重庆市蔬菜中铅、镉、汞、砷污染状况分析

目的了解重庆市市售蔬菜卫生状况,分析市售蔬菜铅、镉、汞、砷的污染状况。方法在7个区县采集6大类蔬菜,共计225份,对铅、镉、汞、砷含量进行检测,结果与国家标准GB 2760—2012进行对照。结果 225份样品中,合格样品199份,合格率为88.4%,其中铅平均含量为0.086 mg/kg,镉平均含量为0.024 mg/kg,汞平均含量为0.001 99 mg/kg,砷平均含量为0.015 mg/kg,铅的超标率最高,叶菜类蔬菜铅、镉、汞、砷含量相对较高,綦江超标率高于其他6个区县。结论重庆市蔬菜中铅、镉、汞、砷污染程度较低,但仍需引起农业、环保部门的重视,加强农药安全施用与管理技术指导,有效控制农药对环境污染的危害,开展对重庆市土壤中铅、镉、汞、砷本底值的监测,掌握其本底值,加强对铅、镉、汞、砷污染的预防及监测工作,以保障蔬菜的安全。     

2015-2016年洛阳市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、汞、砷、铬、镍含量分析

目的了解洛阳市市售蔬菜中重金属污染的现状,为政府部门制定食品安全政策提供数据分析基础。方法2015-2016年5月、11月分别在洛阳市三县四区内随机选择90份市售蔬菜,按照国标方法测定其铅、镉、汞、砷、铬、镍的含量。结果重金属检出率依次为:汞95%、镉93%、镍83%、铬80%、铅64%、砷53%;除了镍无法判断,其余元素超标率分别为铅10%、镉5.6%、汞4.4%,砷、铬无超标;洋葱、西红柿、油麦菜等蔬菜重金属污染较突出。结论洛阳市市售蔬菜中重金属均有检出,铅污染较镉、汞严重,政府部门可以将鳞茎类、茄果类、叶菜类蔬菜列为重点品种加大监测力度。     

宁波市江北区市售蔬菜中铅、镉、汞检测结果分析

目的:了解宁波市江北区市售蔬菜中铅、镉、汞污染情况,为减少中毒和制定预防措施提供依据。方法:随机采集江北区3个农贸市场销售的蔬菜样本,共8个品种72份,用微波消解仪进行消化处理,按照GB/T5009进行分析;用圆白菜标准样品(GBW10014)进行质量控制。结果:72份蔬菜中铅、镉、汞检出率分别为100%、100%、16.7%。其中铅含量较高的为生菜和空心菜,镉含量较高的为食用菌和生菜,汞含量均较低。结论:宁波市江北区市售蔬菜存在铅、镉、汞的轻度污染。     

中山市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、汞含量的调查

目的了解中山市市售蔬菜中有害重金属污染状况。方法 2002年上半年对中山市区8个市场13个蔬菜品种抽样,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测蔬菜中铅、镉含量。采用原子荧光光谱法检测蔬菜中汞含量。结果共采集104份蔬菜,其中铅超标20份,不合格率19．2％;镉超标28份,不合格率26．9％;汞超标11份,不合格率10．6％。结论中山市市售蔬菜中有害重金属污染情况较严重,应引起注意。     

济南市蔬菜中重金属含量监测与评价

目的了解济南市市售蔬菜及产地土壤中重金属污染物分布特征,初步分析蔬菜中重金属来源。方法 2014年1-11月对济南市市售蔬菜及其产地的土壤中的铅、汞、镉、砷含量进行测定。采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,对污染程度进行评价,并计算不同重金属在蔬菜中的富集效率。结果 152份蔬菜样品中,4种重金属汞检出率(83.1%)最高,砷检出率(12.7%)最低;不同种类蔬菜中镉、汞含量差异有统计学意义(均P0.05),其余差异无统计学意义。土壤中4种重金属检出率均等于或接近100%。蔬菜中镉(0.049)的风险指数最小,砷(0.202)和铅(0.314)风险指数处于安全水平,汞风险指数(0.80)处于轻度污染水平;蔬菜土壤中4种重金属内梅罗综合指数为0.564,整体处于安全水平,各单项污染指数均为安全等级。蔬菜对不同金属富集效率汞(0.024)镉(0.013)铅(0.002 6)砷(0.001 1)。结论济南市市售蔬菜和产地土壤中重金属含量处于安全水平。蔬菜总汞处于轻度污染状态,应加强对蔬菜中重金属污染物总汞含量的控制。     

温州市瓯海区市售蔬菜中铅、镉、砷检测结果分析

目的测定瓯海区市售蔬菜中的重金属元素铅、镉、砷,评估其污染状况,并分析原因,为保障人们饮食安全提供科学依据。方法利用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定铅和镉,利用原子荧光光谱法测定砷。依据GB 2762—2012《食品中污染物限量》中规定的蔬菜中铅、镉、砷的限量进行卫生学评价。结果共检测了66份样品,其中铅、镉、砷的检出率分别为57.6%、83.3%、6.1%,检出率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=81.77,P0.01)。检测的4大类蔬菜,铅、砷均没有超标,镉的超标率为4.5%,超标样品均来自茄果类蔬菜,且超标的3份样品均是茄子。结论瓯海区市售蔬菜中镉存在轻度污染,需引起农业、环保等部门的重视,加强对镉污染的预防及监测工作,以保障蔬菜的安全。     

江西省蔬菜中重金属污染状况调查及评价

目的 了解江西省市售蔬菜中重金属的污染状况,评估经蔬菜途径摄入重金属的健康风险。方法 2012-2017年在全省范围内采集9类蔬菜共1533份,检测其铅、镉、砷、汞含量,采用单项污染指数及综合污染指数评价不同蔬菜中各重金属的污染状况,并对其健康风险进行评估。结果 9类蔬菜铅、镉、砷和汞的超标率分别为2.22%、1.40%、0.35%和0.91%,平均含量分别为0.046、0.022、0.042和0.0015 mg/kg;叶菜类铅、镉和汞的平均值和P95值最高,其中小白菜/青菜污染较为严重。9类蔬菜的单项和综合污染指数均处于安全、清洁水平;居民日常经蔬菜摄入各重金属的健康风险处于可接受水平。结论 江西省市售蔬菜总体上受重金属污染程度较轻,但部分蔬菜受铅和镉污染相对突出,应继续加强监测和控制。     

南宁市主要食品中重金属污染状况的调查

目的:调查南宁市主要食品中铅、砷、镉、汞重金属污染状况。方法:随机采集南宁市各超市及农贸市场出售的大米、米粉、猪肉、牛肉、羊肉、猪肾、鲜蛋、蔬菜等,用国标法检测铅、砷、镉、汞指标。结果:在94份样品中,铅检出率19.1%,超标率1.06%;砷检出率26.6%,超标率10.6%;镉检出率52.1%,超标率7.45%;汞检出率17.0%,超标率5.32%。结论:南宁市主要食品的铅、砷、镉、汞重金属均有不同程度检出及超标,其中镉检出率最高,砷超标率最高。     

江苏省南通市市售海产品中铅、镉、砷、汞、无机砷及甲基汞污染评价

目的 测定南通市市售海产品中铅、镉、砷、汞、无机砷及甲基汞含量,了解其污染状况,为安全生产和食用海产品提供依据。方法 取四类18种海产品可食部位粉碎均匀后,使用微波消解处理样品,应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定海产品中铅、镉、砷含量,原子荧光光谱仪测定海产品中汞含量,液相色谱-原子荧光谱仪测定海产品中甲基汞和无机砷含量;依据《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2017）评价结果,采用单因子污染指数法（single factor polltion index, Pi）和重金属综合污染指数法（heavy metal polltion index,MPI）评价污染程度。结果 四类18种海产品中铅、镉、砷、汞的检出率都为100.00%,无机砷检出率为50.00%,甲基汞检出率为5.56%。对照限量标准,有1份鱼中铅含量超过限量标准,铅含量合格率94.44%,镉、砷、汞、无机砷、甲基汞含量合格率均为100.00%;Pi显示鱼类的铅中度污染、镉和无机砷轻度污染,双壳类无机砷轻度污染,软体类镉轻度污染,MPI：鱼类>双壳类>甲壳类>软体类。结论南通市市售海产品普遍存在...     

虹口区市售蔬菜重金属污染与健康风险评估

目的 了解上海市虹口区市售蔬菜铅、镉、总汞和总砷污染状况,并评估健康风险,为保障居民蔬菜食用安全提供依据.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,于2019年6-10月在虹口区选择蔬菜供应量较大的11个农贸市场和11个超市采集蔬菜样品,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定各类蔬菜样品中铅、镉、总汞和总砷含量,根据GB 27...     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.     

Water,sanitation, and hygiene in schools: Status and implications of low coverage in Ethiopia,Kenya, Mozambique,Rwanda, Uganda,and Zambia

Adequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in schools impacts health, educational outcomes, and gender disparities. Little multi-country research has been published on WaSH in rural schools in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this multi-national cross-sectional WaSH study, we document WaSH access, continuity, quality, quantity, and reliability in 2270 schools that were randomly sampled in rural regions of six Sub-Saharan African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia. Data collection included: school WaSH surveys containing internationally established WaSH indicators, direct observation, and field- and laboratory-based microbiological water quality testing. We found 1% of rural schools in Ethiopia and Mozambique to 23% of rural schools in Rwanda had improved water sources on premises, improved sanitation, and water and soap for handwashing. Fewer than 23% of rural schools in the six countries studied met the World Health Organization’s recommended student-to-latrine ratios for boys and for girls. Fewer than 20% were observed to have at least four of five recommended menstrual hygiene services (separate-sex latrines with doors and locks, water for use, waste bin). The low access to safe and adequate WaSH services in rural schools suggest opportunities for WaSH interventions that could have substantive impact on health, education, and gender disparities.     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.

 

     

Schistosomiasis japonica, anemia, and iron status in children, adolescents, and young adults in Leyte, Philippines 1

BACKGROUND: Observational and interventional evidence supports a relation between human schistosomiasis and anemia; however, the exact causal mechanisms remain unclear. Eggs translocating across the intestinal or bladder wall may result in extracorporeal blood loss with subsequent iron deficiency. Alternatively, anemia may result from cytokine-mediated dyserythropoiesis, as seen in anemia of inflammation. OBJECTIVES: By evaluating the cross-sectional relation between the intensity of Schistosoma japonicum infection, hemoglobin concentration, and iron status in 7-30-y-old persons from S. japonicum-endemic rice-farming villages in the province of Leyte, Philippines, we assessed the relative contribution of iron deficiency and anemia of inflammation to schistosomiasis-associated anemia. DESIGN: We enrolled 627 S. japonicum-infected and 111 S. japonicum-uninfected persons. We obtained stool samples to quantify S. japonicum infection and venous blood samples for hemograms and measures of iron status and inflammation. RESULTS: Intensity of S. japonicum infection was independently associated with hemoglobin (beta = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.31, -0.17). Persons with high-intensity infection had a greater risk of iron deficiency anemia (adjusted prevalence odds ratio: 6.6; 95% CI: 2.9, 14.7), but there was no evidence of this relation in low-intensity infections. In contrast, anemia without iron deficiency was prevalent across all intensities (adjusted prevalence odds ratio: 3.8; 95% CI: 1.5, 9.5). CONCLUSIONS: Storage iron deficiency is a major contributor to anemia in high-intensity S. japonicum infection. A high prevalence of anemia without iron deficiency, exclusion of other mechanisms of anemia, and the evidence of low bioavailable iron suggest that anemia of inflammation contributes to S. japonicum-associated anemia at all infection intensities.     

Gender,play, language,and creativity in preschoolers

This study explored the effects of a child's gender and school setting on preschoolers' language abilities (receptive vocabulary), creativity, and social play. The participants were primarily European-American children who spoke English as a primary language (nine children were bilingual), and were from middle income socioeconomic backgrounds. There were 20 girls and 33 boys. Ages ranged from 3.11 to 6.60 years with a mean age of 4.66 years. On separate occasions, children individually completed the Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Person Test and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV. We also recorded the children's social play using Howes and Matheson's [1992. Sequences in the development of competent play with peers: Social and social pretend play. Developmental Psychology, 28, 961–974] scale. We employed a time sampling approach and also notated the area in which the child was playing. We found that gender and school setting influenced children's language abilities and social play. For example, children in the preschool that engaged in pretend play with greater frequency performed well on the receptive vocabulary test. We also found that certain classroom areas generated different types of social play. We discuss the applied value of our findings as these relate to future research.     

Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine

This paper examines the relationship between psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. These countries have been subjected to highly stressful and extensive social change associated with the transition out of communism. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews (n = 10,406) in November 2001. Distress was measured by 12 psychological distress symptoms. Health lifestyles focused on measures of alcohol consumption, smoking and diet. We found that females carried a much heavier burden of psychological distress than males, but this distress did not translate into greater alcohol consumption and smoking for these women or for men. The greatest influence of distress on health lifestyle practices was on daily diets in that both less distressed females and males consumed a more balanced diet than more distressed persons. Our findings suggest that it is the normative demands of a particular lifestyle, rather than distress, that principally shapes the pattern of heavy male drinking. This is an important finding as some sources indicate heavy drinking is largely responsible for the health crisis in the former socialist states.     

Knowledge,attitudes, and practices regarding dengue,chikungunya, and Zika in Cali,Colombia.

Dengue fever (DENF), chikungunya (CHIK), and Zika are responsible for the majority of the burden caused by vector-borne diseases (VBDs); which are produced by viruses primarily transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. Aedes have become prolific in urban areas due to a combination of climate change, rapid urbanization, increased human mobility, and globalization, causing the three VBDs to emerge in novel regions. Community knowledge can provide detailed insights about the spatial heterogeneity of disease risk and rates within a particular region, improving public health interventions. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) surveys are used to shed light on at-risk communities’ understanding of the vector, the pathogen, prevention and treatment strategies. Little is known how KAP varies among diseases, and among neighborhoods within a city. Understanding KAP variation among co-circulating VBDs at a fine-level, especially differences between endemic and emerging diseases, can improve targeted interventions, education programs, and health policy. We administered KAP surveys to 327 individuals in healthcare centers and selected neighborhoods in Cali, Colombia in June 2019. We utilized generalized linear models (GLMs) to identify significant predictors of KAP. Our findings suggest that knowledge is related to community characteristics (e.g. strata), while attitudes and practices are more related to individual-level factors. Access to healthcare also forms significant predictor of residents participating in preventative practices. The results can be leveraged to inform public health officials and communities to motivate at-risk neighborhoods to take an active role in vector surveillance and control, while improving educational and surveillance resources in Cali, Colombia.