导管溶栓及置入下腔静脉滤器预防肺栓塞的临床应用

目的评价导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的效果及置入下腔静脉滤器预防下肢深静脉血栓脱落引起肺栓塞的价值。方法48例下肢深静脉血栓患者分别经股静脉（40例）、右颈静脉（8例）置入下腔静脉滤器，滤器位于双。肾静脉水平以下的下腔静脉内，下腔静脉滤器植入后将溶栓导管插入血栓之髂股静脉进行溶栓。药物：尿激酶80-100万u，肝素1mg／kg。结果下腔静脉滤器置入全部成功，术中导管溶栓32例完全再通及部分再通，余16例术后溶栓成功。结论经导管术中溶栓成功率高，效果好，置入下腔静脉滤器防止肺栓塞是安全有效的方法。     

置管溶栓联合下腔静脉滤器置入治疗下腔静脉漂浮血栓

目的评估置管溶栓联合下腔静脉滤器置入在下腔静脉漂浮血栓治疗中的效果。方法收集2013年7月至2014年11月期间昆明医科大学第四附属医院云南省血管外科中心收治的下肢深静脉血栓形成并发下腔静脉漂浮血栓患者16例,经颈内静脉入路置入下腔静脉滤器,经一侧小隐静脉入路行下腔静脉置管溶栓,尿激酶用量(60~80)×10~4 U/d。结果经置管溶栓联合下腔静脉滤器置入治疗后,13例患者下腔静脉漂浮血栓消失,回收的滤器上可见有少量的血栓黏附,下肢肿胀情况缓解,下腔静脉可达有效开通标准;2例下腔静脉漂浮血栓与下腔静脉管腔粘连,造成管腔狭窄,滤器未予回收;1例患者下腔静脉漂浮血栓消失,下肢肿胀情况略有缓解,滤器上可见大量血栓黏附而未予回收。所有患者在出院时下肢肿胀、疼痛等临床症状均缓解,行肺动脉CT示未发生明显肺动脉栓塞征象。对14例患者随访6个月结果见下腔静脉血流通畅,下肢肿胀等情况未加重,复查肺动脉CT未见肺动脉栓塞征象。结论从本组有限的数据初步得出,置管溶栓联合下腔静脉滤器置入在下肢深静脉血栓形成并发下腔静脉漂浮血栓治疗中的疗效可靠,安全性高。     

导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的临床研究

目的观察经导管直接尿激酶泵入溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效。方法 23例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,在置入腔静脉滤器后,经小隐静脉(或大隐静脉)置入溶栓导管局部直接溶栓,共4～5 d。结果髂股静脉完全再通率21.7%(5/23),临床治愈率78.2%(18/23),总有效率100%;未发生肺栓塞及出血并发症。结论经导管局部直接溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成,再通率高且安全。     

下腔静脉滤器在治疗下肢深静脉血栓中的应用

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器在治疗下肢深静脉血栓中的应用价值。方法46例下肢深静脉血栓患者在其他治疗前先置入下腔静脉滤器,然后其中20例采用抗凝、溶栓等药物治疗＋气压梯度治疗,另26例实施手术治疗,并同时采取抗凝、溶栓及气压梯度治疗。观察本组患者有无出现肺栓塞的症状及体症,定期透视滤器的形态与位置。结果下腔静脉滤器置入全部成功,其中置入永久性下腔静脉滤器38例,置入临时性下腔静脉滤器8例。经治疗46例患者中44例的下肢深静脉血栓症状及体征消失或缓解,无肺栓塞发生。对置入永久性下腔静脉滤器者中的36例进行2～24个月的随访（平均13个月）,滤器无移位,未发生肺栓塞。结论下腔静脉滤器置入方法简单、安全,可有效防止肺动脉栓塞的发生,可为下肢深静脉血栓治疗提供有效保障。     

下肢深静脉血栓形成合并Cockett 综合症的腔内 介入治疗

目的：探讨合并Cockett综合征的下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）腔内介入治疗的疗效及安全性。 方法：回顾性分析2010年6月―2013年6月收治的86例合并Cockett综合征的下肢DVT患者资料。采用经患足外踝小隐静脉切开或穿刺置溶栓导管接触深静脉血栓,微泵持续推注尿激酶溶栓,7~10 d后,对狭窄或闭塞的髂静脉段进行球囊扩张或联合支架植入术,术后继续予抗凝、活血、穿着弹力袜等,出院后均口服华法林或利伐沙班继续抗凝治疗。 结果：86例患者中,22例因急性肺栓塞和髂股静脉大量漂浮血栓,溶栓前行下腔静脉滤器安置术,其中永久滤器5例;单纯球囊扩张35例,联合支架置入51例。术后总有效率100%,所有患者术后均无严重并发症,4例溶栓时出现轻度出血并发症,调整用药后消失。82例获随访6~36个月,管腔通畅率91.46%（75/82）,7例支架内血栓形成或下肢静脉血栓复发,经再次置管溶栓后血栓消融。 结论：深静脉置管溶栓联合腔内成形术治疗合并Cockett综合征的下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）是一种安全、有效、微创的疗法。     

可回收腔静脉滤器置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的:探讨可回收腔静脉滤器在置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓中的作用.方法:对接受可回收腔静脉滤器植入术的患者进行随访,根据是否进行置管溶栓治疗分为置管溶栓组28例和对照组63例,观察溶栓效果及两组滤器捕获率及滤器回收率有无差异.结果:置管溶栓组24例血栓溶解率超过50%;血栓捕获率及滤器回收率明显高对照组(均P<0.05).结论:置管溶栓过程中存在着较高的血栓脱落率,使用可回收腔静脉滤器是安全、有效的.     

滤器保护下置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成临床总结

目的探讨滤器保护下经胭静脉置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床应用价值。方法对2002年12月至2005年2月收治的51例下肢深静脉血栓形成病人，在滤器保护下经B超引导，由胭静脉置入溶栓导管，以输液泵经溶栓导管持续泵入溶栓药物10—14d，同时行抗凝治疗。结果所有病人均置管成功，其中3例未能通过髂静脉。临床表现均有不同程度的好转，出院前均行影像学检查，治愈11例，显效34例，有效6例。其中5例接受髂静脉球囊扩张术，3例行髂静脉支架置入术，1例行耻骨上静脉转流术。结论下腔静脉滤器保护下行膪静脉置管溶栓，可防止肺栓塞，延长尿激酶溶栓时间窗，减少尿激酶用量，减少出血并发症，并为后续治疗提供机会。     

导管溶栓联合滤器置入治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：评价导管溶栓联合滤器置入治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成临床效果。 方法：84例急性下肢深静脉血栓形成患者随机分成联合组（n=42）和静脉溶栓组（n=42）,联合组采取导管溶栓联合经下腔静脉滤器置入,静脉溶栓组采取经外周静脉溶栓治疗,记录两组患者治疗时间和药物使用情况,比较两组患者临床溶栓效果和治疗前后双侧下肢周径差,随访6个月,记录两组患者不良反应发生情况。 结果：联合组患者治疗起效时间（16.9±6.2）h和总溶栓时间（74.8±26.4）h均短于静脉溶栓组（P<0.05）,尿激酶用量（312.5±121.7）万U亦少于静脉溶栓组（P<0.05）;联合组总有效率95.2%,高于静脉溶栓组的73.8%（P<0.05）;治疗后联合组患者大腿周径差（1.5±0.9）cm和小腿周径差（1.3±1.0）cm均小于静脉溶栓组（P<0.05）;联合组总不良反应发生率为9.5%,远低于静脉溶栓组的31.0%（P<0.05）。 结论：导管溶栓联合滤器置入治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成作用迅速,药物用量少,临床疗效显著,不良反应少,值得在临床推广使用。

     

下腔静脉滤器置入联合置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓患者的

目的:分析下腔静脉滤器联合置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的临床疗效及临床护理结果。方法:回顾性分析我科自2016年9月—2018年9月期间收治60例下肢深静脉血栓患者的治疗及护理,其中观察组30例行下腔静脉滤器置入联合置管溶栓手术治疗,对照组30例行抗凝药物保守治疗,比较两组患者患肢治疗前、治疗1周、治疗2周后下肢周径差等的差异。结果:观察组30例患者均手术成功,下肢症状快速缓解,无症状性肺栓塞发生。对照组28例患者肢体肿胀缓解较差,2例发生症状性肺栓塞。观察组患者术1、2周的下肢周径差优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:下腔静脉滤器置入联合置管溶栓术治疗对减少致死性肺栓塞、快速缓解下肢水肿及减少深静脉血栓后综合征有显著效果。临床护理是治疗安全的有效保证。     

下腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中的应用

目的 探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成患者置人下腔静脉滤器预防肺栓塞的作用。方法 55例下肢深静脉血栓患者治疗前置人下腔静脉滤器，其中Simon Nitiol滤器(SNF)25例，Trap Ease滤器(TEF)13例，Antheor Temporal滤器(ATF)17例。10例采用抗凝溶栓治疗，45例实施手术和腔内治疗，临床观察有无出现肺栓塞症状和体症，定期透视SNF和TEF的形态与位置。结果 下腔静脉滤器置人全部成功，经治疗下肢深静脉血栓症状及体征消失．无肺栓塞发生。1例置入SNFl6个月，出现下腔静脉阻塞；17例临时性置放滤器者ATF取出后发现有血栓性物质。结论 腔静脉滤器近期预防肺动脉栓塞简便安全有效，远期并发症要引起重视，并待进一步研究。     

Utility of retrievable vena cava filters and mechanical thrombectomy in the endovascular management of acute deep venous thrombosis

Endovascular interventions of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) using various therapeutic modalities, such as thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement, have received increased focus owing in part to advances in catheter-based interventional technologies. Although systemic anticoagulation remains the primary treatment modality in DVT, catheter-based interventions can provide rapid removal of large thrombus burden and possibly preserve venous valvular function in patients with symptomatic DVT. This article reviews current endovascular treatment strategies for acute DVT. Specifically, the utility of mechanical thrombectomy along with various temporary IVC filters in the setting of DVT is examined. Lastly, an illustrative case of acute DVT that was treated with endovascular intervention with IVC filter placement is presented.     

下腔静脉滤器置放术在深静脉血栓-肺栓塞演变中的临床应用

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)在预防深静脉血栓(DVT)-肺栓塞(PE)演变中的临床应用价值。方法经造影和(或)彩色多普勒超声证实为下肢深静脉广泛血栓30例,其中有肺部临床表现21例,胸部影像学证实19例,DSA显示下腔静脉内血栓6例。溶栓介入治疗前置放IVCF 30例,下腔静脉内血栓形成未放IVCF 1例。置放IVCF后经患肢足背静脉滴注尿激酶或经导管血栓内抽吸、局部溶栓、导丝搅拌增加溶栓接触面积;经非患肢静脉给予抗凝、抗生素治疗。结果本组30例放置5种构型滤器32枚,其中2枚为临时滤器,置入取出均顺利,滤器无移位,术中无并发症。痊愈9例,有效14例,改善6例,无效1例。因没有及时置入IVCF进行溶栓治疗,深静脉血栓导致下腔静脉血栓6例,后置入IVCF 5例疗效良好,未放IVCF 1例,12天后因肺栓塞死亡。结论下腔静脉滤器对预防深静脉血栓向肺栓塞演变具有一定价值,其置放术安全可靠,便于临床及时溶栓抗凝治疗,但其应用价值需进行综合评价和进一步探讨。     

超声引导置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的探讨超声引导置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的临床应用价值。方法收集55例下肢DVT患者,分为置管溶栓组(n=35)和对照组(n=20)。治疗前对所有患者均行超声检查以了解DVT情况。置管溶栓组:下腔静脉滤器置入术后,在超声引导下行患肢静脉置管,用微量泵持续向导管内给予尿激酶和肝素;对照组经静脉注射溶栓尿激酶和肝素进行全身治疗。治疗后所有患者均复查超声,观察疗效并进行比较。结果置管溶栓组所有患者置管成功,其中26例治愈,6例有效,3例无效,总有效率为91.43%(32/35)。对照组5例治愈,8例有效,7例无效,总有效率为65.00%(13/20)。两组疗效差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.99,P0.05)。结论超声引导置管溶栓治疗下肢DVT特异性高、见效快、疗程短,是治疗下肢DVT的有效方法。     

Pulse-spray pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for proximal deep vein thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and feasibility of pulse-spray pharmacomechanical thrombolysis to treat proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in conjunction with the placement of a non-permanent IVC filter. METHODS: We studied 31 consecutive patients with acute proximal DVT defined as the inferior vena cava (IVC), iliac vein and/or femoral vein, who were diagnosed using duplex ultrasonography and/or contrast venography. All were treated with pulse-spray urokinase. Early success was assessed by comparing the pre- and post-treatment venographic severity score. Non-permanent IVC filters were used to reduce the risk of pulmonary thromboembolism. RESULTS: The average total urokinase dose was 1.71 million IU (range: 0.72-3.6 million IU) and the average duration of therapy was 2.4 days. The average percentage of thrombus lysed was 85% (range: 22-100%). A large thrombus trapped by the filter was detected using cavography before extraction of the filter in one patient. There was no major treatment-related adverse event. CONCLUSION: The combination of pulse-spray pharmacomechanical thrombolysis and the prophylactic use of a non-permanent IVC filter was a safe and effective approach for treating acute proximal DVT.     

下腔静脉滤器在急性下肢深静脉血栓形成导管溶栓治疗中的必要性探讨

目的 探讨急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)患者行导管溶栓治疗(catheter direct thrombolysis,CDT)时,置入下腔静脉滤器的必要性.方法 回顾性总结2006年11月至2008年12月在仁济医院(东院)血管外科,经CDT及后续腔内治疗的急性下肢DVT患者临床资料.全组93例(93侧肢体),其中男35例,女58例;左下肢80例,右下肢13例;年龄28～88岁,平均60±29岁.病程5 h至15 d,平均(6.28±7.08)d.结果 93例患者中,置入滤器者30例,未置滤器者63例(67.7%,63/93).左下肢DVT未置滤器者占93.6%(59/63).溶栓后复查数字减影造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA),77例髂-股静脉血栓完全溶解,其中70例于患肢髂静脉检出狭窄或闭塞性病变,57例接受了后续腔内治疗.全组未发生症状性肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE).术后肺CTA检查:3例PE,均为置入下腔静脉滤器者;1例可疑PE,系未置入滤器者.结论 对于左下肢DVT且血栓未累及下腔静脉者,行CDT治疗时不必常规置入腔静脉滤器.     

Clinical outcome and complications of temporary inferior vena cava filter placement

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the current clinical experience of temporary inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement and its related complications. METHODS: From January 2000 to December 2005, we enrolled 33 patients (8 men and 25 women) who underwent percutaneous insertion of a temporary IVC filter in the Department of Vascular Surgery of Tokyo University Hospital. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was proven in 78.8% of the patients. The indications for filter insertion were contraindication to anticoagulation therapy (9.1%), thrombolytic therapy (12.1%), perioperative prophylactic implantation (84.8%), pregnancy with DVT (3.0%), and prophylactic implantation in the absence of DVT (15.2%). A Neuhaus Protect was used in 13 patients, and an Antheor was used in 20 patients. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD duration of filter placement was 10.6 +/- 7.0 days. There was no case of pulmonary embolism during filter protection and retraction. Filter thrombosis (capture of thrombus) was observed in four patients (12.1%), who then received additional thrombolytic therapy. Thrombi were dissolved by thrombolysis in three, one of whom had replacement with a permanent filter. The thrombus was not dissolved in one patient and was removed under venotomy at the insertion site. Major filter-related complications occurred in nine patients (27.3%), including filter dislocation in four patients (12.1%), catheter fracture in three (9.1%), and catheter-related infection in one (3.0%). In a patient with giant ovarian cancer, the IVC was nearly occluded with massive thrombus around the filter 2 days after operation, and the vena cava was then ligated under open laparotomy. No patients died during filter protection and retraction. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary IVC filters were effective for the prevention of fatal pulmonary embolism. However, our experience of a high incidence of complications related to temporary filters suggests that this device has limited indications and supports the need for innovative design of temporary filters.     

混合型下肢深静脉血栓综合介入治疗的并发症及其对策

目的:探讨混合型下肢深静脉血栓(LEDVT)综合介入治疗的并发症及治疗对策.方法:回顾性分析7年间采用综合介入治疗的488例急性或亚急性混合型DVT患者的临床资料.所有患者先行下腔静脉滤器植入,再行机械性血栓碎吸、导管溶栓、抗凝等治疗;如合并症状性肺栓塞,则行肺动脉导管溶栓治疗;如合并髂静脉狭窄或闭塞同时行球囊扩张血管成形术(PTA)或支架植入治疗.结果:症状性肺栓塞发生率为7.58％ (37/488),2例(2/37)抢救无效死亡.综合介入治疗中血管损伤发生率为9.22％ (45/488),滤器拦截大块血栓的发生率为16.60％ (81/488).术后抗凝过程中发生异常出血率5.53％ (27/488),2例患者因脑出血死亡.451例患者获随访4～94(平均41)个月,血栓后综合征(PTS)发生率11.53％ (52/451);PTA后出现静脉再堵塞发生率为40.19％ (43/107);支架植入后静脉再堵塞发生率为6.6％ (7/106).结论:综合介入疗法治疗混合型下LEDVT有一定的并发症发生率,应采取各种措施加以预防.     

急性肺动脉栓塞的双介入治疗

目的：探讨双介入技术在治疗下肢深静脉血栓致急性肺动脉栓塞中的价值。方法：25例下肢深静脉血栓致性肺动脉栓塞患，实施经皮穿刺下腔静脉滤过器置入术和经皮肺动脉置管溶栓治疗。结果：滤器和导管均成功安全置入，未发生相应并发症；经治疗临床症状明显改善，23例随访3－36月，无血管介入治疗的近远期并发症，无再发肺动脉栓塞，结论：下腔静脉滤器植入是预防下肢深静血栓致急性肺动脉栓塞的有效措施，双介入技术用于防治急性肺动脉栓塞是一种安全有效的方法。     

Long-term outcomes of catheter directed thrombolysis for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis without prophylactic inferior vena cava filter placement

BACKGROUND: While the predominant treatment of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) remains systemic anticoagulation, there is a growing consensus that more aggressive percutaneous catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT) carries both short-term and long-term benefits. There remains controversy as to whether an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter is always required during CDT. OBJECTIVE: To define the short- and long-term outcomes of CDT with and without prophylactic IVC filter placement for lower extremity DVT. METHODS: A database of patients treated by CDT from 1996 to 2006 was compiled. Results were standardized to current Society for Vascular Surgery criteria. Average follow-up was 2.1 years, range of 1-8 years. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to assess time-dependent outcomes. Factor analyses were performed using a Cox proportional hazard model for time dependent variables. Data are presented as mean +/- SD where appropriate. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients (39% male, average age 48 +/- 17 years) underwent CDT: (27 received pharmacological thrombolysis, 12 received mechanical thrombolysis, and 30 received mechanical and pharmacological thrombolysis). Fourteen patients (20%) had IVC filter placement prior to or during CDT. Twenty-one had a hypercoagulable state. Technical success with grade III lysis of clot burden was achieved in 63%. Fifty-one patients required an adjuvant stent. Overall, 90-day all-cause mortality was 4% and peri-procedural morbidity was 4%. No patients developed a pulmonary embolus (PE) during therapy. By Kaplan-Meier analysis 83%, 83%, and 75% of patients were free of recurrent DVT at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Hypercoagulability was associated with DVT recurrence by Cox proportional hazards analysis. No analyzed factor was predictive of PE. CONCLUSION: Catheter directed thrombolysis without universal prophylactic IVC filter placement is safe and effective in treating acute DVT. Pulmonary embolization did not occur during CDT. Selective rather than routine IVC filter placement is a safe and appropriate approach.     

髂股静脉狭窄伴血栓形成介入治疗53例临床分析

目的探讨髂股静脉狭窄伴下肢深静脉血栓形成 (deepvenousthrombosis,DVT)介入治疗的临床疗效。方法将 5 3例髂股静脉狭窄伴DVT随机分为 5组。A组 :11例 ,置入下腔静脉滤器后采用血栓消融器 (AmplatzThrombectomyDevice,ATD)浸软溶栓或流变溶栓导管 (OASIS)溶栓加静脉药物溶栓 ;B组 :9例 ,置入下腔静脉滤器后用导引导管抽吸血栓加静脉药物溶栓 ;C组 :13例 ,单纯经股动脉药物溶栓 ;D组 :8例 ,单纯经静脉药物溶栓 ;E组 :12例 ,单纯经足背静脉药物溶栓。其中 17例髂股静脉狭窄采用球囊扩张或置入支架治疗。结果 5 3例中治愈 2 6例 (49 0 % ) ,显效 2 1例 (39 6 % ) ,改善 3例 (5 7% ) ,无效 3例 (5 7% )。 17例髂股静脉狭窄术后造影示复通率80 %以上。溶栓过程中出现并发症 3例 (5 7% ) ,经处理后均恢复正常。结论髂股静脉狭窄伴DVT采用机械除栓及导管药物溶栓结合腔内血管成形治疗疗效直接肯定 ,安全性高 ,下腔静脉滤器可有效地预防致死性肺动脉栓塞。