超早期去大骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死的效果分析

目的探讨超早期去大骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死的疗效。方法 24例大面积脑梗死患者分为超早期组(12例)和常规组(12例),分别给予超早期+去大骨瓣减压术治疗和择期+去大骨瓣减压术治疗,对比两组治疗效果。结果超早期组术后7d的GCS评分显著高于常规组,30dNIHSS评分显著低于常规组,3个月BI评分显著高于常规组。超早期组死亡率为8.33%,常规组死亡率25%,两组各项指标比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论大面积脑梗死患者一旦确诊应尽早手术,超早期去大骨瓣减压术是改善患者神经功能的有效手段。     

超早期去骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死

目的探讨超早期去骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死对神经功能预后的影响。方法收集大面积脑梗死病人12例,分为超早期组(<6 h)和常规组;以弥散磁共振(DWI)为超早期手术指征,对比分析两组病人术后7 d GCS评分,30 d NIHSS和3个月的Bather index(BI)评分及病死率。结果超早期组和常规组病人术后7 d GCS分别为10.65±3.03和6.71±2.96;30 d NIHSS分别为16.24±3.20和34.68±5.48;3个月BI分别为69.58±10.17和40.61±8.96;病死率分别为16.67%和33.34%。两组病人术后的各项指标比较均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论以DWI为指征的超早期去骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死是改善神经功能预后的有效手段。     

标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗大面积脑梗死的临床研究

目的探讨标准大骨瓣开颅去大骨瓣减压术与大骨瓣开颅去大骨瓣常规减压术对治疗大面积脑梗死的效果。方法将60例大面积脑梗死患者（脑梗死面积〉4cm）随机分成研究组（标准大骨瓣开颅）和对照组（常规大骨瓣开颅）,在治疗前后对全部患者均进行GCS评分、头颅CT检查并测量脑梗死灶范围和中线结构移位,TCD监测脑血流情况。根据两组的治疗结果比较其疗效。结果术后7d研究组较对照组的GCS评分、脑梗死范围和中线结构移位有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;脑血流明显改善。14d后研究组的各项指标接近正常。研究组死亡率为3．33％,对照组为16．6％。结论标准大骨瓣开颅去大骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死伴天幕裂孔疝能减少并发症,降低死亡率,是手术治疗大面积脑梗死的有效方法。     

-手术治疗大面积脑梗塞患者的临床效果

目的:评价手术治疗大面积脑梗塞患者的效果,为脑梗治疗提供参考。方法:选择我院2017年1月-2018年6月期间收治治疗的70例大面积脑梗塞患者,随机分为内科保守治疗的对照组、加行大骨瓣减压手术治疗的观察组,对比2组大面积脑梗塞患者的临床效果以及脑梗塞面积、神经功能缺损评分、日常生活能力评分改善情况。结果:观察组脑梗塞患者致残情况轻于对照组,死亡率以及脑梗塞面积、神经功能缺损评分均少于对照组,治疗后日常生活能力评分高于对照组,P0.05。结论:给予大面积脑梗塞患者大骨瓣减压手术治疗可以提高患者生存率、生存质量,预后效果显著。     

显微手术与传统开颅手术治疗高血压脑出血的比较

目的探讨显微手术治疗高血压脑出血疗效和预后,与传统大骨瓣开颅进行比较分析。方法回顾分析2006年1月至2008年9月期间超早期手术治疗的76例高血压脑出血患者,与2006年1月以前大骨瓣开颅手术治疗的高血压脑出血患者127例,比较二者在病死率、预后、住院时间、医疗费用方面的差异。结果超早期手术组病死率为14.2%,大骨辫开颅组病死率为15.4%(P>0.05)。经过6个月至3年随访,超早期手术组患者恢复良好率为64.3%,大骨瓣开颅组为48.2%(P<0.05)。两组之间平均住院天数分别为超早期组16.2d,大骨瓣开颅组19.5d(P<0.05)。平均住院费用二者分别为超早期组9546.12元,大骨瓣开颅组12123.28元(P<0.05)。结论超早期微创手术治疗高血压脑出血患者预后优于传统的大骨瓣开颅手术治疗,值得推广。     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗天幕疝

目的评价标准外伤大骨瓣减压手术治疗天幕疝的疗效。方法76例额颞顶颅内血肿及脑挫伤致脑疝形成的颅脑损伤患者采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压手术治疗,并与同期收治的72例常规骨瓣开颅手术组进行比较。结果标准外伤大骨瓣减压手术治疗组76例中,恢复良好42例,中残11例,重残8例,植物生存3例,病死12例;常规骨瓣开颅手术组72例中,恢复良好15例,中残12例,重残10例,植物生存5例,病死30例。两组对比,疗效存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论标准外伤性大骨瓣开颅减压手术能明显改善额颞顶颅内血肿及脑挫伤致脑疝的颅脑损伤患者的预后,并降低病死率。     

标准大骨瓣开颅减压术在治疗颅脑出血中的临床应用分析

目的：探讨标准大骨瓣开颅减压术在治疗颅脑出血的疗效。方法：将64例重型颅脑出血患者随机平分为两组,治疗组采用标准大骨瓣开颅减压术,对照组采用传统开颅血肿清除术。结果：治疗组良好率为46.9%,死亡率为6.3%。对照组良好率为18.8%,死亡率为18.8%。治疗组的良好率与死亡率都明显好于对照组（P均〈0.05）。结论：标准大骨瓣减压术可降低颅脑出血患者的死亡率,提高治疗良好率,是治疗颅脑出血患者的理想手术方式,值得推广应用。     

早期去骨瓣减压治疗脑外伤后顽固性颅内高压的疗效评估

目的比较严重脑损伤后的急性弥漫性脑肿胀后的早期去骨瓣减压术与早期非手术组治疗效果。方法 2006-2008年我院收治30例严重颅脑损伤后出现急性弥漫性脑肿胀患者,将30例患者随机分成2组,早期去骨瓣减压组16例,在伤后24h内行去骨瓣减压;早期非手术组14例患者给予20%甘露醇,速尿,地塞米松降压治疗,其中3例6d后出现脑疝,行急诊手术。半年后,按照哥拉斯预后评分给两组患者进行评分。结果早期去骨瓣减压组marshall分级平均3级,早期非手术组平均2级。早期手术组术后GOS 5分10例,GOS 4分6例,非手术组2例死亡,3例在6d后接受了晚期去骨瓣减压手术治疗,12例幸存患者5例GOS 5分,4例GOS 4分,3例GOS 3分。结论对急性弥漫性脑肿胀患者于伤后数小时内行去骨瓣减压术可防止患者脑肿胀进一步的恶化,明显降低死亡率和严重神经功能障碍率。     

去骨瓣减压术治疗大面积脑梗死19例临床分析

目的：探讨去骨瓣减压术对大面积脑梗死患者的手术适应证、手术时机、手术方法及预后的影响。方法：对本院收治的19例大面积脑梗死的患者。根据入院的时间分为早期12h内和晚期12h后进行去骨瓣减压术治疗,其中,动脉血栓性脑梗死13例,脑栓塞3例,外伤性2例,动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛性1例。结果：手术治疗19例中,死亡5例,早期手术10例中死亡1例,晚期手术9例中死亡4例,随访6个月～2年,恢复良好4例,中度残疾8例,重度残疾2例。结论：早期行去骨瓣减压术能降低大面积脑梗死的死亡率,促进神经功能的恢复。     

去大骨瓣减压术治疗幕上大面积脑梗塞30例临床分析

目的探讨去大骨瓣减压术治疗幕上急性大面积脑梗塞的临床疗效及预后。方法回顺性分析去大骨瓣减压的30例患者,总结其手术指征、手术时机及手术方法。结果本组病例随访1~5年,能够生活自理者10例,轻残生活需要照顾者15例,重残3例,自动出院后死亡2例。结论治疗幕上急性大面积脑梗塞的关键是控制脑水肿及急性颅内压增高,去大骨瓣减压术是解决这些关键问题的有效方法,并应尽早施行,可以降低死亡率及致残率。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.