云南省吸毒青少年多药滥用调查分析

目的:了解云南省吸毒青少年多药滥用的情况,为加强防治提供科学依据。方法:自行设计吸毒人员多药滥用调查问卷,对云南省4个州市的强制隔离戒毒、自愿戒毒和美沙酮维持治疗的25 a以下,首次吸毒时间低于20 a的学员进行问卷调查。结果:在935例有效问卷中,其中满足年龄要求的共178例,占19.0%,有多药滥用的共157例,占88.2%。滥用的毒品总共有5种,其中大多数是海洛因和冰毒混用。滥用的成瘾性药物有9种,其中滥用最多的是复方地芬诺酯(82.1%)和三唑仑(52.8%)。结论:云南省吸毒青少年普遍存在多药滥用的情况。除了存在多种毒品混用外还存在毒品与成瘾性药物混合滥用,应引起相关部门重视。     

对南京市374例劳教戒毒人员的调查分析

目的:调查分析劳教戒毒人员的人口学、行为学特征、滥用毒品情况以及戒毒心理状态。方法:采用国家药物滥用监测中心设计的《药物滥用监测调查表》、江苏省劳动教养数字化管理系统,调查374例劳教戒毒人员人口学特征和滥用毒品情况;自拟问卷了解劳教戒毒人员对戒毒意义的认识等相关问题。结果:劳教戒毒人员的年龄主要集中在26-45 a之间(占86.6%);初中文化水平者占多数(68.4%);未婚者多(68.7%);在劳教戒毒前一个月,96.0%使用的毒品为海洛因,78.1%(292例)采用注射方式滥用,但未发现HIV阳性者;入所前全部有刑事或治安处罚记录;在强制戒毒的环境下,69.5%(157例)对毒品的危害性有一定的认识,66.2%(151例)表示保持操守。结论:劳教戒毒人员以中、青年为主,他们注射毒品、破坏治安、违法犯罪,在强制戒毒的环境里,对毒品的危害有一定的认识,但保持操守仍面临诸多问题。     

武汉市2015-2017年药物滥用监测数据分析

目的 了解武汉市药物滥用人群的具体情况与相关行为特征,掌握药物滥用动态,为政府部门制定相关的预防与控制政策提供依据。方法 参照流行病学的原理和调查方法,武汉市药品不良反应监测中心对2015—2017年收集到的16 506例有效《药物滥用监测调查表》资料进行回顾性分析。结果 (1)滥用人群以男性、初中及以下文化程度、无业人员为主,年龄主要分布在21~50岁,中高年龄层滥用药物人数有一定幅度增加;(2)主要滥用物质为新型合成毒品麻谷丸,传统毒品海洛因次之,近3年麻谷丸滥用发生情况有一定程度下降,而海洛因滥用发生情况有一定程度上升;(3)主要来源于同伴,以烫吸为主,主要滥用原因为追求欣快、刺激,多选择隐私性较强场所;(4)2015—2017年初次滥用年龄主要集中21~30岁之间,35岁以下青少年占比分别为84.02%、84.99%、81.25%,滥用药物年限在5年以上、脱/戒毒次数在2~5次之间者居多。结论 武汉市药物滥用人群呈缓慢增长,初次滥用药物人群以青少年为主,新型合成毒品与传统毒品滥用发生情况存在此消彼长的现象。建议采取切实有效传播方式进行药物滥用宣传与教育,建立科学合理的社会治理机制,有效遏制药物滥用。     

新疆乌鲁木齐地区药物滥用情况分析

目的··:了解新疆地区药物滥用情况 ,为该地区的禁毒、戒毒工作提出建议。方法··:对乌鲁木齐地区强制戒毒的1281例药物滥用者进行社会人口学特征、吸毒原因的问卷调查。结果··:1281例全部为阿片类滥用者 ,有25.21 %同时滥用大麻 ,21.70 %同时滥用三唑仑 ,11.79 %同时滥用地西泮 ;男性占86.26%;30a以下的滥用者占77.52 % ;其中85.58 %的女性滥用者的年龄在30a以下 ;初中以下文化程度占78.20%;无业、个体和农民占69.74 % ;个体、无业、单亲、重组家庭及孤儿占73.22 %;药物滥用的主要原因是好奇和逆反心理。结论··:男性、30a以下、无正当职业、文化程度低、家庭和周围环境欠佳者为药物滥用的易感人群 ,提出我国的禁毒、戒毒工作中应把重点 ,特别是药物滥用的预防工作重点放在该人群。     

176例药物依赖合并感染HIV人群的流行病学调查

目的:了解药物依赖合并感染HIV人群的流行病学特征。方法:随机整群抽取广西地区戒毒所176名感染HIV的药物依赖者,进行横断面调查,对其一般人口学资料和药物滥用情况进行分析。结果:在被调查的感染者中男性占88.6%,女性占11.4%;年龄为33.21a±s6.01a,25-40a年龄段占到了83.53%;未婚者占52.84%;无业人员占52.27%;初中和小学文化程度者占86.93%;汉族占83.52%;初次吸毒年龄为22.7a±s6.08a,其中25a以下者占68.19%;吸毒年限10.51a±s3.72a;全部有海洛因滥用和静脉注射史;环境和心理因素是造成复吸的主要原因。结论:药物滥用合并感染HIV人群中以汉族、男性、未婚、无业、文化程度低者为主。初次滥用年龄低。宣传教育和改变危险行为是预防HIV感染行之有效的措施,建议加强对青少年毒品与艾滋病的预防教育及对药物滥用人群的行为干预。     

四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及其行为特征调查

目的:了解四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及行为特征情况,为采取有针对性的戒毒干预措施预防艾滋病病毒的传播提供数据.方法:以社区为基础招募了379名静脉吸毒人员,调查其人口学特征,艾滋病病毒感染情况,药物滥用的种类、吸毒方式和频率,口吸和静脉吸毒时间,共用注射器具情况等.结果:静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染率为11.3%(43/379).379名被调查者全部为海洛因滥用者,其中247人(65.2%)单独使用过海洛因,297人(78.4%)混合注射过海洛因与安定,滥用过的其他药物有安定(8.2%)和鸦片(1.3%).300人(79.2%)每天静脉注射吸毒一次及以上;曾经共用注射器具静脉吸毒的为247人(65.2%),87人(35.2%)首次静脉注射吸毒即与他人共用注射器具;初次口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均年龄分别为22.37岁和25.35岁,口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均时间分别为6.41年和3.42年.结论:加强青少年、吸毒人员关于毒品危害和拒绝毒品的健康教育活动,以及开展美沙酮或丁丙诺啡口服治疗海洛因依赖者,降低静脉注射吸毒行为,控制艾滋病病毒的传播.     

上海地区女性药物滥用情况分析

目的:了解上海地区女性药物滥用情况,为禁毒部门及禁毒工作提供科学依据。方法:由具有专业知识和工作经验的医务人员(或管教人员),使用国家药物滥用监测中心编制的《药物滥用监测调查表》,对所有进戒毒机构戒毒的药物滥用人员进行面对面问卷调查采集。采用回顾性研究方法,收集2007年度女性药物滥用情况,包括人口学特征、药物滥用史、药物滥用行为特征与药物滥用致艾滋病的检测结果等方面的监测数据进行描述性分析统计,并将2007年度药物滥用品种与2005、2006年度比较。结果:上海地区2007年度共收治2768例女性药物滥用者,占该年度监测到的药物滥用总人数的21.0%;年龄34 a±s46 a,其中31-40 a者占41.4%,居各年龄段首位,其次为30 a以下年龄组,占34.0%。具有上海户籍者占76.4%;无婚姻关系(包括未婚、未婚同居、离婚、丧偶,62.1%)、无业(87.1%)以及初中及以下文化程度(68.2%)的亚群发生率相对较高,但企事业职工(2.0%)和大专及以上文化程度者(2.0%)也占到了一定的比例。滥用的药物仍以传统毒品海洛因为主,2697例,占97.43%,其次为冰毒,93例,占3.45%;滥用方式以注射使用为主,1920例次,占51.8%,其次为烫吸1627例次,占43.9%;有共用注射器行为者182例次,占9.5%,艾滋病病毒阳性者13例,占0.5%。与2005年、2006年比较,新型毒品如冰毒滥用的比例在增加。结论:上海地区女性药物滥用问题值得重视,冰毒等新型毒品的使用在增加。年龄结构已从中青年人群向两端人群扩散,从未婚、无固定职业及文化程度低的亚人群向一般人群发展。     

澳门特别行政区的药物滥用防治政策

一、澳门地区药物滥用情况澳门在近十几年之毒品问题主要仍以滥用海洛因为主 ,但在 90年代开始 ,大麻类及精神科药物滥用之情况逐渐突出 ,出现了镇定剂类之蓝精灵、安定、兴奋剂类之冰、摇头丸 ( MDMA-Ecstasy) ,和最近流行属麻醉剂类的K仔 (氯胺酮 -Ketamine)等毒品。近年来 ,澳门的青少年问题日趋严重 ,其中青少年滥用药物及吸烟行为亦有恶化迹象。目前服用“Party drugs派对药物”最为流行 ,以至摇头丸加速盛行 ,而新款毒品不断出现。从警方查获的数字中可以看到 ,贩毒和吸毒人数逐年上升 ,贩毒者年龄更有下降趋势。(一 )澳门地区药…     

合成毒品滥用人群感染HIV危险因素分析

目的:了解合成毒品滥用者毒品滥用后高危性行为的发生情况,探索合成毒品滥用与艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染的关联。方法:本研究是在2015年3月至2015年6月期间,在广东省某市级强制隔离戒毒所进行。对313例在所进行强制隔离戒毒治疗,与"甲基苯丙胺和氯胺酮物质滥用"相关的戒毒者进行问卷调查。结果:313例调查对象中男性286人,女性27人;苯丙胺类滥用者占到68.4%,海洛因和苯丙胺类混合滥用者占到17.9%;66.6%的调查对象吸毒后发生过性行为,74.1%的调查对象吸毒后发生性行为从未使用安全套或有时使用安全套,吸毒后发生同性性行为和群体性行为的比例分别为3.0%和6.1%,34.5%的人承认吸毒后会增加性交频次。结论:合成毒品滥用人群仍然以青少年为主。甲基苯丙胺和氯胺酮是主要滥用精神活性物质。合成毒品滥用后增加了使用者发生高危性行为的机率,艾滋病传播的风险也相应提高。合成毒品滥用者是艾滋病等性传播疾病的高危人群。     

“新型毒品”与“传统毒品”滥用者的心理和行为特征比较研究

目的:通过与"传统毒品"滥用者的比较,了解强制隔离戒毒人员中"新型毒品"滥用者的心理及行为特点,为科学、合理、系统地对"新型毒品"滥用者进行心理治疗和心理康复提供参考依据。方法:对强制隔离戒毒人员中的"新型毒品"滥用者和"传统毒品"滥用者分别进行以人口学特征、药物滥用史、精神症状特征、防御机制、个人评价及艾森克个性测验等为主要内容的问卷评定,并比较组间差异性。结果:在人口学特征方面,除文化程度外,两组在年龄、婚姻状况和职业构成上的差异均有显著性(P<0.01);在药物滥用史方面,两组在吸毒时间和戒毒次数上的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);在个人评价总分,EPQ 4个因子,防御机制问卷中不成熟的防御机制因子以及16PF测评中乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性、兴奋性、敢为性、敏感性、怀疑性、幻想性、忧虑性、实验性、独立性、紧张性等因子上,"新型毒品"滥用者与"传统毒品"滥用者间的差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:与"传统毒品"滥用者相比,"新型毒品"滥用者呈现出年轻化特点,以未婚者、个体从业者和有稳定经济收入工作者为主,在心理和行为方面呈现出易激惹、焦虑、空虚无聊、敏感、烦躁、幻想性等显著性特点,提示:一方面,在强制隔离戒毒期间,对"新型毒品"滥用者心理和行为障碍的矫治工作应根据该人群上述心理和行为特点有针对性地开展;另一方面应把具有上述特征的人群作为"新型毒品"滥用高危人群,并作为开展"新型毒品"禁毒宣传教育的重点对象。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.