中骨肉瘤 11例、软骨肉瘤 6例、皮质旁骨肉瘤及纤维肉瘤各 3例、原始神经外胚层瘤及恶性纤维组织细胞瘤各 2例、转移性骨肿瘤 5例、恶性骨巨细胞瘤 4例。骨肉瘤、原始神经外胚层瘤与恶性纤维组织细胞瘤患者均接受了新辅助化疗。肿瘤关节内切除 33例,关节外切除 3例。 21例采用异体半关节移植, 4例采用人工假体置换, 6例行游离锁骨移植, 5例行带骨膜血管蒂锁骨移植。结果 随访 6～ 118个月,平均 62.7个月。死亡 11例,局部复发 3例。按 Enneking功能评价标准, 21例采用异体半关节移植的患者,平均得分 24分; 4例人工假体置换的患者,平均得分 26分; 11例采用同侧锁骨重建肱骨近端的患者,平均得分 23分。结论 肱骨近端恶性肿瘤保肢手术的重建以人工假体置换和异体半关节移植为首选,儿童的保肢可选用同侧锁骨移植。保肢术后的功能与肩袖和肩外展肌的修复密切相关。     

肿瘤型肱骨近端假体重建肩关节的临床效果

目的探讨肱骨近端骨肿瘤切除后人工假体重建肩关节的功能的临床效果。方法对18例肱骨近端骨肿瘤患者采用肿瘤型肱骨近端假体重建肩关节,肿瘤类型:骨肉瘤6例,软骨肉瘤4例,浆细胞瘤1例,恶性骨巨细胞瘤4例,转移癌3例。骨肉瘤、浆细胞瘤患者手术前后均接受化疗。术后6个月采用MSTS功能评分系统评价术后肩关节功能。结果 1例失访,17例获随访,时间10~96(52.8±8.4)个月。死亡4例,复发1例,肩关节半脱位2例。肩关节MSTS功能评分为9~27(18.6±3.5)分,其中优8例,良5例,中2例,差2例,优良率13/17。结论应用肿瘤型肱骨近端假体治疗肱骨上段肿瘤能降低术后并发症,需注意肩袖和外展装置的修复,大多数保肢患者肩关节功能恢复满意。     

肱骨骨肉瘤的治疗结果评价

目的 回顾以往行肱骨上段肿瘤切除、人工假体置换手术的病例,评价术后功能及并发症.方法 36例肱骨骨肉瘤病例实施保肢治疗,其中33例患者接受关节内肿瘤切除(Malawer Ⅰ型)、人工假体置换手术;3例患者接受关节外肿瘤切除(Malawer Ⅴ型)、人工假体置换手术.结果 36例患者术后的中位随访期限为3年半(1～9年).并发症:2例非骨水泥固定的患者于术后2～3年出现了假体的松动、旋转,由于功能尚可而没有进行翻修手术;1名患者于假体柄部出现骨折,经外固定后愈合.肿瘤的局部控制:4例(10.8%)在术后半年～2年内因局部复发而接受肩胛带离断手术,1例术后1年发生骨转移,6例出现肺转移.7例(19.4%)出现转移的患者中6例死亡,1例带瘤生存.33例实施关节内肿瘤切除(Malawer Ⅰ型)、人工假体置换手术的患者,术后3个月后肩外展30°～60°,MSTS功能评分平均约23分.3例肱骨近端肿瘤关节外切除(Malawer Ⅴ型)、人工假体置换手术的患者,术后MSTS功能评分平均在20分左右.结论 肱骨近端肿瘤切除后人工假体置换可以保留完好的肘关节和手部的功能,并发症较少.肱骨近端高度恶性肿瘤行关节内肿瘤切除后局部复发率并没有明显增高,提示对多数肱骨近端恶性肿瘤可以进行关节内切除.     

旋转铰链型人工膝关节置换在胫骨近端侵袭性骨肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的探讨应用旋转铰链型人工膝关节置换治疗胫骨近端原发侵袭性骨肿瘤的临床效果。方法胫骨近端原发侵袭性骨肿瘤患者30例,男17例,女13例,平均年龄28．5岁;其中骨肉瘤20例,软骨肉瘤3例,Ⅱ-Ⅲ级骨巨细胞瘤7例。对胫骨近端肿瘤进行广泛切除或根治性切除后,采用旋转铰链型人工膝关节置换重建;对骨肉瘤同时采用新辅助化疗治疗。结果30例患者平均随访4．2年。其中22例患者无局部复发或远处转移迹象,8例出现复发;术后4年MSTS功能评分提示70％的患者的各项评估在3分以上。结论对胫骨近端侵袭性骨肿瘤采用旋转铰链型膝关节置换治疗是有效的保肢方法。     

人工关节在骨肿瘤保肢治疗中的应用

目的 探讨人工假体在骨肿瘤保肢术中的应用价值。方法 分析５０例骨肿瘤患进行人工假体置换术后的效果。生存情况、功能、并发症及处理。肿瘤类型：恶性肿瘤２２例,其中骨肉瘤１１便,软骨痤瘤５例,恶性纤维组织细胞２例,恶性骨母细胞瘤、腺太肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、骨巨细胞肉瘤各１例;良性肿瘤２８例,其中骨巨细胞瘤２７例,良性纤维组织细胞瘤１例。肿瘤部位：股骨远端２４例,股骨近端７例,股骨干２例,股骨近端７例,肱骨     

肱骨近端骨肉瘤的保肢治疗

[目的]对肱骨近端骨肉瘤病例的临床及影像资料进行回顾性分析,总结保肢治疗效果,以及局部复发与切除范围和影像评估的关系.[方法]对38例肱骨近端骨肉瘤患者进行新辅助化疗及保肢治疗,平均随访43.2个月.其中5例接受关节外切除,33例接受关节内切除;重建方法包括定制型肱骨近端假体置换31例、人工假体异体骨复合物4例、骨水泥临时假体1例,2例自体骨移植.分析关节内切除病例的影像资料,以判断肩胛盂及三角肌是否可能受到侵犯.[结果]5例(13.2%)患者发生局部复发.关节外切除的复发率为20%(1/5),关节内切除为12.1%(4/33).在接受关节内切除的患者中,7例影像评估显示肩胛盂及三角肌受侵犯,其中4例局部复发.患者总体5年生存率为56.4%,无瘤生存率为40.5%.并发症包括2例自体移植骨骨折,1例上肢动脉栓塞合并桡神经损伤,4例关节内切除人工假体重建的患者出现肩关节不稳定,总体并发症发生率18.4%(7/38).MSTS上肢功能评分平均22.7分(75.6%).关节外切除患者肩部主动外展活动均未能超过30°,关节内切除患者为平均45°.[结论]对影像检查没有肩胛盂或三角肌侵犯的肱骨近端骨肉瘤病例进行关节内切除,可获得较好的肿瘤学和功能结果.肱骨近端人工假体重建的并发症发生率低,较好的维持了上肢和手部的功能.     

上肢骨肿瘤切除后的自体骨移植重建

目的探讨应用自体骨移植对上肢骨肿瘤切除后的骨缺损修复重建的效果。方法1998年8月～2004年3月，收治上肢骨肿瘤切除后的骨缺损16例。男8例，女8例。年龄7～45岁。经病理确诊，肱骨近端尤文肉瘤和骨肉瘤各1例；肱骨远端尤文肉瘤2例；桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤8例，高分化软骨肉瘤2例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤和骨肉瘤各1例。2例肱骨近端肿瘤行自体锁骨代肱骨；2例肱骨远端肿瘤行自体腓骨代肱骨；12例桡骨远端肿瘤中，1例行自体髂骨移植，11例行自体腓骨代桡骨进行重建。采用MSTS系统进行术后功能评价。结果2例肱骨近端自体锁骨移植患者分别随访36个月和12个月，术后保持部分肩关节前屈和后伸功能，但外展功能丧失；MSTS评分分别为23分和22分。2例肱骨远端自体腓骨移植患者分别随访4个月和6个月，肘关节功能良好，移植骨连接处已经出现骨愈合；MSTS功能评分分别为24分和19分。12例桡骨远端自体骨移植患者中11例随访6～75个月，功能良好，无明显并发症；1例髂骨植骨的桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤术后3个月移植骨完全愈合，至今随访75个月，肿瘤无复发。MSTS功能评分18~27分，平均22．6分。结论自体骨移植在上肢骨肿瘤切除后骨缺损的重建，尤其是儿童的骨缺损重建中，是一种较好的方法。     

定制人工假体置换治疗近关节部位骨巨细胞瘤

目的评价定制人工假体置换治疗近关节部位骨巨细胞瘤的疗效。方法对近关节部位骨巨细胞瘤42例行瘤段切除、定制人工假体置换治疗。其中37例行旋转铰链型人工膝关节假体置换,3例行人工肱骨头置换,2例行加长柄双动性股骨头置换。结果 42例患者均获随访,时间12~96个月,无局部复发或远处转移。术后6个月MSTS评分为16~28(24.0±2.34)分,肢体功能优31例,良8例,中3例,优良率为92.8%。结论定制人工假体置换是治疗近关节部位骨巨细胞瘤的有效方法,能减少局部复发,提高临床效果。     

累及腓骨的胫骨近端恶性肿瘤的保肢治疗

 目的 回顾性分析累及腓骨的胫骨近端恶性肿瘤患者病历资料,探讨其保肢技术,总结肿瘤学结果、并发症及功能情况。方法 自1998年11月至2010年2月,共有32例胫骨近端恶性肿瘤累及腓骨的患者接受保肢治疗,男21例,女11例;年龄10~66岁,平均23.4岁。骨肉瘤23例,软骨肉瘤5例,恶性骨巨细胞瘤1例,软组织肉瘤3例。全部病例接受包括腓骨上段在内的肿瘤整块切除,术中结扎并切断胫前血管14例,修补胫后血管1例,结扎并切断胫前血管并修补胫后血管2例、置换3例。切除腓总神经4例,腓深神经5例。采用关节假体置换24例,瘤段骨灭活再植假体复合置换5例,瘤段骨灭活再植3例。软组织覆盖采用腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移14例、外侧头肌瓣转移1例。结果 随访时间11~159个月,平均39.4个月。6例(18.8%)患者出现肿瘤局部复发。患者总体5年生存率 51.2%,14例死于肿瘤转移、2例带瘤生存、16例无瘤生存。15例(46.9%)发生各种并发症22例次,术后血管危象致患肢缺血4例,腓总神经麻痹12例,伤口表浅感染或积液4例,深部感染1例,假体周围骨折1例。国际骨肿瘤协会(Musculoskeletal Tumor Society, MSTS 93)评分平均21.6分(72%)。结论 胫骨近端恶性肿瘤累及上胫腓关节或腓骨时,应严格掌握适应证、仔细操作,以期获得足够的外科边界。尽管有一定的并发症发生,但是多数患者可以获得较好的术后功能。     

Tikhoff-Linberg procedure for bone and soft tissue tumors of the shoulder girdle

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate complications and the oncological and intermediate-term functional results in patients with bone and soft tissue tumors of the shoulder girdle who were managed with interscapulothoracic resection (Tikhoff-Linberg procedure). DESIGN: Case series of 19 consecutive patients during a 10-year period at a mean follow-up of 6.3 years (range, 1-11 years). SETTING: University hospital; referral center for musculoskeletal tumor surgery. PATIENTS: The initial diagnosis in this consecutive series of patients with shoulder girdle tumors requiring the Tikhoff-Linberg procedure was chondrosarcoma in 7 patients, Ewing sarcoma in 3 patients, malignant fibrous histiocytoma in 3 patients, solitary metastasis of thyroid carcinoma in 2 patients, osteosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma, ancd neurofibrosarcoma in 1 patient each. According to the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society staging system, there were 6 in surgical stage IB, 10 in stage IIB, and 3 in stage III. Nine tumors involved the proximal humerus, 8 were located in the scapula or surrounding soft tissues, 1 in the lateral clavicle, and 1 in the acromioclavicular joint. INTERVENTIONS: For reconstruction of the proximal humerus after en bloc tumor resection an isoelastic cemented shoulder tumor prosthesis was inserted in every patient to restore arm length. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Complications, and oncological and intermediate-term functional results. RESULTS: Twelve patients were alive with no evidence of disease. One of these patients died of nontumorous disease 2 years after surgery. One patient is alive with pulmonary metastases after 12 months. Six patients died of metastases at a mean (SD) interval of 18 months (range, 3-35 months) postoperatively. Two of these patients had additional local recurrence. A deep infection necessitated the explantation of the prosthesis in 1 patient. The mean functional score and SD according to the rating system of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society was 72%+/-14% (range, 33%-87%) for the 12 surviving patients evaluated. Major complications (1 infection and 2 local recurrences) that may be attributed to the procedure occurred in 3 of the 19 patients. CONCLUSION: Despite an overall complication rate of 74% the Tikhoff-Linberg procedure proved to be a valuable surgical procedure for extended tumors of the shoulder girdle for functional and oncological outcome and is superior to forequarter amputation.     

无内固定自体腓骨移植修复肱骨近端肿瘤性骨缺损

目的 探讨无内固定自体腓骨对肱骨近端肿瘤切除后骨缺损的修复重建方法。方法 1991年6月～2003年12月对26例肱骨近端骨肿瘤患者行病灶囊内刮除或瘤段切除，患者年龄6～41岁。其中骨巨细胞瘤5例，骨囊肿9例，骨纤维结构不良8例，内生软骨瘤4例。采用肱骨近端肿瘤病灶刮除自体腓骨支撑内固定15例，肱骨近端瘤段切除自体腓骨重建肩关节11例。根据手术类型和肿瘤切除后骨缺损的大小，用不带血管蒂的自体近端腓骨3～10cm（平均6cm），移植重建肩关节或联合异体骨填充骨缺损。结果 26例术后经1～12年，平均3．4年随访，2例术后2年内出现肿瘤原位复发，二期行截肢术，其中1例肺转移死亡。15例保留肱骨肩关节面，腓骨支撑填充骨缺损，术后肩关节外观及功能恢复良好，其中3例患儿术后3周肩关节恢复正常活动。11例瘤段切除后近段腓骨修复重建肩关节，术后肩关节保留部分功能。结论 无内固定不带血管的自体腓骨移植对肱骨近端肿瘤切除后的骨缺损是一种有效的修复方法。     

定制型肱骨近端假体结合人工补片重建肩关节的疗效分析

目的 探讨肱骨近端骨肿瘤保肢术中使用人工补片重建盂肱关节囊的手术方法及其对稳定肩关节、预防术后肱骨头脱位的效果.方法 2006年2月至2009年1月,回顾性分析接受定制型肱骨近端假体结合聚丙烯非降解性人工补片重建肩关节的患者12例,男7例,女5例;年龄21～55岁,平均38岁.肿瘤类型:骨巨细胞瘤9例,骨肉瘤1例,软骨肉瘤2例.9例骨巨细胞瘤患者中3例为Campanacci Ⅱ期,6例为Campanacci Ⅲ期;1例骨肉瘤患者为Enneking ⅡB期;2例软骨肉瘤患者均为Enneking Ⅱ A期.采用国际骨与软组织肿瘤协会(MSTS)功能评估标准评价术后肩关节功能.结果 患者均获得随访,随访时间24～52个月,平均35个月.手术出血量150～500 ml,平均254 ml;手术时间150～200 min,平均172 min.术后患者肩关节前屈20°～60°,平均41°;外展20°～70°,平均42°.MSTS评分为53%～77%,平均66%.术后无一例患者出现臂丛损伤、切口感染及假体脱位;随访期间无一例患者出现局部复发、远处转移或死亡.结论 使用聚丙烯非降解性人工补片重建盂肱关节囊可显著减少肱骨近端骨肿瘤保肢术后肱骨头假体脱位的发生,便于周围软组织的附着和长入.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the surgical technique,postoperative function and dislocation incidence of proximal humerus reconstruction with metallic endoprostheses and polypropylene knitted nonabsorbable mesh after proximal humeral tumor resection.Methods Twenty patients with proximal humeral tumor were retrospectively reviewed.They were performed proximal humerus reconstruction with proximal humeral prosthesis and polypropylene knitted non-absorbable mesh from February 2006 to January 2009.There were 5 women and 7 men with a mean age of 38 years(range,21-55 years)at the time of surgery,and giant cell tumor in 9 patients(including Campanacci Ⅱ for 3,Campanacci Ⅲ for 6),osteosarcoma in 1(Enneking ⅡB).and chondrosarcoma in 2 (Enneking ⅡA).The operative time,blood loss,and shoulder movement postoperation were analysed.According to the assessment system by MSTS,the function of limb after surgery was assessed.Results Patients were followed clinically and radiographically for a minimum of 24 months (mean,35 months;range,24-52 months).The mean operative time was 172 min(range,150-200min).The mean blood loss was 254 ml (range,150-500 ml).There were no shoulder dislocations at final follow-up.The mean shoulder flexion was 41°(range,20°-60°)and mean shoulder abduction was 42°(range,20°-70°).The mean postoperative functional assessment score of the limb was 66%(range,53%-77%).None of the Datients had a wound infection,traction neuropraxia or died after the surgical procedure.Conclnsion The data suggests that the use of a polypropylene knitted non-absorbable mesh for proximal humerus reconstruction may reduce dislocations and facilitate soft tissue attachment after tumor resection.     

Limb salvage for malignant bone and soft-tissue tumours of the shoulder girdle

We treated 15 patients with malignant bone and soft-tissue tumours of the shoulder girdle using limb salvage operations involving resection of the proximal humerus, scapula and clavicle. The oncological and functional outcomes were evaluated in all patients after an average of 5 (1-13) years. Oncological evaluation revealed that in 11 patients with adequate surgical margins six were continuously disease free and two had no evidence of disease. Three patients with marginal surgical margins had all died. We suggest that only where adequate surgical margins can be obtained should operations be performed. Forequarter amputation is still indicated in patients with complicated neurovascular involvement. Functional evaluation showed that scapular resections, especially glenoid resections, provided poor results (mean score 54%) in comparison with patients without such resection (mean score 82%).     

Limb-sparing resections of the shoulder girdle

BACKGROUND: Limb-sparing surgeries around the shoulder girdle pose a surgical difficulty, because tumors arising in this location are frequently large at presentation, are juxtaposed to the neurovascular bundle, require en bloc resection of proportionally large amounts of bone and soft tissues, and necessitate complex resection and reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Between 1980 and 1997, we treated 134 patients who presented with 110 primary malignant, 12 metastatic, and 12 benign aggressive bone and soft tissue tumors of the shoulder girdle and subsequently underwent a limb-sparing resection. Reconstruction of the bone defect included 92 proximal humerus and 9 scapular prostheses. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. We summarize the principles of limb-sparing resections of the shoulder girdle, with emphasis on the surgical anatomy of the shoulder girdle, principles of resection and reconstruction, and functional outcomes. RESULTS: Function was estimated to be good or excellent in 101 patients (75.4%), moderate in 23 patients (17.1%), and poor in 10 patients (7.5%). Complications included 13 transient nerve palsies, 2 deep wound infections, and 1 prosthetic loosening. Local tumor recurrence occurred in 5 of 103 (4.9%) patients with primary sarcomas of the shoulder girdle. CONCLUSIONS: Detailed preoperative evaluation and surgical planning are essential for performing a limb-sparing resection around the shoulder girdle. Local tumor control, associated with good functional outcomes, is achieved in the majority of patients.     

肩胛带S2区恶性肿瘤保肢术的疗效评价

目的 评估肩胛带S2区恶性肿瘤保肢术后的疗效.方法 2005年1月至2009年1月,17例肩胛带S2区恶性骨肿瘤患者行保肢术,男13例,女4例;年龄14～55岁,平均32.6岁;软骨肉瘤6例,骨肉瘤4例,纤维肉瘤、骨髓瘤、Ewing肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、恶性骨巨细胞瘤、复发的软骨肉瘤各1例.Enneking分期:Ⅰ B期4例,ⅡB期13例.按国际骨与软组织肿瘤协会(MSTS)肩胛带分区标准,11例累及S2区和外1/3 S1区,6例累及S2区和S1区.肩袖均不同程度受累,肩关节囊受累8例.14例行新辅助化疗.8例瘤体范围较广或肩关节囊受累者行人工全肩胛骨置换术,9例瘤体范围较小或肩关节囊可保留者行肩胛骨次全切除、异体肩胛骨重建、肩关节囊及肩袖修复术.结果 随访16～62个月,平均35.1个月.9例患者出现并发症,其中发生异体骨排斥反应和异体骨吸收1例,异体骨排斥反应1例,假体肩峰外露3例,异体骨吸收4例.局部复发1例,死亡3例,死亡原因均为术后肿瘤广泛转移.MSTS功能评分53.3%～93.3%,平均74.1%.结论 在肩胛带S2区保肢手术中,将肿瘤完整切除与功能重建行个体化平衡,可获得较满意的肿瘤学疗效及稳定、美观、功能良好的肩关节.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate and discuss the limb salvage strategies of malignant bone tumors in region S2 of shoulder girdle.Methods The data of 17 patients(13 males and 4 females)were retrospectivelv analyzed.All of them had malignant scapular tumor at least in region S2,and underwent limb salvage between January 2005 and January 2009.They aged from 14 to 55 years old(mean,32.6 years).The histologic types of them were chondrosarcoma in 6 patients,osteosarcoma in 4,fibrosareoma in 1,myeloma in 1,Ewing's sarcoma in 1,rhabdomyosarcoma in 1,non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 1,malignant giant cell tumor of bone in 1 and recurrent chondrosarcoma in 1.The tumors were staged according to Enneking surgical staging system:IB in 4 and IIB in 13.According to the MSTS classification system,the region S2 and lateral 1/3 of region S1 were effected in 11 cases,the region S2 and large part of region S1 were effected in 6 cases.The rotator cuff was involved to some extent in all patients,and the articular capsule were involved in 8 cases.Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 14 patients.The surgical strategies were depended on the range of tumor and preservation of articular capsule.The scapular prosthetic replacement was done in 8 cases with a relatively large range of tumor or resection of articular capsule,otherwise the scapular allograft replacement was done.Among the 11 cases with region S2 and lateral 1/3 of region S1 effected,the scapular allograft replacement was done in 9 cases with articular capsule preserved and the prosthetic replacement was done in 2 cases with articular capsule resected.And the prosthetic replacement was done in the other 6 cases.The articular capsule and partial rotator cuff were preserved and reconstructed preferentially.Results All patients were followed up 16-62 months (mean,35.1 months).Postoperative complications were noted in 9 patients, including mild allograft rejection and mild allograft resorption in 1 patient,allograft rejection in 1,prosthetic acromion exposure in 3,allograft resorption in 4.Local recurrence were noted in 1 patients.Three patients were dead because of extensive metastasis.The average function scores were 74.1%(range,53.3%-93.3%).Conclusion During the limb salvage surgery.it's very important to guarantee the en bloc resection of the tumor.In the meanwhile,the en bloc resection and functional reconstruction should be well balanced.     

自制人工肱骨头在肱骨上端骨肿瘤中的应用

为治疗肱骨上端骨肿瘤，保留大部分肩关节功能，采用自制的人工肱骨头置换术治疗１４例。所用材质为牙托粉、尼龙－６、高分子聚乙烯。其中治疗骨巨细胞瘤４例，滑膜肉瘤２例，骨囊肿、骨软骨瘤、骨母细胞瘤、骨纤维肉瘤、皮质旁骨肉瘤、软骨肉瘤、成骨肉瘤及恶性骨巨细胞瘤各１例。肱骨上端１３例，肱骨头１例。术后经１～１６年随访，优良率达８６％，远期观察肩关节功能满意。     

肱骨近端Ⅱ-Ⅲ级骨巨细胞瘤保肢手术与康复训练7例

目的：探讨瘤段扩大切除加人工假体置换术及围手术期的康复治疗对肱骨近端骨巨细胞瘤的保肢、关节功能恢复的效果。方法：自2007年3月到2010年3月,共收治肱骨近端Ⅱ-Ⅲ级骨巨细胞瘤7例,男3例,女4例,平均年龄34.6岁（18～49岁）,平均病程19个月（6～35个月）。7例术前均经病理检查及X线证实为肱骨近端骨巨细胞瘤。临床表现为进行加重的肩部疼痛,体检臂近端肿胀、压痛明显,肩关节活动障碍。所有病例采用瘤段扩大切除后以定制的人工假体置换,围手术期辅以康复训练。采用CMS评分及OSIS评分评价患肩功能与患肩稳定性。结果：7例均获随访,时间14～35个月,平均17个月。术后随访无重大并发症发生,无复发病例。术后1年7例患肩CMS评分平均为70.7分（63～82分）,OSIS评分平均25.1分（18～29分）。肩关节功能优2例,良5例;肩关节稳定性优1例,良6例。结论：瘤段扩大切除加人工假体置换术辅以围手术期功能训练治疗肱骨近端Ⅱ-Ⅲ级骨巨细胞瘤疗效确切,达到切除肿瘤与保肢目的。     

Malignant bone and soft tissue tumors of the shoulder girdle a retrospective analysis of 30 operated cases

From 1988 to 1995, 30 patients (16 men) with malignant bone (n 23) and soft tissue (n 7) tumors of the shoulder girdle underwent surgery in our department. The mean age was 34 (6-80) years. 26 patients had primary and 4 had metastatic lesions. The average follow-up period was 3 (2-8) years, at the end of which 18 patients showed no evidence of disease, 2 were alive with disease, and 10 had died (9 because of tumor).

25 of the operations were limb-sparing procedures, while the other 5 were major amputations. Radical resection was performed in 4 patients, wide resection in 25 and marginal resection in 1. Local recurrence was observed in 2 patients.

10 patients with stage IIB tumors of the proximal humerus underwent extraarticular humeral and glenoid resection. Reconstruction was performed with either a modular or an improvised implant. Following surgery, those patients had a concave contour of the shoulder and poor abduction ability. Overall functional outcome was good in 18 patients, moderate in 11 and poor in 1. No correlation was found between functional outcome and reconstruction technique.     

Proximal humeral reconstruction using nail cement spacer in primary and metastatic tumours of proximal humerus

Limb salvage surgery for malignant tumours of proximal humerus is an operative challenge, where the surgeon has to preserve elbow and hand functions and retain shoulder stability with as much function as possible. We treated 14 consecutive patients with primary malignant or isolated metastasis of proximal humerus with surgical resection and reconstruction by nail cement spacer. There were 8 females and 6 males, with a mean age of 28.92 years (range 16–51 years) and a mean follow-up of 30.14 months (range 12–52 months). The diagnosis was osteosarcoma in 8 patients, chondrosarcoma in 4 patients and metastasis from thyroid and breast carcinoma in 1 patient each. One of our patients had radial nerve neuropraxia, 1 developed inferior subluxation and 3 developed distant metastasis. Two patients died of disease and one developed local recurrence leading to forequarter amputation, leaving a total of 11 patients with functional extremities for assessment at the time of final follow-up which was done using the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) score. Though we were able to preserve the elbow, wrist and hand functions in all patients, the abductor mechanism, deltoid muscle and axillary nerve were not salvageable in any of cases. The mean MSTS score at the time of final follow-up was 19.09. Thus, proximal humeral reconstruction using nail cement spacer is a technical simple, cost-effective and reproducible procedure which makes it a reliable option in subset of patients where the functions around the shoulder cannot be preserved despite costlier prosthesis.