肾移植患者手术前后外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα的表达及意义

目的：探讨外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达在肾移植急性排斥反应中的作用及临床意义。方法：采用分别检测肾移植患者手术前、手术后1w及2w外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达量，并进行比较分析。结果：肾移植患者手术前外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达量明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）。急性排斥组手术后1w、2w与手术前比较外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达量明显增加（P〈0．01）。稳定组手术后1w与手术前比较外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达量明显增加（P〈0．01），手术后2w则下降至手术前水平（P〉0．05）。结论：肾移植患者手术前、手术后存在Th1／Th2失衡，表现为Th1优势应答。肾移植手术前后监测外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达量变化对于判断急性排斥反应有一定临床意义。     

大鼠脑缺血后IFN-γ mRNA的表达

目的：检测SD大鼠脑缺血后缺血脑组织和外周免疫淋巴细胞干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）mRNA的表达，探讨IFN-γ在脑缺血中的作用。方法：用线拴封闭大脑中动脉的方法制作脑缺血动物模型，采用原位杂交的方法检测缺血脑组织及外周淋巴组织中IFN-γ mRNA动态的变化情况。采用免疫组织化学方法检测缺血脑组织中浸润的T淋巴细胞数量。结合免疫组化和寡核苷酸探针杂交方法，检测T细胞表达IFN-γ。结果：①缺血脑半球IFN-γ mRNA含量较假手术组明显增高（P〈0．001），且随着脑缺血时间延长其表达量增加；②IFN-γ mRNA表达数量随损伤面积扩大而增加（R=0．9780，P〈0．001）；③缺血组外周血单核细胞IFN-γ mRNA水平较假手术组明显增高，12小时达高峰（P〈0．001），而脾淋巴细胞、淋巴结细胞IFN-γ mRNA水平也均比假手术组明显增高，且随着脑缺血时间延长表达量增加（P〈0．05、P〈0．01、P〈0．001）；④随着脑缺血时间的延长，脑内浸润的T细胞数量显著增加（P〈0．05、P〈0．01、P〈0．001）。结论：IFN-γ mRNA表达主要参与大脑损伤后期反应过程，可能加重脑缺血后期的炎症反应。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血白细胞介素15的研究

目的：检测系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者血清白细胞介素15（IL-15）水平及外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）IL-15mRNA表达，并进一步分析其临床意义。方法：IL-15检测采用ELISA方法；PBMCIL-15mRNA表达采用原位杂交法检测。结果：①SLE组患者血清IL-15水平显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），活动期SLE患者血清IL-15水平显著高于缓解期患者（P〈0．05）。②发生临床肾损害者IL-15水平明显高于无肾损害者（P〈0．05），出现血清抗dsDNA抗体阳性、低补体C3血症、高IgG血症者血清IL-15水平均分别显著高于无上述表现者。③SLE患者PBMCIL-15mRNA表达量明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．05），活动期SLE显著高于缓解期（P〈0．05）。④SLE患者PBMC培养上清IgG、IgM和抗dsDNA抗体浓度均显著高于正常对照组；SLE患者PBMCIL-15mRNA表达量与细胞培养上清的IgG及抗dsDNA抗体滴度均呈正相关关系（分别为r=0．645和r=0．715，P〈0．05），而与IgM．无相关关系（r=0．451，P〉0．05）。⑤SEE患者PBMCIL-15mRNA表达量与血清IL-15水平呈正相关关系（r=0．726，P〈0．05）。结论：SLE患者存在外周血IL-15蛋白和基因表达异常，且与其分泌免疫球蛋白和自身抗体有关，提示IL-15可能参与SLE的病理生理过程。     

γδT细胞对系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血单核细胞活化和凋亡的影响

目的：探讨γδT细胞在系统性红斑狼疮疾病中的免疫保护作用。方法：检测17例正常人群和44例系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血γδT细胞及亚群的表达情况。以TCRγδ单克隆抗体固相法体外选择性扩增获得17例活动期系统性红斑狼疮患者和10例正常人群外周血TCRγδ细胞系。测定γδT细胞毒活性。用正常人群γδT细胞系与异体活动期SLE患者外周血单核细胞（PMBC）以1：5、1：10比例共同培养48小时，活动期SLE患者PMBC作对照孔，观察γδT细胞系对活动期SLE患者PMBC活化和凋亡、细胞因子分泌的影响。结果：SLE患者的γδT细胞及亚群数量明显减少（P〈0．05）。IL-2可显著增强γδT细胞的细胞毒作用。正常人γδT细胞系与异体SLE活动期患者PMBC细胞共同培养，共同培养二组SLE患者PMBC的CD69表达和凋亡率均较对照组明显下降（P〈0．01）。共同培养二组培养上清IL-10水平较对照组明显升高，具有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论：SLE患者γδT细胞数及亚群较正常人群明显下降，γδT细胞对SLE外周血淋巴细胞的凋亡和活化具有抑制性作用，并使IL-10分泌水平升高，表明γδT细胞在SLE发病中具有保护性的免疫调节作用。     

雌二醇对系统性红斑狼疮小鼠模型肾组织芳香酶表达的影响

目的：研究雌二醇对系统性红斑狼疮（ Systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE）小鼠模型肾组织芳香酶表达的影响。方法：BALB／c小鼠卵巢切除后采用ConA活化的同系脾细胞诱导SLE，同时给予不同剂量苯甲酸雌二醇，并设立对照组。于4、6、8和10周用ELISA法检测外周血和肾组织雌二醇（Estradiol，E2）水平，RT-PCR检测肾组织芳香酶mRNA的表达。结果：SLE模型小鼠外周血和肾组织E2水平随着外源性给予苯甲酸雌二醇剂量的加大而升高，与未进行SLE模型诱导的小鼠相比较，SLE模型鼠外周血和肾组织E2水平升高（P〈0．05）；正常BALB／c小鼠肾组织芳香酶mRNA低表达；随着SLE炎症的诱导及E2水平的升高，肾组织芳香酶mRNA的表达增加。结论：E2通过促进SLE小鼠模型肾组织芳香酶mRNA的表达影响SLE发生发展。     

休克期大面积切痂对严重烧伤大鼠细胞免疫功能影响的研究

目的 观察休克期大面积切痂对严重烧伤大鼠细胞免疫功能的影响，探索改善烧伤后机体免疫功能紊乱的有效方法。方法 将大鼠分成休克期切痂组（A组）、常规切痂组（B组）和正常对照组（C组）。A、B组造成30％TBSAⅢ度烫伤，C组不烫伤。A组伤后第6h、B组伤后第4d切痂，并于伤后第1、5、9d各活杀10只，取材送检，观察其免疫指标的变化。结果 （1）A、B组与C组比较：A、B组烫伤大鼠各时相点CD3^＋T细胞变化不大（P〉0．05），但CD4^＋T细胞、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显下降、CD8^＋T细胞增高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。NK细胞活性明显下降（P〈0．05或P〈0.01），外周血CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达及经活化后脾脏CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达明显下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。（2）A组与B组比较：A组CD4^＋T细胞、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显升高、CD8^＋T细胞降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），NK细胞活性明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），外周血CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达及经活化后脾脏CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达均明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 （1）大鼠烫伤后细胞免疫状况发生了明显变化。（2）休克期切痂可以改善烫伤大鼠T淋巴细胞亚群分布，提高NK细胞活性，增加外周血CD25^＋T淋巴细胞的表达。提高经活化后脾脏CD25^＋T淋巴细胞数。从而改善烫伤大鼠伤后机体的细胞免疫功能。     

真核表达4-1BBL调节淋巴细胞功能活性及抗肿瘤效应的研究

目的：在非免疫非肿瘤细胞中转染表达4-1BBL，并研究4-1BBL在调节淋巴细胞功能活性及抗肿瘤方面的作用和机制。方法：构建含有4-1BBL全长eDNA序列的表达质粒p4-1BBL，脂质体介导体外转染BHK细胞，G418筛选出阳性克隆，RT-PCR、免疫细胞化学染色及免疫印迹检测4-1BBL的表达，检测BHK细胞表达的4-1BBL对脾淋巴细胞增殖和杀伤活性的影响；建立小鼠H22肝细胞癌移植瘤模型，裸DNA肌肉注射法体内转染表达4-1BBL进行肿瘤治疗，检测肿瘤生长速度；另外，利用免疫组化染色法分析瘤周组织中CD8^＋T淋巴细胞。结果：BHK细胞转染表达的4-1BBL能够显著增强肿瘤抗原肽激活的脾淋巴细胞增殖和杀瘤活性（P〈0．01），并显著提高IL-2和IFN-γ表达水平（P〈0．01），同时增强非特异性免疫杀伤活性。肿瘤接种部位转染表达4-1BBL，瘤周组织中CD8^＋T淋巴细胞数量显著增加（P〈0．01），肿瘤生长速率显著低于生理盐水对照组和空载体对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：在肿瘤微环境中的正常细胞转染表达4-1BBL，能够有效促进T细胞增殖及杀伤等功能活性，可望成为肿瘤免疫生物治疗的一种新的手段。     

单核细胞骨调素的表达水平与狼疮肾炎

目的：研究骨调素（OPN）在狼疮性肾损害中的作用。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附试验（Ⅱ届A）检测了90例系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者、15例非SLE肾损害患者及30例对照血浆OPN的水平，应用半定量RT-PCR方法，测定以上各组外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs）OPN的表达。结果：狼疮处于疾病活动时PBMCs OPN mRNA表达上调，尤其是狼疮肾炎活动组患者PBMCs OPN mRNA表达增加最为显著（P〈0．01），PBMCs OPN mRNA表达不仅与总狼疮疾病活动指数评分呈正相关（r=0．532，P〈0．001），而且与狼疮疾病活动指数肾评分呈正相关（r=0．584，P〈0．001），而非狼疮肾脏疾病组仅低水平表达，与正常对照组水平相近似（P〉0．05）。狼疮活动组血清OPN水平较非活动组及正常对照组均明显升高（P〈0．01），但活动性狼疮肾炎组与无肾损伤组之间血清OPN水平的差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：狼疮处于疾病活动时PBMCs OPN mRNA表达上调，并与狼疮肾炎的疾病活动情况密切相关。     

CD226在系统性红斑狼疮患者T淋巴细胞亚群上的表达

目的：研究CD226在SLE患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群上的表达，以阐明CD226抗原在SLE患者体内T细胞活化中作用以及与SLE发病的关系。方法：31例SLE患者和30例健康志愿者外周血单个核细胞，在体外培养72h后，三色荧光标记的单克隆抗体染色，利用流式细胞仪测定T细胞亚群细胞表面CD226抗原的表达。结果；SLE患者组的CD3^ 、CD4^ 、CD8^ T淋巴细胞上CD226^ 表达均高于正常对照组（P＜0．01）；活动期SLE组、静止期SLE组的CD3^ 、CD4^ 、CD8^ T细胞上CD226^ 表达均显著高于对照组（P＜0．01），而活动期与静止期患者之间T细胞亚群上CD226^ 表达则无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。SLE患者CD3^ 、CD4^ 、CD8^ T细胞CD226^ 抗原表达水平与SLEDAI之间无明显相关性（P＞0．05）。结论：SLE患者体内存在T细胞亚群异常活化；活动期、静止期SLET淋巴细胞CD226^＋表达均增高，CD226^ 可能参与了SLE的免疫发病。     

SLE患者外周血中T、B细胞表面Fas和bcl—2表达的研究

目的 探讨活动期SLE患者外周血中T、B细胞表面Fas和bcl-2的表达水平及其与T、B细胞凋亡的关系。方法 采用流式细胞术,测定活动期SLE患者外周血T、B细胞表面Fas和bcl-2的表达,并同时测定患者血中T、B细胞的凋亡。结果 ①活动期SLE患者外周血中B细胞及CD8T细胞表面bcl-2的表达明显高于正常人（分别为P＜0．05）和P＜0．01）;CD4^ 及CD8^ T细胞表面Fas的表达高于正常人（分别为P＜0．05和P＜0．01）;B细胞表面Fas的表达降低（P＜0．01）;CD4^ T细胞bcl-2的表达下降（P＜0．01）。②活动期SLE患者血中B细胞的凋亡率明显下降,CD8^ T细胞数校正常对照组增加,CD4^ T细胞低于正常人（分别为：P＜0．01、P＜0．05和P＜0．01）。结论 SLE患者体内淋巴细胞凋亡的异常与T、B细胞表面Fas和bcl-2基因的表达的异常有关。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964