阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与心血管疾病

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(Obstructivesleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)在睡眠呼吸疾病中发病率最高,对健康和生命危害最大。OSAHS的合并症众多,其中属心血管合并症最为严重,是OS-AHS最终造成患者致残和死亡的主要原因,它包括高血压、冠心病、心律失常、肺动脉高压和心力衰竭等。OSAHS与心血管疾病的相关关系1.高血压:流行病学调查发现约30%高血压患者合并OSAHS,45%~48%OSAHS患者伴有高血压,而一般人群中高血压患病率约为20%。多项研究认为OSAHS是独立于年龄、肥胖、饮食、吸烟、遗传等因素的高血压重要危险因素…     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与内分泌疾病

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者睡眠呼吸暂停以及反复低氧所致的应激状态可以引起一系列内分泌和代谢异常,并可产生肥胖、糖尿病等内分泌相关并发症;同时某些内分泌疾病如肥胖、糖尿病、肢端肥大症、多囊卵巢综合征等患者中OSAS的发病率较正常人群为高。文章就OSAS与内分泌疾病的相关性做一综述。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与眼部疾病

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)作为一种常见的睡眠呼吸障碍性疾病,是多种原因引起的睡眠中反复发生呼吸暂停的病变。OSAS患者睡眠中反复发生上气道塌陷、阻塞,导致不同程度低通气(和)或呼吸中断,进而可导致多系统疾病。近年来,越来越多的证据表明OSAS的相关并发症中包括多种眼病。本文就OSAS与几种眼部疾病的相关性作一小结综述。     

Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. As it is strongly associated with known cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, OSA is an independent risk factor for hypertension and has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of congestive cardiac failure, pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmias, and atherosclerosis. Obesity is strongly linked to an increased risk of OSA, and weight loss can reduce the severity of OSA. The current standard treatment for OSA-nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-eliminates apnea and the ensuing acute hemodynamic changes during sleep. Long-term CPAP treatment studies have shown a reduction in nocturnal cardiac ischemic episodes and improvements in daytime blood pressure levels and left ventricular function. Despite the availability of effective therapy, OSA remains an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition. A lack of physician awareness is one of the primary reasons for this deficit in diagnosis and treatment.     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a common but often unrecognized disorder caused by pharyngeal collapse during sleep and characterized by frequent awakenings, disrupted sleep and consequent excessive daytime sleepiness. With the increasing epidemic of obesity, the most important risk factor for OSA, prevalence of the disease will increase over the coming years thus representing an important public-health problem. In fact, it is now recognized that there is an association between OSA and hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, heart failure, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, stroke, pulmonary hypertension, neurocognitive and mood disorders. Diagnosis is based on the combined evaluation of clinical manifestations and objective sleep study findings. Cardinal symptoms include snoring, sleepiness and significant reports of sleep apnea episodes. Polysomnography represents the gold standard to confirm the clinical suspicion of OSA syndrome, to assess its severity and to guide therapeutic choices. Behavioral, medical and surgical options are available for the treatment. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) represents the treatment of choice in most patients. CPAP has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing symptoms, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and neurocognitive sequelae, but it is often poorly tolerated. The results of clinical studies do not support surgery and pharmacological therapy as first-line treatment, but these approaches might be useful in selected patients. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying the disease could improve therapeutic strategies and reduce the social impact of OSA syndrome.     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in adults and cardiovascular risk]

Sleep obstructive apnea syndrome (SOAS) is a common condition with a strong male predominance. Its incidence is more than 1 percent in the population as a whole. It exists in snorers. Both snoring and SOAS are linked to the presence of abnormalities (congenital or acquired) of the upper respiratory tract. The nocturnal cardiovascular consequences of SOAS are directly linked to apnea. Bradycardia occurs during apnea and tachycardia when ventilation restarts. Paroxysmal nocturnal hypertension is a constant feature. Even in individuals who are normotensive during the day, each restarting of ventilation is accompanied by peaking of blood pressure. The pulmonary artery pressure curve follows that of systemic blood pressure. Complications begin when SOAS has been present for several years: 1) Chronic: permanent systemic hypertension is common (56 percent of SOAS). It is often refractory to antihypertensive treatment. 2) Acute: the onset of myocardial infarction and of cerebrovascular accidents explains the heavy mortality of SOAS (37 percent at 8 years in untreated individuals with a number of episodes of apnea exceeding 20 per hour of sleep). Other acute complications are less common: acute pulmonary edema, nocturnal sudden death. These events may be prevented by treatment suppressing apnea: actuarial survival curves are then superimposable upon those of the population as a whole. Thus SOAS is a cardiovascular risk factor which is remarkably reversible by specific treatment, though which most often passes unrecognized.     

Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep-disordered breathing condition, which is increasingly being recognized as having wide-ranging pathophysiological effects on multiple organ systems. Although multiple factors affect the incidence and severity of OSA, male sex and obesity seem to play an influential role. The apnea-ventilation cycle, characterized by abnormalities in gas exchange, exaggerated respiratory effort and frequent arousals, has been shown to have deleterious effects on circulatory hemodynamics, the autonomic milieu, hormonal balance, inflammatory and coagulation cascades, endothelial function, and the redox state, with potential cardiovascular significance. Consequently, OSA is being increasingly implicated in a multitude of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. The strength of association for individual CVD is varied, and outcomes of clinical studies are conflicting. In addition, obesity, which is closely linked to both OSA and CVD, makes it harder to ascertain the independent role of OSA on CVD. Although available evidence is inconclusive, there is an increasing recognition of the direct role for OSA in CVD. Similarly, although several studies have demonstrated the cardiovascular benefits of OSA treatment, further studies are needed to confirm this.     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is caused by upper airway collapse during inspiration, causing intermittent hypoxemia, hypercapnia, acidosis, sympathetic nervous system activation, and arousal from sleep. Nighttime blood pressure is higher, but unexpectedly, daytime hypertension occurs. The prevalence of hypertension is very high and the incidence of hypertension increases as the number of apneic and hypopneic events per hour rises. Obesity is a major predisposing factor for the development of obstructive sleep apnea. Daytime sleepiness, snoring, and breathing pauses are important symptoms to elicit from the patient or sleep partner. Resistant hypertension is an important clue. Overnight polysomnography is required for diagnosis. Weight loss, avoidance of nocturnal sedatives, cessation of evening alcohol ingestion, and avoidance of the supine position during sleep are initial therapeutic actions in mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Continuous positive airway pressure is the treatment of choice for patients unable to find relief from lifestyle changes. Blood pressure modestly improves with treatment.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与心血管疾病

本文分析关于阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与心血管疾病之间的关系、发生发展机制的最新进展,阐述对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停合并心血管疾病的患者行经鼻气道持续正压通气治疗能给患者心血管疾病的治疗、预后、康复和生活质量带来益处.本篇综述的目的 在于引起医务工作者对阻塞性呼吸暂停与心血管疾病的关系的重视,从而服务于临床.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与脑卒中

探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）与脑卒中在流行病学与人体生物学之间的相关性及其发病机制。睡眠呼吸暂停是脑卒中的危险因素,独立相关于心血管危险因素,对卒中的预防有重大意义。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与脑卒中

大量临床观察结果提示阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)易于诱发脑卒中,其相关性受到密切关注,了解OSAS和脑卒中的关系对于脑卒中的防治具有重要意义.     

阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与心血管疾病的关系

目的探讨阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）与心血管疾病的关系。方法对265例鼾症患者与20例健康自愿者进行多导睡眠呼吸监测。根据睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AH I）和夜间血氧饱和度（SaO2）分为5组:正常对照组、单纯性鼾症组、轻、中和重度OSAHS组,并分析并发冠心病、高血压患者的心电和血压变化。结果①OSAHS组188例,并发心血管疾病106例（56%）,其中高血压病61例（32%）,冠心病45例（24%）。单纯鼾症组77例并发心血管疾病12例（16%）,高血压病7例（9%）,冠心病5例（6%）,OSAHS组并发心血管疾病发生率显著高于单纯鼾症组（P<0.05）。②OSAHS组晨间收缩压、舒张压均高于单纯鼾症组与正常对照组（P<0.05）。③OSAHS组夜间窦性心动过缓、室性早搏、室性心动过速、室上性心动过速发生率均显著高于单纯性鼾症组和正常对照组（P<0.05）。结论OSAHS与心血管疾病的发生密切相关,随着其程度的加重对患者血压变化及心律失常有显著影响。     

小儿阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

小儿阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征目前在我国正逐步引起广泛重视,本文就此病的流行病学、病因、临床表现、诊断标准、检查方法和治疗加以综述介绍。     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and bronchial hyperreactivity

This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of bronchial hyperreactivity (BH) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), heavy snorers, and light snorers; its correlation with OSAS severity; and its response to nasal CPAP therapy. Forty-eight age- and sex-matched subjects were selected on the basis of preentry sleep studies: Group I consisted of 16 patients with OSAS (hypopnea-apnea index (HAI) = 35 ± 9); group II consisted of 16 cases of heavy snorers without OSAS; and group III, a control group, consisted of 16 subjects with only mild snoring. All 48 patients had normal pulmonary function (simple spirometry) prior to study entry and had no history of asthma or allergies. The prevalence of BH was prospectively assessed by giving each subject a methacholine challenge test (MCT). Patients with a positive MCT were treated with 2–3 months of nasal CPAP treatment, after which they had a second MCT. Four of 16 patients in group I had BH on MCT (PD20 = 88, 103, 109, 162 D.U.), whereas none of the group II or III subjects demonstrated BH. There was no correlation between BH and the severity of the OSAS. The 4 patients with BH in group I showed an increase in PD20M after 2–3 months of nasal CPAP treatment. In conclusion, BH may occur in patients with OSAS. It is unrelated to the severity of the OSAS, and nasal constant positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy can decrease the hyperreactivity to methacholine in these patients.     

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阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apneasyndrome,OSAS)是一种常见的临床病症,人群中患病率为1%~4%,但在老年人患病率则高达20%~40%。本病以睡眠中反复的呼吸停止和低通气为主要表现,可以造成夜间反复的胸内负压增高、CO2潴留、酸中毒和低氧血症,从而引起夜间的反复     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与扩张型心肌病

随着对阻塞睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)认识的深入,OSAS与各类心血管疾病的相关性也逐渐得到重视。2009年中华医学会呼吸病学分会睡眠学组会同心血管病学会参照国外有关研究发表了《睡眠呼吸暂停与心血管疾病专家共识》,成为进一步促进、密切两个学科之间研究的新起点。文章对如何早期认识、诊断OSAS合并扩张型心肌病(DCM)做一简要介绍,强调DCM患者合并OSAS诊断的临床意义,分析CPAP治疗对DCM患者恢复心脏功能及心脏结构的临床价值。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征和心房颤动

阻塞性呼吸睡眠暂停综合征(OSAS)作为一种广泛存在但诊断率较低的疾病,与高血压、心肌梗死及心功能不全等多种心血管疾病密切相关。近年来,OSAS与心房颤动(AF)之间的联系也越来越受到重视。多项研究认为,OSAS是影响AF负荷的重要因素。炎症及自主神经功能等多种因素被认为是两者之间的内在联系。本文就OSAS与AF的流行病学、病理生理及治疗等方面的相关研究现状进行综述。