孤立肾上尿路结石的治疗（附53例报告）

目的 比较孤立肾上尿路结石的治疗方法。方法 对53例孤立肾上尿路结石的患者,8例采用体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL),36例采用微创经皮肾镜取石术(mPCNL),9例采用经尿道输尿管镜碎石术(URL)。结果 采用ESWL治疗的患者,3个月后结石排净率为85.9％;采用URL治疗的患者,输尿管中、下段结石取净率为100％,上...     

上尿路结石的现代治疗方法的探讨(附5178例报告）

目的：探讨上尿路结石的现代治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析2001年2月8日～2002年12月31日收治的5178例上尿路结石患者的临床资料。结果：5178例中，采用体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗1826例，输尿管镜取石术(URL)2157例，微创经皮肾镜取石术(mini-PCNL)1131例，腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术8例和开放手术56例，分别占总数的35．3％、41．7％、21．8％、0．2％和1．0％。ESWL治疗中，1个月后结石排净率为83．0％，2个月后结石排净率为86．0％，3个月后为86．5％。术后有13例发生输尿管石街，采用URL或PCNL取净。URL对输尿管中、下段结石取净率为100％，上段为76％，术中无输尿管穿孔和撕脱并发症发生。mini—PCNL对肾盂和输尿管上段结石的取净率为100％，鹿角形结石为93％。术中未见肾盂大穿孔和。肾皮质撕裂。术后79例输血，输血率为1．5％。腹腔镜治疗8例全部成功，无并发症发生。结论：上尿路结石可用腔内技术和ESWL治疗，开放手术几乎可避免。     

孤立肾上尿路结石30例治疗探讨

目的探讨孤立肾上尿路结石处理方法及疗效,提高治疗的有效性和安全性。方法总结30例孤立肾上尿路结石患者的治疗经验。其中10例采用微通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术(MPCNL),12例采用体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL),5例采用输尿管镜碎石术(URL),2例采用腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,1例开放手术。对治疗结果与并发症进行总结。结果 10例采用PCNL患者,Ⅰ期结石取净7例,Ⅱ期结石取净2例,1例有结石残留。12例采用ESWL的患者,9例结石全部击碎,4周后7例结石排净,2例残留小结石,3例改微创手术治疗。5例采用URL的患者,5例结石全部击碎,4周后结石均排净,无输尿管石街等严重并发症。2例采用腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术患者,结石均成功取出。1例肾盂切开取石患者,成功取出全部结石。结论孤立肾上尿路结石治疗风险大,处理此类患者较为棘手,但根据患者具体病情,选择合适的治疗方案,仍可获得满意的治疗效果。     

体外冲击波碎石联合输尿管镜治疗孤立肾上尿路结石48例疗效分析

目的研究体外冲击波碎石(extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL)联合输尿管镜治疗孤立肾上尿路结石的疗效。方法应用ESWL联合输尿管镜治疗孤立肾上尿路结石48例。结果45例成功处理结石,成功率达93.8%,另外3例改开放手术。术后随访1~12个月,4例有结石残留,结石排净率达91.1%,均未出现输尿管梗阻、狭窄、闭锁。结论ESWL联合输尿管镜治疗孤立肾上尿路结石有较好的优势互补性,创伤小,安全,残石率低,恢复快。     

上尿路结石手术治疗方法的探讨（附3620例报告）

目的：探讨上尿路结石的手术治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析2008年1月～2013年3月收治的3620例上尿路结石患者的临床资料：采用输尿管硬镜取石术（URL）1498例,输尿管软镜取石术58例,微创经皮肾镜取石术（mini—PCNL）1529例,标准通道经皮肾镜取石术（标准通道PCNL）445例,腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术56例,开放手术34例。结果：3620例中,URL对输尿管中、下段结石取净率为98．8％（1480／1498）,上段为87．6%,术中无输尿管穿孔和撕脱并发症发生,术后脓毒血症1例（0．07％）。输尿管软镜结石寻及率为96．6％（56／58）,一次手术碎石成功率为93．1％,术中无输尿管、肾盂穿孔和大出血并发症发生。PCNL对肾盂和输尿管上段结石取净率为99．5％（1964／1974）,鹿角形结石为89．2％。术后输血49例（1．4％）,因大出血需行肾动脉超选择性栓塞10例（0．3％）,肾切除1例,脓毒血症8例（0．2％）。腹腔镜治疗56例均获得成功,其中1例结石上行至肾脏,余无并发症发生。开放手术34例全部成功,无并发症发生。结论：腔内技术可用于治疗各种类型的上尿路结石患者,同时具有创伤少、结石清除率高、严重并发症低等优点。     

复杂性上尿路结石的微创综合治疗

目的 总结经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜碎石术（MPCNL）综合其它技术治疗复杂性上尿路结石的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析2002年6月至2004年11月采用MPCNL结合经皮肾造瘘术、ESWL、URL和开放手术等方法治疗复杂性上尿路结石73例患者资料。分析其病史特点、综合治疗方法、并发症和结石取净率等临床资料。73例患者，男43例，女30例，平均45岁。均为肾铸形结石或多发结石。结果 Ⅰ期治疗结石排净率71．2％（52／73），Ⅱ期治疗排净率61．9％（13／21），结石总排净率89．1％（65／73）。并发症：发热12例（16．4％），术中大出血8例（10．9％），术后继发大出血3例（4．0％），尿外渗7例（9．6％），肾盂，输尿管穿孔3例（4．0％）。平均住院天数17．6d。MPCNL结合ESWL15例（20．5％），开放手术结合MPCNL5例（6．8％），术前结合肾造瘘术治疗28例（38．4％），术中结合URL治疗26例（35．6％）。结论 复杂性上尿路结石的综合治疗需制定个体化方案，MPCNL结合其它微创技术治疗复杂性上尿路结石有利于减少损伤，降低并发症，提高碎石取石效果。     

腔内弹道碎石加ESWL联合治疗复杂上尿路结石的临床观察

目的：探讨输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石,体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）及经皮肾穿刺取石联合治疗复杂性上尿路结石的疗效。方法：自1998年8月－2000年12月分别采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石,ESWL及经皮肾穿刺取石联合治疗复杂性上尿路结石133例。结果：结石总排净率为90．2％（120／133）,其中肾铸形结石排净率为87．9％（29／33）,输尿管结石排净率为91．0％（91／100）,并发症主要为输尿管穿孔及顽固血尿,占3．7％,结论：采用此联合方法治疗复杂性上尿路结石的排净率高,损伤小,可有效地避免开放手术之痛苦。     

经皮肾穿气压弹道碎石联合体外冲击波碎石治疗上尿路结石

目的 探讨提高上尿路结石碎石成功率的微创治疗方法。方法 采用经皮肾穿微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石，术中放置双J管，术后配合体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗上尿路结石48例。结果 结石总排净率为89．1％，结石最小排净率79．2％，无严重并发症发生。结论 该方法结石排净率高，创伤较小，手术并发症少，是上尿路结石较为理想的微创治疗方法。     

输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾上尿路结石34例临床观察

目的探讨输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾上尿路结石的疗效及手术技巧。方法 2012年1月至2013年12月对34例孤立肾上尿路结石患者行输尿管软镜碎石术,其中先天性孤立肾2例,对侧肾切除所致孤立肾8例,对侧肾萎缩(无功能肾)24例;萎缩肾有17例既往行开放手术,4例曾有多次体外冲击波碎石史。34例患者中有21例为孤立肾经皮肾镜术后残留结石,23例患者术前留置D-J管1~4周,11例患者术前无D-J管留置。结果手术时间40~125min,30例均一次碎石成功,单次手术碎石总成功率为88.2%(30/34),其中17例患者术后1月复查腹部平片(KUB)未见明显残留结石,13例患者残留结石4mm;3月后再次复查,结石均完全排出;2例患者因术中角度原因未能完全碎石,术后结合ESWL,但仍有残留结石4mm,1例患者行二次输尿管软镜碎石,间隔时间1月,术后1月复查无明显结石残留;1例孤立肾铸性结石先后行3次软镜,每间隔时间1月,术后复查结石完全排出。结论输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾上尿路结石是安全有效的,特别适用于孤立肾经皮肾镜术后残留结石,其结石排净率高、并发症低,可以作为孤立肾上尿路结石,特别是孤立肾经皮肾镜术后残留结石的首选。     

电子动能碎石术治疗上尿路结石

目的：总结电子动能碎石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效。方法：回顾性分析166例电子动能碎石术治疗的上尿路结石患者资料。男96例，女70例，年龄16～62岁，平均39岁。肾结石27例，输尿管上段结石42例，中段35例，下段62例。采用mPCNL治疗42例，UPSL124例。结果:mPCNL碎石成功率100％，15例输尿管上段结石行mPCNL．结石清除率100％。URSL碎石成功率83.06％(103／124)。URSL时结石移位至肾盂或肾下盏9例，发生输尿管穿孔6例。随访103例，随访时间1～16个月，术后1月结石排净96例。B超显示肾积水较术前明显减少或消失。结论电子动能碎石术治疗上尿路结石创伤小、成功率高、并发症少。微创经皮肾碎石取石是治疗合并中、重度肾积水的输尿管上段结石的首选方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.