海洛因滥用者中22例HIV感染分析

目的··:了解海洛因滥用者HIV感染行为 ,评估海洛因滥用者人群HIV感染的趋势。方法·· :对我院1997年至1999年收治的3015例海洛因依赖者感染HIV的情况进行调查分析。结果··:发现22例 (占0.73 % )海洛因依赖者HIV抗体阳性 ,其中男性19例 (19/2613 ,占0.73 % ) ,女性3例 (3/402 ,占0.75 % );86.36 %(19/22)为静脉注射毒品者 ,静脉注射者中大部分 (89.47 % )有共用注射器具史。72.73 % (16/22)的HIV感染者同时具有性混乱史。结论··:海洛因滥用者是HIV感染的高危人群 ,海洛因滥用者的感染行为主要包括共用注射器具和性混乱行为     

广西西部吸毒人员艾滋病病毒感染情况及有关危险因素调查分析

目的:了解桂西吸毒人员艾滋病病毒感染的流行情况及HIV感染有关危险因素。方法:对广西西部地区三县一市的478例吸毒人员进行了调查和血清HIV抗体检测。结果:在478例吸毒人员中共检出HIV感染者250例,HIV感染率为52·30%。与HIV感染有关的危险因素主要是静脉注射吸毒及共用注射器,其中有静脉注射毒品史者的HIV感染率远高于非注射者(67·87%/4·27%,P<0·001),有共用注射器吸毒史者高于无共用者(70·08%/29·92%,P<0·001);有婚前或婚外性行为者HIV感染率高于无婚前或婚外性行为者(66·98%/40·30%),两者比较差异有显著性(P<0·001)。结论:广西百色地区吸毒人群HIV感染率高。静脉注射吸毒是HIV感染的高危因素;也存在性行为传播的危险性。应该采取预防措施,防止艾滋病病毒进一步扩散。     

静脉药瘾者HCV和HIV混合感染的报告——附37例分析

目的 :了解静脉药瘾者中 HCV和HIV混合感染的情况及其相关性。方法 :对3 7例静脉药瘾者采用 EL ISA法检测抗 -HCV和抗 -HIV,统计分析方法为四格表确切概率法。结果 :抗 -HCV阳性率 73 .0 % ,抗 -HIV阳性率 48.6% ,相关性显著 ,P=0 .0 0 79。HCV和 HIV混合感染率 45 .9% ,其中 82 .4%有过共用注射器 ,70 .6%有性乱行为。结论 :静脉药瘾者是 HCV和 HIV感染的高危人群 ,HCV和 HIV感染之间有密切相关性 ,其原因为共用注射器和性乱行为 ,开展禁毒工作和宣传预防知识是防止 HCV和 HIV在静脉药瘾者中传播的两大措施     

柳州市海洛因依赖者HIV感染初筛结果分析

目的··:了解我市吸毒人群HIV感染的情况。方法 :·· 采用公安部第二研究所提供的艾滋病病毒抗体检验试剂盒(全血 ) ,对在所治疗的270例海洛因依赖者进行抗 -HIV抗体初筛检测。结果·· :在270例受检者中有42例抗 -HIV呈阳性反应 ,占15.56 %。结论··:我市吸毒人群中HIV感染率呈高速发展的态势     

3000例海洛因依赖者HIV抗体检测

目的·· :了解住院海洛因依赖者HIV抗体阳性率及HIV抗体阳性者的人口学特征。方法·· :采用金标快速测试卡进行初筛 ,阳性标本用酶联免疫吸附试验复试 ,阳性者再经北京市卫生防疫站进行确诊。结果·· :3000例海洛因依赖者中HIV抗体阳性者44例 ,阳性率占总样本的1.47 % ,全部为静脉注射毒品者。HIV抗体阳性者中男性41例,占阳性者的93.18 %,女性3例 ,占6.82% ;少数民族25例,占56.82 % ;无业37例 ,占84.09 % ;初中以下文化水平40例 ,占90.91 % ;20-29a年龄组26例 ,占59.09 %。结论·· :海洛因滥用者 ,特别是静脉注射者是HIV易感人群 ;感染者中男性多于女性 ;少数民族、无业、初中以下文化水平和20 -29a年龄组的感染率高     

海洛因依赖者HBV、HCV感染的流行病学调查─附300例

研究海洛因依赖者中HBV和HCV的流行情况及其感染的相关性因素 ,并探讨降低该人群中HBV及HCV感染率的途径。方法··:采取同期住院的吸毒者入院次日晨空腹血 ,分为两个组 (烫吸组和静脉注射组 ) ,观察两组间HBV -M、抗 -HCV阳性率的差异。结果··:静脉注射组抗 -HCV阳性率和双重阳性率明显高于烫吸组 ,HBV -M则明显低于烫吸组 ,并且静脉注射组内 ,抗 -HCV阳性率表现出随静脉注射毒品时间的延长而明显升高的趋势 (趋势χ2=7.657 ,P<0.01)。结论·· :静脉注射毒品是HCV感染的直接相关性因素 ,吸毒者交叉使用注射器具是造成HCV感染的重要原因。预防以减少静脉注射毒品、减少交叉使用注射器为主。HBV为多途径传播 ,静脉途径传播的重要性相对降低 ,因此预防更加困难 ,需采取综合措施。     

海洛因依赖者HBV、HCV感染的流行病学调查─附300例

研究海洛因依赖者中HBV和HCV的流行情况及其感染的相关性因素 ,并探讨降低该人群中HBV及HCV感染率的途径。方法··:采取同期住院的吸毒者入院次日晨空腹血 ,分为两个组 (烫吸组和静脉注射组 ) ,观察两组间HBV -M、抗 -HCV阳性率的差异。结果··:静脉注射组抗 -HCV阳性率和双重阳性率明显高于烫吸组 ,HBV -M则明显低于烫吸组 ,并且静脉注射组内 ,抗 -HCV阳性率表现出随静脉注射毒品时间的延长而明显升高的趋势 (趋势χ2=7.657 ,P<0.01)。结论·· :静脉注射毒品是HCV感染的直接相关性因素 ,吸毒者交叉使用注射器具是造成HCV感染的重要原因。预防以减少静脉注射毒品、减少交叉使用注射器为主。HBV为多途径传播 ,静脉途径传播的重要性相对降低 ,因此预防更加困难 ,需采取综合措施。     

四地区吸毒者吸毒行为、性行为及其对艾滋病态度、知识的流行病学调查

目的··:调查吸毒者吸毒行为与性行为及其对艾滋病的态度、知识。方法·· :采用被调查者自行独立填写调查表,医务人员核实的方式 ,于1999年1月 -3月对云南、新疆、湖北 (武汉、宜昌 )和北京等地区戒毒所收治的1115例吸毒者(男性占44.9 % ,女性占55.1 % )进行调查。结果··:92.9 %(1036/1115)的吸毒者滥用的物质是海洛因 ,平均吸毒时间为5.2a±s3.4a ;70.6 %(730/1034)的吸毒者主要以静脉、肌肉注射方式滥用毒品 ,以注射方式吸毒平均时间为3.9a±s3.0a ;曾与1人以上共用不洁注射器者占89.2 %(651/730) ,主要共用对象是吸毒伙伴(占58.5%)。共用注射器的主要原因是认为“清洗过 ,注射器是干净的”(占50.3 %)。268例曾接受HIV检测 ,HIV检测阳性率为14.2 %。HIV阳性吸毒者艾滋病知识平均得分显著低于HIV阴性吸毒者的得分(t=30.18,P<0.05) ;4地区吸毒者艾滋病知识平均得分比较 ,以云南最高 ,新疆最低 ,差异具有显著性(F=10.78,P<0.05)。该群体中同2人或2人以上发生不正当性关系的占25.3 %(267/1054) ;有24.5 %(217/884)的人是为获取钱或毒品而同他人发生性行为关系。在753例应答者中 ,各种传染病的患病率是 :淋病占12.9 % ,梅毒占4.4 % ,尿道炎占34.7 % ,尖锐湿疣占4.8 % ,生殖器疱疹占5.3 % ,其它性病(STD     

重庆地区部分静脉注射毒品者丙型肝炎病毒感染状况的调查

目的··:调查重庆地区部分入住我院的静脉注射毒品者丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)不同基因型感染状况。方法·· :用酶标记免疫(ELISA)法检测HCV感染情况 ,用逆转录 -聚合酶链反应(RT -PCR)与限制性长度多态性(RFLP)分型检测HCVRNA ,并观察血清ALT、AST水平。结果··:入住我院的静脉注射毒品者中抗 -HCVIgG阳性率为40.5 %;HCVRNA阳性率为34.5 %,其中HCV1b型、2a型及1b/2a混合型感染率分别为33.7 %、46.9 %及19.4 %。在ALT/AST正常者和异常者之间 ,HCV各类型感染率无显著性差异。结论··:重庆地区部分静脉注射毒品者HCV感染以2a型为主 ,其次为1b型 ,1b/2a混合型亦不少见。HCV基因型与血清ALT和AST水平变化无明显相关性。     

新疆静脉注射毒品者输血传播病毒的检测及部分核苷酸序列分析

目的 :调查新疆维吾尔自治区 (新疆 )静脉注射毒品者中输血传播病毒 (TTV)的感染状况及基因型别。方法 :采用巢式PCR技术检测 10 2例汉族、维吾尔族、回族静脉注射毒品者血清中TTVDNA ,以 38例正常体检者为对照 ,比较静脉注射毒品者中TTVDNA阳性率是否与共用注射器有关。将一例维吾尔族TTV阳性扩增产物插入pGEM -TEasy载体 ,测序并序列分析。结果 :静脉注射毒品者TTVDNA阳性率为 32 35 % ,显著高于正常体检者 (5 2 6 % ) ,P <0 0 5。静脉注射毒品者中汉族、维吾尔族、回族TTVDNA阳性率分别为 32 6 1% (15 4 6 )、35 14 % (13 37) %、2 6 32 % (5 19) ,各民族之间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。静脉注射毒品者TTVDNA阳性率与共用注射器有关 (P <0 0 5 )。一例维吾尔族TTVDNA部分核苷酸测序 ,与日本株 (AB0 0 8394 )比较同源性为 98% ,属于G1a型。结论 :静脉注射毒品者是TTV感染的高危人群。一例维吾尔族TTV核酸序列与日本株 (AB0 0 8394 )相比有高度同源性 ,属于同一基因型别     

High Prevalence and Incidence of HIV and HCV Among New Injecting Drug Users With a Large Proportion of Migrants—Is Prevention Failing?

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess differences in the prevalence of HIV and HCV infection and associated risk factors between new (injecting for ≤5 years) and long-term injectors and to estimate HIV/HCV incidence among new injectors. Methods: Cross-sectional study among people who inject drugs (PWID) who attended harm reduction centers in Catalonia in 2010–11. Anonymous questionnaires and oral fluid samples were collected. Poisson regression models were applied to determine the association between HIV/HCV infection and risk factors. Results: Of the 761 participants, 21.4% were new injectors. New injectors were younger than long-term injectors (mean age = 31.6 vs. 37.8) and were more likely to be immigrants (59.0% vs. 33.4%). HIV and HCV prevalence was 20.6% and 59.4% among new injectors, and estimated HIV and HCV incidence 8.7 and 25.1 /100 person-years, respectively. Among new injectors, HIV infection was associated with homelessness (PR = 3.10) and reporting a previous sexually transmitted infection (PR = 1.79). Reporting front/backloading (PR = 1.33) and daily injection (PR = 1.35) were risk-factors for HCV infection. For long-term injectors, HIV risk factors were: having shared syringes (PR = 1.85), having injected cocaine (PR = 1.38), reporting front/backloading (PR = 1.30) and ever having been in prison (PR = 2.03). Conclusion: A large proportion of PWID in Catalonia are new injectors, a subgroup with a high level of both sexual and parenteral exposure and a high incidence rate of HIV/ HCV infections. It is important to improve early diagnosis of these infections among this group, in particular among migrants. To identify and address risk factors for homelessness PWID should be a priority.     

温州市吸毒人群输血传播病毒感染的检测分析

目的 :了解我市静脉吸毒者输血传播病毒 (TTV)感染情况。方法 :采集静脉吸毒者血液标本 ,分离血清 ,用半巢式聚合酶链式反应 (PCR)检测TTV。结果 :共检测 30 6例 ,检出TTV阳性 2 3例 ,阳性率为 7 5 2 %。吸毒时间≤ 1a者TTV阳性率较低 ,为 4 31% ,而 >1a者阳性率较高 ,为 14 4 3% ,两者比较差异有显著性 (χ2 =9 77,P <0 0 1)。不同性别和不同血型者的TTV感染率比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :温州地区静脉吸毒者是TTV感染的高危人群 ,应采取控制措施预防和减少TTV在吸毒人群中的传播。     

The role of "long-term" and "new" injectors in a declining HIV/AIDS epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

BACKGROUND: A substantial decline of HIV prevalence has been observed in injection drug users (IDUs) from Rio de Janeiro, in recent years. Differential characteristics and behaviors of new (injecting for <6 years) and long-term (>=6y) injectors may help to understand recent changes and to implement appropriate prevention strategies. METHODS: Between October 1999 and December 2001, 609 active/ex-IDUs were recruited from different communities, interviewed, and tested for HIV. Contingency table analysis and t-tests were used to assess differences between new and long-term injectors. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of HIV serostatus for long-term and new injectors. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 11.7% for 309 long-term injectors (95% CI 8.1-15.3) and 4.3% for 300 new injectors (95% CI 2.0-6.6). New injectors reported having engaged in treatment and having received syringes from needle exchange programs (NEPs) more frequently than long-term injectors in the last 6 months, but sharing behaviors remained frequent and even increased vis-à-vis long-term injectors. For male new injectors, "sexual intercourse with another man" was found to be the sole significant risk factor for HIV infection (Adj OR = 8.03; 95% CI 1.52-42.48). Among male long-term injectors, "to have ever injected with anyone infected with HIV" (Adj OR = 3.91; 95% CI 1.09-14.06) and to have "ever been in prison" (Adj OR = 2.56; 95% CI 1.05-6.24) were found to be significantly associated with HIV infection. DISCUSSION: New injectors are seeking help in drug treatment centers or needle exchange programs. They differ from long-term injectors in terms of their risk factors for HIV infection and have lower prevalence levels for HIV. Such differences may help to understand the recent dynamics of HIV/AIDS in this population and highlight the need to reinforce new injectors' help-seeking behavior and to reduce current unacceptably high levels of unprotected sex and syringe sharing in new injectors despite attendance of prevention/treatment programs.     

HIV infection among female drug users in Northern Thailand

Reports on HIV infection and risk behaviors among female drug users in developing countries, particularly in Asia, are limited. In this study, we investigated HIV prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection among 200 women admitted for 21-day inpatient drug detoxification in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Volunteers completed a face-to-face interview using a structured interview, HIV pre-test counseling, specimen collection for HIV and STD tests, and were provided test results and HIV post-test counseling 1 week later. Two-third of participants (68%) were ethnic minorities with no formal education. Overall, 14 (7%) were HIV positive: 25% among 28 heroin injectors and 4.1% among 172 opium or methamphetamine smokers (p<0.001). History of drug injection and sexual abuse were associated with HIV infection. HIV prevention strategies for drug-using women in Thailand should consider both harm reduction strategies for drug use and promoting safer sex measures in a culturally appropriate context.     

107例静注海洛因成瘾者TT病毒感染状况

目的：调查贵州地区静注海洛因成瘾者TT病毒感染状况。方法：以公布的TTV第1读码区序列设计两对寡核苷酸引物,用套式聚合酶链反应（nPCR)检测107例静注海洛因成瘾者血清中TTVDNA,以62列正常人为对照。同时用酶联免疫法测丙肝病毒抗体（抗HCV）,逆转录套式聚合酶链反应（RT－nPCR)测庚肝病毒核糖核酸（HGVRNA）。结果：正常人TTVDNA阳性率6．45％,海洛因成瘾者25．23％。两组相比,差异有显著意义（P＜0．005）。成瘾者TTVDNA阳性率在男、女组间无差异,与注毒时间长短无相关（P＞0．05）。27例TTVDNA阳性成瘾者中,11例为单纯TTV感染,16 重叠HCV或HGV感染,其中TTV、HCV、HGV三重感染8例,TTV重叠HCV5例,重叠GCV3例。结论：贵州地区静注海洛因成瘾者中有TTV感染存在,感染率高低与性别、注毒时间长短无关。TTV可以单独感染,但与HCV、HGV的重叠感染率较高。     

郑州市海洛因滥用者中HIV感染特征

目的:了解HIV感染在郑州市海洛因滥用人群中的分布、吸毒行为与HIV感染的关系以及吸毒者对艾滋病的认知情况。方法:对我市2 0 0 3年11月- 12月集中收戒的2 10 0例海洛因滥用者进行HIV血清抗体检测;采用北京大学中国药物依赖性研究所设计的《药物滥用者艾滋病态度、知识、行为调查表》对其中80 2例进行问卷调查。结果:共检出HIV阳性32例,其中男性2 9例,女性3例。彝族(14例,占4 3. 8% )和维族(12例,占37. 5 % )占绝大多数(81 .3% )。感染途径:静脉注射(6 8 .8% )和性行为(31 .2 % )。在接受对艾滋病态度、知识、行为调查的人中不知道HIV/AIDS主要感染途径的占5 5 . 7% ,其中彝族(6 1/6 7)和维族(6 1/78)回答不知道的例数在本民族应答者中占的比例很高。不知道共用注射器能感染HIV/AIDS者占36 . 2 % ,同样彝族(6 1/6 7)和维族(48/78)回答不知道的例数在本民族应答者中占的比例很高。结论:郑州地区HIV/AIDS感染者以外来少数民族吸毒者为主;该人群对艾滋病的认知情况差。建议有关方面应加强对流动人口的教育与管理,以减少HIV/AIDS的传播。     

Alcohol use and high-risk behavior by intravenous drug users in an AIDS education paradigm.

The relationship between alcohol consumption and high-risk behavior for HIV infection was examined among 313 in-treatment intravenous drug users (IVDUs) by random assignment of these subjects to one of three interventions: (1) structured interview regarding risk behavior; (2) interview plus one group AIDS education session; (3) interview, AIDS education plus optional HIV testing. Alcohol users (n = 148) had more needle sharing and sexual partners than did nondrinkers. Follow-up interviews revealed no significant behavioral changes as a function of intervention condition or alcohol use. Better interventions, including more vigorous treatment of alcohol use, are needed to reduce risk behaviors among IVDUs.     

2513例药物滥用者HIV检测与流行病学调查

目的·· :进一步认识与研究静脉注射毒品与艾滋病迅速传播的关系 ,为有关部门采取干预措施提供科学的依据。方法··:对2513例海洛因滥用者进行HIV血清抗体检测 ,并采用自行设计的《海洛因滥用情况登记表》及《艾滋病、性病知识调查表》 ,进行问卷调查。结果··:HIV血清学检测抗体阳性反应37例 ,全部为静脉注射毒品滥用者 ,并有经常共用注射器具史 ,所有病例对引发艾滋病传播的途径缺乏认识。结论··:静脉注射毒品已成为我国目前艾滋病传播的最主要途径 ,吸毒群体已成为潜在的HIV感染的高危人群。提出 :加强对高危人群预防艾滋病的宣传、教育、进行对高危行为的干预 ,将有利于控制艾滋病的传播 ;对吸毒人员进行常规的HIV抗体检测 ,以监控HIV流行趋势变化和发展。