选择性脑灌注对深低温停循环下的脑保护作用

目的总结并分析39例急性DeBakey Ⅰ型主动脉夹层患者在深低温停循环期间选择性脑灌注对脑保护的效果。方法经右锁骨下动脉或升主动脉插灌注管，右心房插引流管建立体外循环。全身降温至鼻咽温28℃时阻断并切开升主动脉，左、右冠状动脉开口灌注冷血心脏停跳液15—20ml／kg，完成近心端处理。鼻咽温18℃，肛温20℃时停体外循环，头部戴冰帽，取20°-30°头低位，阻断主动脉弓三大分支，右锁骨下动脉脑灌注5例，无名动脉和左颈总动脉插管脑灌注34例，灌注流量5—8ml／（kg·min）。结果体外循环转流时间206～256min，平均（230±30）min；主动脉阻断时间95—155min，平均（118±23）min；选择性脑保护灌注时间39—59min，平均（53±14）min。手术死亡3例（7．69％）。一过性精神障碍2例（5．13％）。结论选择性脑灌注能显著降低深低温停循环手术的脑部并发症，有助于改善DeBakey Ⅰ型主动脉夹层患者的手术预后。     

改良双侧脑灌注在DeBakey Ⅰ型急性主动脉夹层手术中的应用

目的 研究改良双侧脑灌注在DeBakeyⅠ型急性主动脉夹层手术中应用的价值.方法 14例DeBakeyⅠ型急性主动脉夹层患者在深低温停循环下行手术治疗.术中采用主动脉弓腔内直视下行头臂干和左颈总动脉插管的改良双侧脑灌注技术进行脑保护.结果 全组体外循环190～325min,平均(241.78±31.74)min,心肌阻断时间71～133min,平均(104.36±17.07)min,脑灌注时间32～70min,平均(53.50±9.25)min.全组患者仅1例出现短暂性脑神经功能异常,无脑梗塞,脑出血等其他中枢神经系统损伤.结论 DeBakeyⅠ型急性主动脉夹层手术中,采用经主动脉弓腔内直视下行头臂干和左颈总动脉插管的改良双侧脑灌注技术进行脑保护,其方法 简便、安全、有效.     

单纯无名动脉灌注的主动脉弓置换术21例

目的 探讨主动脉弓置换术中使用单纯无名动脉灌注进行脑保护的安全性和有效性.方法 2004年1月至2007年7月,2l例主动脉弓置换者使用单纯无名动脉灌注技术进行脑保护,男19例,女2例;年龄29-72岁,平均(46.5±11.4)岁.A型(Stanford分型)主动脉夹层19例,其中7例合并主动脉瓣关闭不全;升主动脉及主动脉弓真性动脉瘤伴降主动脉受累2例.所有病例均在深低温、使用单纯无名动脉选择性脑灌注下进行升主动脉、主动脉弓置换+降主动脉覆膜支架置入术.同时行Benlall手术6例,David手术1例.结果 升主动脉阻断(109.6.4-29.6)min;体外循环(186.7±56.2)min;最低鼻咽温(19.O±3.3)℃;选择性脑灌注时间(38.3.4-11.5)Ⅲ.m,流量每分钟(6.8±2.6)ml,l‘g.术后无中枢神经系统并发症.呼吸机辅助(38.6±29.O)h.1例因低心排输出量综合征于术后第5 d死亡.术后随访2-45个月,平均(24.0±12.5)个月,无死亡及心脑血管意外发生.结论 深低温、单纯无名动脉选择性脑灌注下行主动脉弓置换是安全、有效的.     

不同体、脑灌注方式对StanfordA型主动脉夹层患者的脑保护研究

摘要：目的探讨不同的体、脑灌注方式对StanfordA型主动脉夹层患者脑保护的影响。方法回顾性分析哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院2007年4月至2012年3月117例StanfordA型主动脉夹层手术患者的临床资料,依据不同的体、脑灌注方式将患者分为3组,组1：45例,股动脉插管行体循环灌注＋停循环后单侧或双侧顺行性脑灌注组;组2：38例,锁骨下动脉或无名动脉插管行体循环灌注和单侧顺行性脑灌注或双侧顺行性脑灌注组;组3：34例,锁骨下动脉或无名动脉插管＋股动脉插管行顺逆结合体循环灌注和单侧顺行性脑灌注或双侧顺行性脑灌注组。对比分析术后短暂性神经系统功能障碍（transientneurologicaldysfunction,TND）、永久性神经系统功能障碍（permanentneurologicaldysfunction,PND）的发生情况以及影响因素。结果组1脑部并发症发生率高于组2、组3（37．77％vs．13．16％vs．14．71％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;组3体外循环的降温速度比组1、组2快（35．56±4．35VS．40．00±5．63、39．58_＋6．03）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;其他指标各组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05o结论顺行性、逆行结合的体外循环灌注方法联合顺行性脑灌注降温速度均匀快速,可能具有良好的脊髓、肾脏、腹腔器官的保护作用,特别是降低脑部并发症方面证明其是目前最佳的器官保护方法。     

婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的外科治疗

目的 探讨婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的外科治疗经验.方法 2000年1月至2006年12月,84例主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形患儿接受了外科手术治疗,手术年龄1个月～3岁(平均13.5个月),体重3.3～15.0 kg(平均7.3 kg).12例合并复杂心内畸形,72例合并室间隔缺损和其他简单心内畸形,23例伴有主动脉弓发育不良.一期手术62例,49例正中开胸同时矫治主动脉缩窄和心内畸形,13例左侧开胸矫治主动脉缩窄,正中开胸修补心内畸形;分期手术22例.主动脉缩窄的手术方式包括补片成形42例,切除端端吻合30例,锁骨下动脉翻转6例,血管旁路3例,球囊扩张1例.在49例正中切口一期手术中,43例应用选择性脑灌注加下半身停循环,4例应用全身低流量灌注,2例应用深低温停循环.结果 围手术期死亡8例,死亡率9.5%,其中3例为术前漏诊主动脉缩窄.结论 婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的外科治疗可获得良好的近期疗效,绝大部分患儿可采取正中切口一期手术.选择性脑灌注和下半身停循环可以有效地保护脑和重要脏器.     

降主动脉-升主动脉吻合术矫治婴儿期主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形15例

目的探讨降主动脉-升主动脉吻合术治疗婴儿期主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良及心内畸形的疗效。方法选取2011-05—2015-05间治疗的主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良、心内畸形的患儿15例。患儿均采用胸骨正中切口、开胸后先游离出主动脉弓、头臂干、动脉导管、弓降部等血管。建立体外循环、选择性脑灌注下行降主动脉-升主动脉端侧吻合术,恢复全身灌注后完成心内畸形的矫治。体外循环时间86~132 min,主动脉阻断时间51~94 min。结果术后早期死亡2例,低心排出量综合征6例,室上性心动过速6例,肺炎7例。13例患儿随访2个月~3 a,无死亡及再次主动脉狭窄。结论降主动脉-升主动脉吻合术治疗婴儿期主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良及心内畸形的临床效果满意。     

经腋动脉右锁骨下动脉插管和选择性脑灌注技术的应用

目的　介绍经腋动脉右锁骨下动脉插管技术及其体外循环要点。　方法　经腋动脉右锁骨下动脉插管和在深低温停循环下行持续选择性脑灌注技术治疗累及主动脉弓的心血管疾病患者７０ 例。　结果　应用该技术手术治疗累及主动脉弓的心血管疾病７０ 例中,脑部低流量灌注时间最长达８１ 分钟,平均２８ ．０６ ±２１ ．０７ 分钟,术后患者６ 小时内全部清醒,无神经系统并发症。　结论　经腋动脉右锁骨下动脉插管在停循环期间持续选择性脑灌注方法对脑保护简便、安全、有效。     

主动脉弓部手术75例

目的 总结主动脉弓部手术的方法和临床经验。方法75例弓部手术中74例采用深低温停循环（DHcA）技术，其中54例脑保护采用上腔静脉逆灌（RCP），20例采用右腋动脉顺灌（SCP）；仅1例在中度低温体外循环下行局部切除吻合。升主动脉和半弓置换53例，其中同期行降主动脉腔内支架植入术11例，弓部内膜破口修补6例，降主动脉近端内膜破口修补3例；升主动脉和全弓置换20例，其中同期行传统象鼻手术12例，降主动脉腔内支架植入4例；单纯弓部瘤切除缝合及弓部置换各1例。同期手术包括17例Bentall手术，12例AVR，3例Cabrol手术，5例二尖瓣成形术，9例主动脉瓣悬吊成形术等。DHCA9～120min，平均42．3min。结果手术死亡5例，死亡率6．7％。主要并发症为呼吸功能不全11例，肾功能不全7例，一过性精神异常9例。结论DHCA＋RCP及DHCA＋SCP技术均是主动脉弓部手术的有效方法，但后者更适用于复杂的弓部手术；手术范围和方式取决于病变性质和范围，术前状况和手术技术是影响手术效果的决定因素。     

婴幼儿主动脉缩窄的外科治疗

目的评价近年来婴幼儿主动脉缩窄（CoA）手术疗效。方法外科治疗118例婴幼儿主动脉缩窄病例。年龄21d～3岁,平均（1．8±1．1）岁;体重2．9～13．5 kg,平均（7．5±2．2）kg。单纯CoA或伴动脉导管未闭（PDA）32例,合并其他心内畸形86例,后者大部分在正中切口深低温停循环（DHCA）或深低温低流量（DHLF）下一期纠治CoA和合并畸形。术中停循环21～48min,平均（32．13±11．72）min。结果因肺高压危象和心律失常死亡2例,病死率1．7％。呼吸机应用11～256 h,平均（98．51±6．68）h。术后随访6～24个月,无神经系统并发症,6例有声音嘶哑,其中5例经正中胸骨切口、1例外侧切口进胸施术。超声检查示2例有残余主动脉缩窄,压力阶差分别为29和36min Hg（1mmHg=0．133 kPa）。结论CoA无论是否合并心内畸形,均主张早期手术,正中切口一期根治术手越来越成为首选方案;主动脉远端与主动脉弓下缘广泛端端吻合术（EEEA）等手术方法的应用扩大了手术根治的指征,也提高了术后疗效。     

先天性心脏病合并右位主动脉弓的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨先天性心脏病合并右位主动脉弓的诊断与治疗。 方法 回顾性分析2012年1月1日至2013年4月1日北京儿童医院小儿心脏中心27例先天性心脏病合并右位主动脉弓行外科手术治疗患儿的临床资料,其中男20例,女7例;年龄（10.96±12.08） 个月,体重（7.70±3.13） kg。法洛四联症14例,室间隔缺损9例,动脉导管未闭1例;肺动脉吊带1例;单纯双主动脉弓2例;均合并右位主动脉弓。其中13例合并血管环畸形,包括迷走左锁骨下动脉畸形和双主动脉弓畸形。所有患儿均接受手术治疗,在矫治心内畸形的同时,进行左锁骨下动脉移植,矫治迷走左锁骨下动脉畸形,双主动脉弓主要是切断一侧非优势弓。 结果 围术期死亡3例,其中1例术后无法停体外循环死亡,1例未合并血管环的患儿术后7 d死亡,1例合并双主动脉弓患儿术后并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS） 死亡;1例放弃治疗。随访23例,随访时间3～17个月,心脏超声心动图提示心内畸形矫治满意,恢复良好,双侧上肢动脉波动良好。 结论 对先天性心脏病合并右位主动脉弓患者行外科矫治时应慎重,术前尽量完善相关检查,选择增强CT、磁共振成像检查,明确诊断,制定手术计划。一期同期矫治血管环畸形及其它先天性心脏病,手术效果满意,近期效果良好。     

Aortic arch reconstruction using regional perfusion without circulatory arrest.

OBJECTIVES: Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest during repair of aortic arch anomalies may induce neurological complications or myocardial injury. Regional cerebral and myocardial perfusion may eliminate those potential side effects. METHODS: From March 2000 to March 2002, 48 neonates or infants with complex arch anomaly were operated on using the regional perfusion technique. Thirty-three patients were male and the median age was 24 days (range 5-301 days). Preoperative diagnosis consisted of coarctation or interruption of the aorta associated with ventricular septal defect (group I, n = 26) and arch anomaly with complex intracardiac defects such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome or its variants (group II, n = 22). Arterial cannula was inserted through the innominate artery and the flow rate was regulated to about 50-100 ml/kg per min during regional perfusion. Simultaneous myocardial perfusion was maintained using a Y-connected infusion line. Cardioplegia was applied during intracardiac repair. RESULTS: Cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times were 154 +/- 49 and 39 +/- 34 min, respectively. Temporary circulatory arrest for intracardiac procedures was performed in eight patients. However, the mean arrest time was minimized (range 1-18 min). The descending aorta clamping time was 33 +/- 16 min. Operative mortality rates in each group were 0 and 18.2% (0/26 and 4/22). Late mortality rates were 0 and 11.1% (0/26 and 2/18) during 9.1 months of follow-up. Complications consisted of low cardiac output in eight cases, transient neurological problems in two cases, and transient renal insufficiency in two cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Regional perfusion is feasible and can be used with acceptable results. It may reduce potential complications following aortic arch reconstruction using circulatory arrest. However, repair of aortic arch in the patients with complex intracardiac defects still imposes a significant rate of mortality and morbidity.     

三分支全主动脉弓覆膜支架在治疗老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层中的应用

目的总结应用三分支全主动脉弓覆膜支架治疗老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床经验。方法河南省胸科医院心血管外科2008年12月至2012年12月施行三分支全主动脉弓覆膜支架植入术治疗老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者46例,其中男37例、女9例,年龄65～75（68．2±5．0）岁。行改良David术6例,Bentall术1例,Wheat术2例,升主动脉置换术37例。结果全组无手术死亡病例。体外循环时间135～183（131．1±10．5）min,主动脉阻断时间8l～100（61．5±1813）min,选择性脑灌注时间19～28（24．4±5．6）min。术后出现低心排血量综合征3例,急性肾功能衰竭2例,胸腔积液5例,肺部感染2例,胸骨哆开1例,经治疗均痊愈出院。全部病例随访3～12个月,未发生支架相关并发症。结论应用三分支全主动脉弓覆膜支架植入治疗StanfordA型主动脉夹层操作简单,成功率高,并发症少,尤其适合不能耐受传统手术的老年患者。     

Single-stage repair of aortic coarctation with ventricular septal defect using isolated cerebral and myocardial perfusion.

OBJECTIVE: To avoid hypothermic circulatory arrest, we have repaired aortic coarctation with ventricular septal defect (VSD) in a one-stage procedure using an isolated cerebral and myocardial perfusion technique, and retrospectively compared this novel approach to the conventional two-stage approach. METHODS: Between October 1991 and February 1999, 24 infants, aged 4-137 days (median, 27 days) and weighing 1.7-4.3 kg (median, 3.0 kg), underwent the repair of aortic coarctation with VSD either in one (group I, n=11) or two stages (group II, n=13). In Group I, an arterial cannula for cardiopulmonary bypass was inserted into the ascending aorta in six patients with coarctation only, or into a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft which was anastomosed to the innominate artery in the remaining five who had hypoplastic arches. A cross-clamp was placed between the innominate and left carotid arteries. The bypass flow was reduced to 30-50% of full flow at 28 degrees C, thereby maintaining a radial artery pressure of 30-45 mmHg. At this point, the aortic coarctation was repaired by an end-to-end arch anastomosis, while maintaining brain perfusion and with the heart still beating. In five patients with hypoplastic aortic arches, the innominate artery proximal to the graft was then secured down and the arch anastomosis was extended to the distal ascending aorta, while providing isolated cerebral perfusion and cardioplegic arrest. After arch reconstruction was performed, the clamp was moved onto the ascending aorta, and the VSD was closed with systemic perfusion. In contrast, for group II patients, coarctation repairs were performed through a posterolateral approach, and existing VSDs were closed as secondary procedures. RESULTS: The mean isolated cerebral and myocardial perfusion time for group I was 13 min (range, 7-20 min). The myocardial ischemic time did not differ between groups I and II (43+/-4 vs. 42+/-5 min, not significant). There were no hospital mortalities or neurological complications in either group, but one late death in each group. CONCLUSION: Single-stage repair of aortic coarctation with VSD does not increase myocardial ischemic time compared to the traditional two-stage approach. The isolated cerebral and myocardial perfusion technique may offer substantial brain and myocardial protection during aortic arch reconstruction.     

Selective cerebro-myocardial perfusion in complex congenital aortic arch pathology: a novel technique

Simultaneous cerebro-myocardial perfusion has been described in neonatal and infant arch surgery, suggesting a reduction in cardiac morbidity. Here reported is a novel technique for selective cerebral perfusion combined with controlled and independent myocardial perfusion during surgery for complex or recurrent aortic arch lesions. From April 2008 to April 2011, 10 patients with arch pathology underwent surgery (two hypoplastic left heart syndrome [HLHS], four recurrent arch obstruction, two aortic arch hypoplasia + ventricular septal defect [VSD], one single ventricle + transposition of the great arteries + arch hypoplasia, one interrupted aortic arch type B + VSD). Median age was 63 days (6 days-36 years) and median weight 4.0 kg (1.6-52). Via midline sternotomy, an arterial cannula (6 or 8 Fr for infants) was directly inserted into the innominate artery or through a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft (for neonates <2.0 kg). A cardioplegia delivery system was inserted into the aortic root. Under moderate hypothermia, ascending and descending aorta were cross-clamped, and "beating heart and brain" aortic arch repair was performed. Arch repair was composed of patch augmentation in five, end-to-side anastomosis in three, and replacement in two patients. Average cardiopulmonary bypass time was 163 ± 68 min (71-310). In two patients only (one HLHS, one complex single ventricle), a period of cardiac arrest was required to complete intracardiac repair. In such cases, antegrade blood cardioplegia was delivered directly via the same catheter used for selective myocardial perfusion. Average time of splanchnic ischemia during cerebro-myocardial perfusion was 39 ± 18 min (17-69). Weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass was achieved without inotropic support in three and with low dose in seven patients. One patient required veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Four patients, body weight <3.0 kg, needed delayed sternal closure. No neurologic dysfunction was noted. Renal function proved satisfactory in all, while liver function was adequate in all but one. The present experience suggests that selective and independent cerebro-myocardial perfusion is feasible in patients with complex or recurrent aortic arch disease, starting from premature newborn less than 2.0 kg of body weight to adults. The technique is as safe as previously reported methods of cerebro-myocardial perfusion and possibly more versatile.     

Descending aorta perfusion through median sternotomy in primary repair of aortic interruption complex]

Circulatory arrest is frequently used in aortic arch reconstruction in pediatric cardiac surgery. However, risks of postoperative acute renal failure and neurological deficit can not be ignored. We performed primary repair of aortic interruption in one-month old girl. After commencing extracorporeal circulation with bicaval venous cannulae and with arterial cannulae into the pulmonary trunk and the innominate artery, the descending aorta was cannulated just superior to the diaphragm. The cannula in the pulmonary trunk was then removed. Arch reconstruction and closure of the ventricular septal defect were performed with continuous perfusion to the brain and the lower body. The extracorporeal circulation time and the aortic cross-clamp time were 117 min and 21 min, respectively. Postoperative renal function was excellent, and there was no finding of neurological deficit. Cannulation of the descending aorta is a simple and useful technique with safety, in arch reconstruction in infants.     

Aortic arch and proximal supraaortic arterial repair under continuous antegrade cerebral perfusion and moderate hypothermia.

PURPOSE: In this prospective study the clinical and neurological outcome of continuous antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) and moderate hypothermia was evaluated in patients undergoing ascending and aortic arch repair including reconstruction of the proximal supraaortic arteries. METHODS: In 50 consecutive patients (mean age 47 yr, range 22-70) aortic arch and supraaortic arterial repair was performed: ascending aorta and aortic arch (n=34) and aortic arch and Bentall procedure (n = 16). In 12 patients the distal anastomosis was performed using the elephant trunk technique. Test-clamping of the innominate artery for 3 min was performed under EEG-monitoring followed by the same procedure for the left carotid artery. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted and the innominate artery replaced by a polyester graft before antegrade perfusion was carried out through the graft. While cooling to 28-30 degrees C, the left carotid artery was similarly treated with subsequent antegrade cerebral perfusion. The distal anastomosis was made at or beyond the left subclavian artery under circulatory arrest. During rewarming the innominate and carotid polyester grafts as well as the subclavian artery were anastomosed to the main graft, while antegrade cerebral perfusion was continued. RESULTS: In 46 patients antegrade cerebral perfusion was achieved with a mean volume flow of 12 ml/kg/min and a mean arterial pressure of 54 mmHg. EEG-monitoring delineated stable and symmetrical recordings. In four patients antegrade flow (mean 15 ml/kg/min) and pressure (mean 65 mmHg) had to be increased to establish baseline EEG-recordings. The mean time of circulatory arrest was 18 min.The overall hospital mortality was 6%: two patients died from cerebral infarction and one patient suffered from a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Three patients (6%) developed a temporary neurological deficit which resolved spontaneously. Two patients (4%) developed renal failure requiring temporary hemodialysis. Pulmonary complications occurred in 12 patients (25%). CONCLUSION: Continuous antegrade cerebral perfusion via selective grafts to the innominate and carotid arteries offers adequate protection in patients undergoing replacement of the ascending aorta or aortic arch and great vessels. This technique allows radical repair and optimal vascular reconstruction without time restrains and avoids the necessity for profound hypothermia     

Neonatal aortic arch reconstruction avoiding circulatory arrest and direct arch vessel cannulation.

BACKGROUND: Aortic arch reconstruction in neonates routinely requires deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. We reviewed our experience with techniques of continuous low-flow cerebral perfusion (LFCP) avoiding direct arch vessel cannulation. METHODS: Eighteen patients, with a median age of 11 days (range 1 to 85 days) and a mean weight of 3.2 +/- 0.8 kg, underwent aortic arch reconstruction with LFCP. Seven had biventricular repairs with arch reconstruction, 9 underwent the Norwood operation and 2 had isolated arch repairs. In 1 Norwood and 7 biventricular repair patients, LFCP was maintained by advancing the cannula from the distal ascending aorta into the innominate artery. In 8 of 9 Norwood patients, LFCP was maintained by directing the arterial cannula into the pulmonary artery confluence and perfusing the innominate artery through the right modified Blalock-Taussig shunt fully constructed before cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass. In 2 patients requiring isolated arch reconstruction, the ascending aorta was cannulated and the cross-clamp was applied just distal to the innominate artery. RESULTS: LFCP was maintained at 0.6 +/- 0.2 L x min(-1) x m(-2) for 41.0 +/- 13.9 minutes at 18.5 degrees C +/- 1.1 degrees C. In 10 of the 18 patients, blood pressure during LFCP was 15 +/- 8 mm Hg remote from the innominate artery (left radial, umbilical or femoral arteries). In 8 of the 18 patients, right radial pressure during LFCP was 24 +/- 10 mm Hg. The mean mixed-venous saturation was 79.8% +/- 10% during LFCP. Two patients had preoperative seizures, whereas none had seizures postoperatively. One patient died. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal aortic arch reconstruction is possible without circulatory arrest or direct arch vessel cannulation. These techniques maintained adequate mixed-venous oxygen saturations with no associated adverse neurologic outcomes.     

Total arch replacement using antegrade selective cerebral perfusion with right axillary artery perfusion.

OBJECTIVE: Right axillary artery (AxA) perfusion, which can prevent cerebral embolism caused by retrograde perfusion via the femoral artery (FA), was used for selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) as well as cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in aortic arch repair. We review the outcome of aortic arch surgery using SCP with right AxA perfusion to clarify its efficacy. METHOD: Between 1998 and 2002, 120 patients underwent aortic arch repair using SCP with right AxA perfusion. The mean age was 69+/-10 years. Aneurysms were atherosclerotic in 79, dissecting in 32, and others in nine patients. Twenty of them (16.7%) required emergency surgery. CPB was initiated with right AxA and FA perfusion, and following SCP was established using right AxA and left common carotid artery perfusion. RESULTS: With right AxA perfusion, hospital mortality was 5.8%. Multivariate analysis showed only ruptured aneurysm was an independent determinant for hospital mortality. Permanent neurological dysfunction developed in one patient (0.8%), while seven (5.8%) suffered from temporary one. In univariate analysis, SCP time, stenosis of the carotid arteries, past history of cerebrovascular events, and atherosclerotic aneurysm were not related to temporary neurological deficits CONCLUSION: Right AxA perfusion in conjunction with SCP is a safe and useful alternative for brain protection in total arch replacement.