全国多中心ICU抗菌药物使用与多药耐药菌监测分析

目的通过加强多药耐药菌(MDROs)监测及抗菌药物使用的管理,了解其对MDROs检出及感染的影响,为控制病原菌耐药提供参考依据。方法对2013年10月-2014年9月我国多地区46所医院进行调查,使用统一的监测方法、调查表,经过统一培训,对抗菌药物使用强度及MDROs检出资料进行分析。结果共监测患者34 081例,住院日302 818d;MDROs检出率以鲍氏不动杆菌最高,为44.08%,其次为金黄色葡萄球菌,检出率为28.02%;MDROs检出率较低的病原菌为肠球菌属、大肠埃希菌;抗菌药物使用强度较高的地区为华北及西南(DDD>163),较低的为华东(DDD=114.13);通过加强MDROs监测及预防控制,MDROs检出率显著降低(χ2=45.109,P<0.001);医院感染MDROs株数与抗菌药物使用强度均呈下降趋势,二者有明显相关性(相关系数=0.864,P=0.01)。结论通过加强MDROs监测及控制,加强抗菌药物使用管理,可有效减少MDROs医院感染的发生。     

加强多药耐药菌控制管理预防医院感染暴发流行

目的 加强多药耐药菌控制管理,预防医院感染暴发流行,保障患者和医护人员的安全.方法 2008年医院制定预防与控制多药耐药菌的管理制度,对相关人员进行有关知识培训,严格无菌操作,合理使用抗菌药物,降低耐药率.结果 2008- 2010年未发生多药耐药菌医院感染,有效避免了医院感染的暴发流行.结论 领导重视,各部门互相配合,同时加强对相关人员的宣传教育,严格无菌操作,能有效预防与控制多药耐药菌的传播,避免医院感染暴发流行.     

神经外科病房多药耐药菌感染管理及控制措施

目的 分析神经外科病房多药耐药菌(MDROs)医院感染情况并提出护理预防控制措施,保证医疗安全.方法 对2009年12月-2011年9月神经外科病房68例多药耐药菌感染的病历进行回顾分析.结果 68例患者发生多药耐药菌感染共分离71株病原菌,主要来自痰标本,占71.9％,其次为尿标本,占15.5％;正确使用护理程序及管理,多药耐药菌感染能得到有效控制,未发生医院感染暴发流行.结论 加强MDROs感染患者的监测,切实落实消毒隔离措施,认真执行标准预防及手卫生,加强抗菌药物的合理应用等护理措施,对神经外科多药耐药菌感染是行之有效的.     

多药耐药菌目标性监测与分析

目的 对肿瘤专科医院进行多药耐药菌(MDROs)目标性监测,了解多药耐药菌分布,评价干预效果,为临床合理用药提供参考依据.方法 2011年1-12月在全院临床科室开展多药耐药菌目标性监测,实施干预,包括宣教和培训、设计多药耐药菌登记本,采取接触隔离预防措施,每日通过LIS系统监测全院多药耐药菌,并到相关科室督查实施.结果 共检出MDROs 65株,2011年一、二、三、四季度MDROs检出分别为12、18、23、12株,MDROs占病原菌的15.16％,主要为产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌,其次为泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌(PDRAB)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA);36.92％为痰标本,26.15％为胸、腹腔引流液;目标性监测结果显示,外科、内科MDROs明显高于其他科室,分别占46.16％和27.69％.结论 临床医护人员应加强多药耐药菌感染预防与控制措施、合理使用抗菌药物、主动筛查多药耐药菌等,以降低发生多药耐药菌医院感染的风险.     

血液病房医院感染与多药耐药菌感染特点及变化趋势分析

目的 了解血液病房医院感染与多药耐药菌(MDROs)感染特点及变化趋势.方法 对2007-2011年入住血液病房所有患者进行前瞻性调查,调查医院感染及多药耐药菌感染情况.结果 5年内血液病房2926例患者中发生医院感染353例,医院感染率为12.06％;感染部位主要为呼吸道、血液和胃肠道;感染病原菌以真菌最多占17.37％;MDROs感染比例总体为37.93％,产ESBLs菌株占全部MDROs的69.70％;通过采取控制措施,医院感染率及MDROs感染率有所下降,差异无统计学意义.结论 血液病房医院感染预防控制的重点为呼吸道感染,应重视抗菌药物合理使用,以防止真菌二重感染,并贯彻多药耐药菌预防控制措施.     

MDT联合危急值管理在MDROs医院感染防控中的应用效果

目的 探讨多学科协作(MDT)联合危急值管理在多药耐药菌(MDROs)医院感染防控中的应用效果。方法 选取江西省某三甲医院2016年1月-2017年12月、2019年1月-2020年12月的住院患者为研究对象,2019年1月-2020年12月的患者作为研究组,实施MDT联合危急值管理;回顾性分析2016年1月-2017年12月实施MDROs常规防控管理的住院患者作为对照组,分析两组医院感染发生率、抗菌药物合理使用情况等。结果 研究组的医院感染发生率、MDROs医院感染发生率、MDROs检出率、抗菌药物使用率与使用强度、平均住院天数等较对照组低(短),标本送检率、MDROs感染防控措施落实率较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 在MDROs医院感染防控中实施MDT联合危急值管理,可有效控制MDROs医院感染,增强医护人员的协作意识,有效提高医护人员MDROs防控措施的落实率。     

多重耐药菌感染监测情况分析及防控对策

目的了解武汉市某三级中西医结合医院医院多重耐药菌患者感染的发生情况,细菌耐药性分析,通过监测数据提出医院多重耐药菌感染防控对策。方法对2015年1月~2015年12月医院检验科微生物室分离出的多重耐药菌及对药物敏感性数据进行汇总分析。结果该院危重病人、有创操作较多的重症医学科、神经外科;老年患者相对集中、住院时间相对较长的呼吸内科、神经内科等科室的患者更容易发生多重耐药菌感染。MDROs感染病原菌复杂,耐药性严重,多种抗生素的联合使用和长时间抗菌药物是MDROs感染的高危因素。结论将MDROs纳入医院危急值管理、缩短住院时间、减少有创操作、重视抗菌药物的合理应用,严格落实消毒隔离及操作规程,院感办及多部门协同管理等措施,是减少医院多重耐药菌感染的有效手段。     

基层医院多药耐药菌医院感染管理存在的问题及对策

目的 探索基层医院多药耐药菌管理中存在的问题,制定预防和控制多药耐药菌医院感染的管理对策.方法 通过临床实践,总结分析多药耐药菌医院感染防控中存在的问题.结果 对多药耐药菌医院感染认识不足、相关知识缺乏、手卫生依从性低和抗菌药物不合理使用等,是影响多药耐药菌医院感染防控工作的原因.结论 必须加强医院感染意识,健全管理制度、加强员工培训、加强抗菌药物应用管理,才能有效预防和控制基层医院发生多药耐药菌医院感染.     

某肿瘤专科医院多部门协作防控多重耐药菌传播医院感染管理

目的 对临床肿瘤患者送检微生物培养标本检出MDROs（multi-drug resistant organisms,多重耐药菌）开展目标性监测;探讨多部门协作防控MDROs传播的医院感染管理.方法 完善组织、制定制度和明确职责,对临床送检微生物培养监测到MDROs感染的患者,采取多部门协作防控MDROs感染：（1）营造感控文化氛围;（2）加强MDROs目标性监测;（3）落实隔离措施;（4）重视信息畅通与反馈.结果 2012和2013年度MDROs感染人数千床日检出率分别是0.197‰和0.198‰;期间没有发生MDROs感染传播病例和MDROs感染暴发事件.结论 医院多部门协作是防控MDROs传播医院感染的有效管理方法.     

采取科学有效的管理提升医院感染管理质量

目的 探讨医院感染管理工作的现状,为制定相关对策提供参考.方法 通过对医院感染管理工作调查,分析感染管理工作滞后的主要因素.结果 医院管理层对感染管理思维滞后,资金投入不足,缺乏医院感染管理信息系统、专业化感染管理人员,抗菌药物使用不合理.结论 加强感染预防控制监测管理,强化感染知识培训,联合督导临床医师合理使用抗菌药物,建立覆盖全国的医院感染监测系统,医院感染循证控制,以促进医院感染管理质量的整体提升.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.