2009年大连市监测哨点医院首诊机动车交通伤害病例资料分析

[目的]分析大连市2009年机动车交通伤害发生的特点,为制定干预措施提供依据。[方法]对2009年大连市3家伤害监测哨点医院急诊诊断为伤害的全部首诊病例中机动车交通伤害病例资料进行分析。[结果]2009年3家医院合计报告机动车交通伤害病例3 315例,占全部伤害病例24 047例的13.79%。3 315例机动车交通伤害中,男性占58.25%,女性占41.75%;最多的是25~44岁(占41.42%)、45~64岁(占30.53%),商业服务业人员(占19.88%)、专业技术人员(占15.14%)、离(退)休人员(占11.55%);发生地点主要在公路/街道(占89.14%),伤害性质主要是挫伤(占60.30%),伤害部位主要在头部(占30.92%),伤害发生时活动主要是驾乘交通工具(占42.71%);意外事故占99.16%;死亡者占0.15%。[结论]2009年急诊首诊机动车交通伤害病例中,青壮年、男性多见。应针对机动车交通伤害的重点人群,开展伤害预防工作。     

大连市机动车交通伤害的流行病学分析

目的分析大连市机动车交通伤害发生的特点及流行规律。方法运用描述流行病学方法,收集2006-2009年在大连市3所医院就诊的,诊断为伤害的全部首诊病例,提取机动车交通伤害病例进行分析。结果 2006-2009年共报告机动车交通伤害病例10 243例,占全部伤害病例的15.53%,居伤害原因的第4位。男女性别比1.38∶1。25-岁年龄组为机动车交通伤害高发人群,占机动车交通伤害病例的42.66%。机动车交通伤害病例以商业服务业人员、离退休人员和办事人员为主,分别占18.51%、10.83%和10.68%。机动车交通伤害发生的地点主要在公路/街道、贸易/服务场所和工业/建筑场所,分别占57.16%、22.85%和13.74%。机动车交通伤害病例的伤害性质主要是挫伤擦伤,占60.36%;伤害部位主要在头部,占30.30%;伤害发生时活动主要是驾乘交通工具（45.97%）。多为意外事故（98.88%）。结论机动车交通伤害是大连市门急诊伤害病例的主要类型,青壮年是高发人群,男性多见。应针对机动车交通伤害重点人群,开展伤害预防工作。     

大连市2008年机动车交通伤害的流行病学分析

目的分析大连市2008年机动车交通伤害发生的特点及流行规律。方法运用描述流行病学方法,收集2008年大连市3所医院急诊就诊后,诊断为伤害的全部首诊病例,提取机动车交通伤害病例并进行分析。结果 2008年共报告机动车交通伤害病例3 128例,占全部伤害病例的15.84%,居13种伤害原因的第四位。其中男性1832人,女性1296人,男女性别比1.41:1。25～44岁年龄组为机动车交通伤害高发人群,占机动车交通伤害病例的43.70%。职业分布前3位为商业服务业人员、专业技术人员和离退休人员,分别占22.54%、13.36%和12.24%,机动车交通伤害发生的地点主要在公路/街道、公共居住场所和贸易和服务场所,分别占92.25%、2.14%和2.05%。机动车交通伤害病例的伤害性质主要是挫伤,占61.57%;伤害部位主要在头部,占33.54%;伤害发生时活动主要是驾乘交通工具(48.88%)。多为意外事故(99.30%)。结论机动车交通伤害是2008年大连市门(急)诊伤害病例的主要类型,青壮年是高发人群,男性多见。应针对机动车交通伤害重点人群,开展伤害预防工作。     

2007-2010年上海市松江区哨点医院首诊伤害流行趋势分析

目的 了解上海市松江区伤害流行特征及其变化趋势,为制定有效的综合干预措施提供科学依据.方法 收集2007年1月1日～2010年12月31日,到松江区3家综合性医院及14家社区卫生服务中心所有相关科室就诊,且被诊断为伤害的首诊病例的伤害监测报告卡,参照世界卫生组织WHO伤害监测指南分类标准进行归类和统计分析.结果 松江区哨点医院伤害病例逐年增加,共收集伤害报告卡256 686例.男女性别比为1.92∶1,性别比差距逐年减小(P＜0.001);伤害年龄分布集中在25 ～ 44岁的青壮年劳动人群(40.19％);伤害病例的常见职业为生产运输设备操作人员及有关人员(26.53％)、商业/服务业人员(19.73％)、专业技术人员(14.25％);每年导致伤害发生的前3位原因依次为物体/器具机械性作用(包括钝器伤、锐器伤、火器伤)(39.46％)、跌倒/坠落(35.24％)、交通伤害(18.33％);伤害者户籍构成中,外省市伤害例数呈递增趋势,并于2010年达到最高(61.87％);伤害意图以非故意伤害为主(92.46％),逐年递增,而自残/自杀伤害及故意伤害呈逐年递减趋势(P＜0.001).结论 松江区伤害病例前3位原因为物体/器具机械性作用、跌倒/坠落、交通伤害,常见职业为生产运输设备操作人员及有关人员、商业/服务业人员、专业技术人员,非故意伤害为今后松江区伤害防治的重点.     

哨点医院伤害监测分析与控制管理对策

目的了解新兴县伤害发生的流行特征,为制定伤害的预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法对两个哨点医疗单位2008年1月1日至12月31目的伤害监测数据进行整理,并按WHO伤害监测指南分类标准进行统计分析。结果2008年共报告伤害病例6760例,其中男4408例、女2352例,男女性别之比为1．87：1,伤害的发生年龄以25—44岁的青壮年为主,共2405例（占总病例的35．58％）,且青壮年伤害发生的原因以交通事故伤多见;伤害原因居首位是跌倒／坠落,以0—4儿童及65以上老年人为高发人群,分别占跌倒／坠落伤总数58．41％、60．98％;伤害地点最多是道路／街道,其次是工业与建筑场所;伤害发生时活动状况,排第一位是在进行有偿劳动,休闲活动时所受到的伤害排第2位,第3位是驾乘交通工具。结论伤害严重威协居民的健康与日常生活,今后开展跌倒／坠落伤、交通伤害、钝器伤害及其他伤害的预防控制工作十分必要。     

2008年平阴县伤害住院病例资料分析

[目的]了解农村地区伤害发生的特征,为伤害预防和控制工作提供决策依据。[方法]对济南市平阴县5家不同级别哨点医院2008年伤害住院病例资料进行分析。[结果]2008年合计报告伤害住院病例4 329例,其中,15～59岁占81.75%,男性占69.69%,初中、小学文化程度者分别占50.01%、21.79%,农林渔水利业生产人员和生产运输设备操作人员分别占47.38%、12.75%,伤害发生在公路/街道及家中的分别占50.15%、28.46%,伤害发生时正在驾乘交通工具/行走和工作的分别占48.05%、14.48%,意外伤害的占88.89%,伤害原因为机动车车祸、跌倒/坠落、钝器伤的分别占32.52%、27.65%、20.86%。[结论]机动车车祸、跌倒/坠落、钝器伤是伤害发生的前3位原因,高发人群是青壮年,是伤害预防的重点。     

2006－2013年全国伤害监测系统中儿童道路交通伤害病例变化趋势及现况特征分析

目的 了解中国儿童道路交通伤害门/急诊病例变化趋势及现况特征,为制定相关干预措施和政策提供依据.方法 利用2006-2013年全国伤害监测系统(NISS)数据,分析儿童道路交通伤害病例变化趋势及人口学、伤害事件和临床等现况特征.结果 2006-2013年NISS儿童道路交通伤害病例数量呈上升趋势,一直居儿童非故意伤害发生原因的第二位,但占儿童非故意伤害病例总数的比例呈下降趋势.2013年儿童道路交通伤害男女性别比值为1.82,17岁年龄段占10.86％;机动车车祸病例占66.44％,7、8月、周末和17:00-18:00时为高发期,65.42％的伤害是发生在驾乘交通工具时;伤害性质73.53％为挫伤/朦伤,伤害部位33.81％为头部,轻病例占76.42％,伤者74.86％的就医结局为治疗后回家.结论 儿童道路交通伤害问题不容忽视,中学高年级男生和学龄前男童是儿童道路交通伤害干预的重点人群,应针对不同年龄和性别儿童开展道路交通安全教育.     

2011年大连市道路交通伤害住院病例资料分析

目的 了解大连市道路交通伤害住院病例的分布特点,为制定干预措施提供依据.方法 对2011年1月1日至12月31日在大连市县级以上医院住院的道路交通伤害病例资料进行分析.结果 报告道路交通伤害住院病例11145例,其中男性占68.6％,女性占31.4％; 15～44岁5 251例(占47.12％),45～64岁4 234例(占38.00％);工人占48.9％,商业服务人员占11.1％,办事人员和有关人员占3.7％.住院病例道路交通的道路使用者类型前5位依次是行人(占38.1％)、骑摩托车人员(占15.1％)、机动车乘客(占5.7％)、骑脚踏车人员(占5.1％)、机动车司机(占2.6％).伤害病例住院费用为20 306元;伤害住院病例平均住院天数:16.8d;出院时致残者占3.7％,死亡者占3.1％.结论 伤害住院病例主要以行人和骑摩托车人员为主,男性、青壮年为道路交通伤害住院病例的重点人群.     

2012年湖南省株洲地区产品伤害流行病学特征分析

目的了解湖南省株洲市芦淞区产品伤害发生情况。方法利用2012年芦淞区产品伤害监测数据,对其进行描述性统计分析。结果共报告产品伤害病例9 749例,男女比为1.69∶1,以25~44岁年龄组居多(占46.05%)。产品伤害发生最频繁的地点是公路/街道(占52.01%),主要原因是机动车车祸(占44.38%),伤害发生时的活动主要为乘驾交通工具(占39.36%)和休闲活动(占33.79%),伤害性质多为挫伤/擦伤(占45.93%),涉及产品最多的是道路交通工具(占58.50%)。结论芦淞区产品伤害多为男性在公路/街道上驾乘机动车时发生车祸所致的挫伤/擦伤,应针对性地开展产品伤害干预工作。     

黑龙江省2014—2018年伤害发生特征分析*

目的了解黑龙江省伤害监测病例分布特征,为制订黑龙江省预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法利用SPSS 20.0软件分析黑龙江省2014—2018年在哨点医院就诊的伤害首诊患者。结果 2014—2018年共收集伤害病例29 479例,男女性别比为2.0∶1;年龄构成主要集中在25～54岁(59.02%)之间;伤害发生的原因以机动车车祸(45.62%)和跌倒/坠落(25.40%)为主;伤害主要发生公路/街道(52.55%)和家中(23.94%);伤害发生时活动主要是驾乘交通工具(37.15%)、家务(18.78%)和休闲活动(16.76%);伤害性质以挫伤、擦伤(69.84%)为主;伤害部位主要在头部(36.09%)、上肢(28.77%)和下肢(21.39%)。结论黑龙江省伤害监测的病例主要集中在社会主要劳动力的青壮年,该人群是应该在伤害预防控制中最先关注的人群,应针对不同人群制定相关综合干预措施,以减少伤害发生。     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Murine Typhus in Austin,Texas, USA, 2008

In August 2008, Texas authorities and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigated reports of increased numbers of febrile rash illnesses in Austin to confirm the causative agent as Rickettsia typhi, to assess the outbreak magnitude and illness severity, and to identify potential animal reservoirs and peridomestic factors that may have contributed to disease emergence. Thirty-three human cases of confirmed murine typhus were identified. Illness onset was reported from March to October. No patients died, but 23 (70%) were hospitalized. The case-patients clustered geographically in central Austin; 12 (36%) resided in a single ZIP code area. Specimens from wildlife and domestic animals near case-patient homes were assessed; 18% of cats, 44% of dogs, and 71% of opossums had antibodies reactive to R. typhi. No evidence of R. typhi was detected in the whole blood, tissue, or arthropod specimens tested. These findings suggest that an R. typhi cycle involving opossums and domestic animals may be present in Austin.     

Gender,play, language,and creativity in preschoolers

This study explored the effects of a child's gender and school setting on preschoolers' language abilities (receptive vocabulary), creativity, and social play. The participants were primarily European-American children who spoke English as a primary language (nine children were bilingual), and were from middle income socioeconomic backgrounds. There were 20 girls and 33 boys. Ages ranged from 3.11 to 6.60 years with a mean age of 4.66 years. On separate occasions, children individually completed the Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Person Test and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV. We also recorded the children's social play using Howes and Matheson's [1992. Sequences in the development of competent play with peers: Social and social pretend play. Developmental Psychology, 28, 961–974] scale. We employed a time sampling approach and also notated the area in which the child was playing. We found that gender and school setting influenced children's language abilities and social play. For example, children in the preschool that engaged in pretend play with greater frequency performed well on the receptive vocabulary test. We also found that certain classroom areas generated different types of social play. We discuss the applied value of our findings as these relate to future research.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.