2005-2014年抚州市法定传染病疫情分析

目的 分析2005-2014年抚州市法定传染病的发病与流行变化趋势,为控制法定传染病疫情提供科学依据。方法 采用Excel和SPSS22.0对2005-2014年抚州市法定传染病疫情资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2005-2014年抚州市报告法定传染病31种,发病105 719例,年均发病率270.80/10万,年均死亡率0.37/10万,病死率0.14％,发病率为223.19/10万~328.09/10万,2005-2010年呈下降趋势,而2010-2014年呈上升趋势;肠道传染病、血源及性传播传染病呈上升趋势,呼吸道传染病发呈下降趋势。年均发病率前5位的法定传染病依次为肺结核、病毒性肝炎、手足口病、感染性腹泻病、痢疾,占总发病数的87.30%。结论 抚州市重要传染病病种为肺结核、病毒性肝炎(乙肝)、手足口病、其他感染性腹泻、痢疾、流行性腮腺炎、梅毒、淋病、麻疹等,法定传染病防治工作重点为肺结核、乙型肝炎、手足口病、感染性腹泻病、痢疾,应加强梅毒、艾滋病等性传播传染病管理与监测。     

2005—2013年广西灵山县法定传染病流行趋势

目的了解灵山县近9年法定传染病流行特征和趋势,为制定预防控制策略和措施提供依据。方法用描述流行病学方法对2005—2013年灵山县法定传染病监测资料进行统计分析。结果 2005—2013年灵山县无甲类传染病报告,乙丙类共报告24种39 464例,年均发病率为359.82/10万,死亡738例,年均死亡率为6.73/10万,年均病死率为1.87%。全年各月均有发病,4—7月为发病高峰,3岁以下儿童和60岁以上老年人为高发人群,血源及性传播疾病、呼吸道疾病发病率分别居各类法定传染病的第1、2位,肺结核、梅毒、乙型病毒肝炎(乙肝)、其他感染性腹泻、手足口病发病率居前5位。结论灵山县法定传染病发病率呈现上升的趋势,以乙肝、梅毒和艾滋病为主的血源及性传播疾病、以肺结核为主的呼吸道传染病、以手足口病和其他感染性腹泻病为主的儿童常见肠道传染病是该县重点防控的传染病。     

2005—2014年梧州市法定传染病疫情分析

目的了解2005—2014年梧州市法定传染病的发生和流行趋势,为今后制定防控策略提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对疫情资料进行分析。结果 2005—2014年梧州市共报告法定传染病26种160 775例,死亡905例,年均发病率538.28/10万,年均死亡率3.03/10万,病死率0.56%;乙类发病趋势较为平稳,丙类发病率呈逐年上升趋势。发病呈双峰为4—7月和9—10月,以农民和散居儿童为主,高发人群为0~4岁及20~45岁。发病居前5位的疾病有肺结核、肝炎、手足口病、其他感染性腹泻、流行性腮腺炎、急性出血性结膜炎、淋病、梅毒等。肠道传染病年均发病率为200.95/10万,占传染病发病总数的37.33%;血源及性传播传染病年均发病率为170.49/10万,占传染病发病总数的31.67%;呼吸道传染病年均发病率为134.91/10万,占传染病发病总数的25.06%。结论梧州市法定传染病发病率总体呈上升趋势,今后的传染病防控重点应继续做好乙肝、肺结核等慢性传染病防控的同时,应加大对手足口病、其他感染性腹泻、流行性腮腺炎等的防控力度。     

郑州市2004～2010年法定传染病疫情分析

目的 探讨郑州市2004～2010年法定传染病流行规律,为制定传染病预防控制措施提供科学依据.方法 采用描述流行病学方法对郑州市2004～2010年法定传染病进行统计分析.结果 2004～2010年郑州市报告法定传染病26种341 392例,无甲类传染病报告,其中乙类传染病18种计228 577例,死亡576例,年均发病率477.27/10万;丙类传染病8种计112 815例,死亡12例,年均发病率241.56/10万.发病率总体呈上升趋势,乙类传染病中血源及性传播疾病占65.83％,5岁以下儿童发病占21.82％,20～50岁发病占48.84％,农民发病占25.15％;丙类传染病中其他感染性腹泻占59.54％,手足口病(2008～2010)占24.25％.结论 要加强以乙肝、丙肝为主的血源及性传播疾病、以肺结核为主的呼吸道传染病的控制,重点加强其他感染性腹泻、手足口病为代表的丙类传染病的防控工作.     

上海市浦东新区2011-2015年法定传染病疫情分析

目的了解上海市浦东新区法定传染病发病特征和流行趋势,为总结传染病防治经验和及时调整防治策略提供科学依据。方法利用描述性研究方法对浦东新区2011-2015年中国疾病预防控制信息系统报告的法定传染病疫情资料进行统计分析。结果 2011-2015年浦东新区共报告法定传染病28种102 669例,年均发病率383.34/10万,死亡96例,年均死亡率0.36/10万,病死率0.09%。其中,甲类1种1例,乙类19种34 774例,甲乙类传染病年均发病率129.97/10万,以血源及性传播传染病和呼吸道传染病为主;丙类8种67 895例,年均发病率253.37/10万,以手足口病为主。发病数居前五位的甲乙类传染病为梅毒、肺结核、淋病、猩红热和急性病毒性肝炎,丙类传染病为手足口病、流行性腮腺炎、流行性感冒、其他感染性腹泻病和风疹。传染病发病以春夏季为主,4-7月为发病高峰;男女性别比为1.64:1;年龄分布集中在0~6岁和20~40岁;以散居儿童、幼托儿童、学生、工人、家政家务及待业和离退休人员为主。结论浦东新区2011-2015年法定传染病报告发病率总体呈高低波动趋势,应结合发病高峰和重点人群,针对梅毒、肺结核、手足口病等高发传染病,制定和完善传染病防治对策,严防传染病的暴发和流行。     

2008-2011年汶川县法定乙类传染病疫情分析

目的 分析“5·12”汶川大地震后汶川县乙类法定传染病流行状况,为制定防制措施提供依据.方法 收集2008-2011年汶川县法定报告传染病疫情资料,用描述性流行病学的方法进行统计分析.结果 2008-2011年汶川县共报告乙类法定传染病12种,共计898例,死亡6例.年平均发病率为216.52/10万,死亡率为1.45/10万,病死率为0.67％.2008-2011年发病率分别为278.73/10万、269.08/10万、186.14/10万和132.13/10万.发病率居前8位的是肺结核、乙肝、细菌性痢疾、梅毒、淋病、丙肝、甲肝、艾滋病,8种传染病发病数占总发病数的96.10％.肠道传染病年平均发病率为56.42/10万;血源及性传染病年平均发病率为77.64/10万;呼吸道传染病年平均发病率为82.22/10万,其发病2008年、2010年和2011年均居第1位,2009年居第2位.无乙类自然疫源及虫媒传染病报告.新生儿破伤风年均发病率为0.24/10万,居各类传染病的末位.结论 2008-2011年汶川县乙类传染病发病整体呈下降趋势,发病率前3位为呼吸道、血源及性传染病和肠道传染病,部分传染病疫情仍然比较严重,应继续加强相关传染病的防控.     

舟曲县2005-2010年法定传染病的流行病学分析

目的了解舟曲县2005-2010年法定传染病发病趋势和流行特征,为今后传染病防控工作提供科学依据。方法采用Excel 2003对舟曲县2005-2010年法定传染病疫情报告资料建立数据库,并进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2005年1月~2010年12月,舟曲县法定传染病累计报告病例2 688例,未发生甲类传染病;乙类传染病7种2 384例,年平均发病率为305.64/10万;丙类传染病8种304例,年平均发病率为38.97/10万;报告死亡病例4例,均为肺结核,年平均死亡率为0.49/10万。乙类传染病发病率在前3位的病种依次为肺结核、病毒性肝炎、痢疾。丙类传染病发病率在前5位的病种依次为流行性腮腺炎、黑热病、水痘、其他感染性腹泻和流行性感冒。结论舟曲县今后应以肺结核、乙肝和痢疾等呼吸道、血源及肠道传播传染病防治作为重点。     

2002—2011年广东省五华县法定报告传染病疫情动态分析

目的探讨五华县法定报告传染病发生、流行与变动趋势,为传染病预防控制提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法分析五华县2002—2011年法定报告传染病流行及发病趋势。结果 2002—2011年五华县共报告法定传染病21种39 271例,年均发病率为311.13/10万,死亡病例128例,年均死亡率为1.01/10万。无甲类传染病报告,报告乙类传染病15种21 666例,年均发病率为171.65/10万;丙类传染病6种17 605例,年均发病率为139.48/10万。呼吸道传染病居乙类传染病发病第1位,血源及性传播传染病居乙类传染病发病第2位。年均发病率居前2位的是肺结核、病毒性肝炎。狂犬病是死亡人数最多的传染病,占死亡总数(128例)的77.34%。人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)和手足口病感染率呈逐年上升趋势。结论今后五华县传染病防治重点是加强肺结核、病毒性肝炎、狂犬病和艾滋病、手足口病等预防控制工作。     

2004 - 2015年淄博市法定传染病疫情趋势分析

目的 分析2004 - 2015年淄博市法定传染病发生、发展及其变化规律,为制定更为有效的传染病防控策略和措施提供科学依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学和趋势性检验方法,对淄博市2004 - 2015年法定传染病报告资料进行整理和统计分析。 结果 淄博市2004 - 2015年报告法定传染病29种,180 726例,年均发病率为342.5819/10万,其中甲乙类20种92 771例,死亡132例,年均发病率为175.8574/10万;丙类传染病9种87 955例,死亡1例,年均发病率为166.7264/10万。总体发病率呈上升趋势,12年间报告病例较多的是以手足口病、其他感染性腹泻病为主的肠道传染病和以乙肝为主的血源及性传播疾病,虫媒自然疫源及其他传染病报告病例最少。 结论 要加强以乙肝、艾滋病为主的血源及性传播疾病控制,重点加强手足口病及其他感染性腹泻病为代表的肠道传染病防制工作。     

2011-2020年河南省法定传染病疾病谱分析

目的 分析2011-2020年河南省法定传染病报告发病情况和疾病谱。方法 收集河南省卫生健康委员会官网信息公开的法定传染病疫情数据和河南省统计年鉴人口数据,采用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果 2011-2020年河南省共报告法定传染病4 399 212例,年均报告发病率为452.46/10万;累计报告死亡数15 040例,年均报告死亡率1.55/10万,报告病死率0.34%。甲、乙、丙类传染病年均报告发病率分别为0.005/100万、240.50/10万、211.96/10万。按照主要传播途径,年均报告发病率从高到低依次为肠道传染病（158.28/10万）、血液及性传播传染病（150.80/10万）、呼吸道传染病（136.61/10万）、虫媒及自然疫源性传染病（4.04/10万）、其他传播途径传染病（2.74/10万）。年均报告发病率前五位的疾病依次是乙型肝炎（93.16/10万）、手足口病（83.95/10万）、肺结核（67.29/10万）、其它感染性腹泻病（59.28/10万）、流行性感冒（47.27/10万）。乙型肝炎、手足口病、肺结核、其它感染性腹泻病发病率顺位在2011-20...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.