37 吗啡对备用根大鼠背根节神经元胞体的影响—光镜和电镜观察

<正>为了探讨发生侧支出芽及重建突触的背根节神经元,其胞体是否也呈现相应的形态变化,以及吗啡对此变化的影响,取10只大鼠分为吗啡备用极组和备用根对照组,切除两组动物脊髓左侧腰段背根及背根节,仅保留L_4背根(备用背根).术后34天灌注固定动物,取L_4根节树脂包埋,等距切取半薄切片和超薄切片.结果发现:两组大鼠术侧背根节体积,与非术侧比较均没有统计学差异;其亮神经元胞体、胞核和核仁的体积也没有显著差异.对照组非术侧亮神经元胞体尼氏体呈细颗粒状;粗面内质网聚集成小簇,分散在胞质中.而术侧尼氏体呈小块状;粗面内质网簇较大,较为密集.吗啡组术侧亮神经元胞质尼氏作也在胞核周围聚集成小块状,有些还呈斑块样.此时可见大的粗面内质网簇,其分布更为密集.这种变化可能与发出有髓传入纤维的亮神经元在脊髓侧支出芽及其重建突触有关.对照组术侧暗神经元胞体、胞核和核仁的体积分别比非术侧显著增大.吗啡组术侧暗神经元上述三种体积又比对照组术侧的大,而且胞质多聚核蛋白体和粗面内质网明显增多、表明与无髓传入纤维在脊髓侧支出芽及重建突触有关的暗神经元胞体也发生了相应的可塑性变化,吗啡对此变化有明显的促进作用.本文首次为研究吗啡促进脊髓可塑性变化提供新的资料,同时提示暗神经元胞体的可塑性     

吗啡对备用根大鼠背根节神经元胞体的影响—光镜和电镜观察

用光镜体视学方法，结合电镜观察，探讨发生侧支出芽和重要建突触的背根节神经元，其胞体是否也呈现相应的形态变化，以及吗啡对这些变化的影响。吗啡备用根组和备用根对照组的大鼠术侧背根节体积与非术侧比较，均没有显著的统计学差异；其亮神经元胞体、胞核和核仁的体积也没有显著性差异。对照组非术侧亮神经元胞体的尼氏体呈颗粒状，多聚核糖体聚集成小簇，分散在胞质中。术侧尼氏体则呈小块状，多聚核糖体簇较大，较为密集。吗啡     

三叉神经尾侧脊束核内神经元的超微结构

在电镜下观察小白鼠三叉神经尾侧脊束桉。小白鼠三叉神经尾侧脊束核分为带状亚核、胶状质亚陔与大细胞亚核。胶状质亚核神经元的超微结构最突出的特点是细胞小,呈椭圆形,核大围以一薄层细胞质,粗面内质网少而散在。某些神经元核仁近旁有核仁帽。大细胞亚核神经元的超微结构与胶状质亚核的神经元相比,其特点为:细胞中等大小,主要为多边形,细胞核较大,胞质中等量,核膜凹陷或褶入明显,褶入处附近的胞质内聚集较多的核糖体、线粒体及高尔基氏器;某些神经元核仁附近有形态不规则的核仁帽;胞质内散在有较多的粗面内质网(尼氏小体)、大量的游离核糖体及线粒体。胶状质亚核与大细胞亚核内某些神经元核膜的凹陷和褶入,可能表明神经细胞处于不同活动时期的动态过程,它也许提示与细胞质内蛋白质合成有关。     

大鼠下丘脑弓状核神经元的衰老性变化

选用青、中年和老年雄性大鼠各１０只，用形态计量学和体视学方法定量分析弓状核神经元年龄性变化。结果发现在老年大鼠弓状核，部分暗型和亮型神经元内粗面内质网排列紊乱、缩短和双层膜间隔增宽，线粒体嵴断裂、肿胀和空泡化，溶酶体，微管和颗粒小泡数减少；与青、中年组比较神经元数分别丢失３７％和２７％，核仁平均体积缩小３０％左右；     

黄芪注射液对大鼠脑出血灶周围神经元超微结构的影响

目的:研究黄芪对大鼠脑出血灶周围凋亡神经元的保护作用.方法:将雄性SD大鼠分为黄芪治疗组,出血对照组和正常对照组;其中黄芪治疗组又分成出血后0、 6、 24h治疗组.各组均于出血后72h处死.电镜观察不同时间点大鼠脑出血灶周围凋亡神经元的超微结构.结果:出血对照组可见大部分神经元胞体缩小,核膜凹陷,核固缩,染色质边集,核仁少见;部分线粒体大小不均,呈致密型改变,多数线粒体肿胀、体积增大、嵴断裂、空泡样变性;粗面内质网扩张.黄芪治疗组神经元线粒体,核仁,核膜,粗面内质网等结构损伤程度明显好于出血组.其中出血后0、 6h治疗组的神经元超微结构好于出血后24h治疗组.结果:黄芪注射液能保护脑出血灶周围的神经元,减缓大鼠脑出血后神经元的凋亡,并且早期用药效果明显.     

猫丘脑中央外侧核内丘脑皮质投射神经元的超微结构及其突触联系

应用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪法在电镜水平上对猫丘脑中央外侧核内皮质投射神经元的超微结构及其突触联系首次进行了研究。该核内皮质投射神经元以中型多见，胞核较大，核仁清晰，偏位，核膜有凹陷，常染色质较多，胞质内含丰富的线粒体，游离核糖体和粗面内质网。标记树突直径变化较大，从０．６８μｍ到４．４μｍ，含较多的线粒体、微管及滑面内质网，凶突触小泡。标记的皮质投射神经元胞体和树突做为突触后成分，与非标记的突触前成分形成     

癫痫大鼠弓状核神经元损伤性改变—光、电镜定量研究

本文采用光、电镜定量方法观察了马桑内酯所致急性局灶型癫痫大鼠弓状核神经元损伤性改变。结果显示 ,对照组和癫痫组大鼠弓状核神经元胞体的面积分数、面数密度和神经元胞体、胞核等效直径无显著差异 ( P>0 .0 5 ) ;癫痫组弓状核亮细胞未见明显改变 ( P>0 .0 5 ) ,而暗细胞内线粒体体积分数减少 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,粗面内质网的体积分数增加 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,两者的面数密度无显著性变化 ( P>0 .0 5 ) ,溶酶体的体积分数及面数密度均增加 ( P<0 .0 5 )。以上结果提示 ,癫痫大鼠弓状核神经元超微结构的改变 ,亮、暗细胞反应不同 ;癫痫所致神经内分泌功能紊乱 ,可能与弓状核神经元损伤有关     

人胚胎视皮质神经元发育的体现学分析

实验取自１４例产后死亡的胎儿,胎龄１２～４０周,对其视皮质神经元进行电镜观察及立体计量分析。结果表明：（１）视皮质神经元在发育早期（１２周胎龄）时,可依细胞大小、核及胞质中的细胞器鉴别神经元和神经胶质细胞,（２）视皮质神经元发育过程中,核经例逐渐减少,细胞核体密度逐渐减少,核仁与胞质的体密度呈上升趋热（３）线粒体、粗面内质网、核糖体的体密度呈明显上升趋势,滑面内质网、高尔基复合体及溶酶体的体密度也     

吗啡对备用根大鼠背根节神经元胞体形态的影响

吗啡对备用根大鼠背根节神经元胞体形态的影响（中山医科大学组织学胚胎学教研室，广州５１００８９，曾园山；华西医科大学组织学研究室，吴良芳）为探讨发生侧支出芽及重建突触的背根节神经元的胞体是否也呈现相应的形态变化，以及吗啡对此变化的影响，取１０只大鼠分为...     

远志对糖尿病周围神经病变大鼠坐骨神经相关神经元胞体凋亡的影响

目的:探讨远志对糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)大鼠坐骨神经相关神经元胞体的保护作用。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为空白对照组、DPN模型组和远志治疗组,DPN模型组和远志治疗组均建立DPN模型。待建模后,远志治疗组大鼠给予远志灌胃6周。尼氏染色法观察背根节神经元胞体形态,免疫组织化学显色检测背根节神经元胞体Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达,TUNEL法检测背根节神经元凋亡指数。结果:与空白对照组比较,DPN模型组大鼠背根节神经元胞体形态异常,Bcl-2表达降低,Bax表达升高,凋亡指数升高;与DPN模型组比较,远志治疗组大鼠背根节神经元胞体形态接近正常,Bcl-2表达升高,Bax表达降低,凋亡指数降低。结论:远志可通过上调DPN大鼠背根节神经元胞体Bcl-2的表达,减少Bax的表达,抑制背根节神经元凋亡,发挥对DPN大鼠背根节神经元胞体的保护作用。     

丹参注射液对大鼠脑出血灶周围凋亡神经元超微结构的影响

本研究用胶原酶脑内注入法制作大鼠脑出血模型,探讨丹参对大鼠脑出血后出血灶周围神经元的保护作用。将25只雄性SD大鼠随机分为丹参治疗组,模型组和正常组,其中丹参治疗组又分为出血后0,6,24h治疗组。各组均于72h后处死。利用透射电镜观察不同时间点大鼠脑出血灶周围神经元的超微结构。结果显示:与正常对照组比较,出血对照组可见神经元内核固缩,染色质移向细胞周边,核仁少见,细胞质严重空化;多数线粒体肿胀、体积增大、嵴断裂、空泡样变性;粗面内质网扩张。丹参治疗组神经元线粒体,粗面内质网等细胞器损伤程度明显好于出血组。其中出血后6h治疗组的神经元超微结构好于出血后24h治疗组。本研究结果提示丹参能保护脑出血灶周围的神经元,减少大鼠脑出血后神经元的凋亡,并且早期用药效果较好。     

氨对培养胚鼠大脑神经元形态的影响

为研究氨对培养神经元的影响，并探讨神经元形态改变在肝性脑病发生中的作用。通过对胚胎大鼠大脑神经元的分散培养，结合光镜，透射电镜及免疫组织化学法，观察了氨对分散培养胚鼠大脑神经细胞的影响，发现氨可引起神经元胞体肿胀，尼氏小体溶解，胞质内出现颗粒及空泡变性，甚至突起崩解，核固缩，细胞坏死脱落；电镜下示细胞内内质网，线粒体扩张及囊性变，粗面内质网脱颗粒，大量致密小体出现，突起肿胀，微丝减少；神经微丝蛋白及突触体素的表达减少。实验结果表明，氨对培养神经元具有一定毒性作用，神经元的病变可能影响了其正常功能，促使肝性脑病的发生。     

Ultrastructural changes in neurons of the anterior subdivision of the rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus following repeated immobilization stress

The fine structure of neuronal somata of the anterior subdivision of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) was studied in repeatedly immobilized rats. After the 40th immobilization daily for 150 min a small population of neuronal somata containing endoplasmic reticulum formations classified as lamellar bodies and whorls were identified in the area investigated. These neuronal somata differed from the neighbouring perikarya of VMN also in several other ultrastructural features. They showed an extraordinarily dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi complexes, moderately swollen mitochondria and a large number of free ribosomes evenly distributed in the cytoplasm.     

棉酚对大鼠下丘脑超微结构影响的观察

本文观察了棉酚对雄性成年大鼠下丘脑弓状核、视上核和室旁核细胞超微结构的影响。棉酚以每日30mg/kg体重给大鼠灌服,连续5周。结果表明服棉酚后,视上核和室旁核变化不明显;而弓状核中,部分细胞呈现一系列神经分泌功能增强的变化,高尔基复合体和粗面内质网轻度扩张,内充均质低电子密度物质;神经分泌颗粒、溶酶体、核仁样体和微管数量增多。本文并对以上超微结构改变的性质、意义和可能原因进行了讨论。     

A morphometric analysis of the somata and organelles of regenerating hypoglossal motoneurons from the rat

Summary A detailed morphometric evaluation of the somata and organelles of regenerating hypoglossal motoneurons from the rat was conducted. The volume of the hypoglossal nucleus and various parameters used to appraise neuronal size were estimated from 50 m sections. The subcellular composition of randomly selected neurons was quantified from 1 m and ultrathin sections. The volume of neuronal nuclei, nucleoli, mitochondria and lysosomes as well as the surface area of intracellular membranes were determined. Seven to 30 days following axotomy the volume of the hypoglossal nucleus was significantly diminished, undoubtedly reflecting dendritic retraction (P < 0.05). Concomitantly, all estimates of neuronal size indicated significant neuronal enlargement (P < 0.05). Ultrastructural alterations were most prominent 7 days following nerve transection: nucleolar volume was significantly increased, rough endoplasmic reticulum surface area was reduced, and non-Golgi smooth membrane surface area increased (P < 0.05). In general, other organelles resisted the influence of axotomy and all ultrastructural parameters returned to control levels 21 to 30 days following the nerve transection. Functional recovery was detected in all animals 21 and 30 days following axotomy. The measured responses of axotomized hypoglossal motoneurons are similar to those reported for retinal ganglion cells of the goldfish (Whitnall & Grafstein, 1982, 1983), suggesting common metabolic events among these distinct neuronal populations following axonal transection.     

双侧眼球摘除对大鼠视交叉上核的影响──免疫组化及光电镜体视学研究

采用双侧眼球摘除大鼠模型，术后存活不同时间，用免疫组化法探讨视交叉上核内ＶＩＰ和ＡＶＰ免疫反应强度和面积的变化；对变化明显的２１ｄ组进一步用光镜和电镜体现学方法进行形态学研究。＜１＞免疫组化研究：ＶＩＤ免疫染色，２１ｄ组免疫反应强度和面积均比对照组降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），２ｄ和７ｄ组免疫反应强度和面积与对照组相比无显著差异。ＡＶＰ免疫染色，三个时间实验组免疫反应强度和面积均与对照组无明显差异。＜２＞体视学研究：实验组ＶＩＰ样神经元胞体体积、胞核体积、核仁平均直径均明显缩小，粗面内质网和高尔基复合体表面积密度明显下降。以上所见提示摘除眼球２ｌｄ时，视交叉上核内直接接受光信息的ＶＩＰ样神经元的免疫活性下降是因阻断光传入所造成的。光传入的阻断和视神经纤维的溃变使视交叉上核中ＶＩＰ样神经元的结构呈现功能性改变，推测这些变化将引起该神经元肽类物质含量的下降。     

Morphometric analysis of the pineal complex of the golden hamster over a 24-hour light: Dark cycle: I. The superficial pineal in untreated and optically enucleated animals

Morphometric analysis of the superficial pineal gland of intact and blinded golden hamsters was conducted at both the light and electron microscopic level. The volume of the superficial gland was estimated to be 151 × 10⁶ μm³, comprising 90–94% of the total pineal parenchymal tissue. Analysis of structural rhythms in animals maintained under a 14:10 L:D cycle showed significant 24-hr variations in values for pinealocyte nuclei, nucleoli, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, dense bodies, and dense-cored vesicles. Peak values for these structures generally occurred at the light:dark interface. These results provide morphological correlates for known rhythmic variations in the synthesis of pineal-gland products. Superficial pineals examined 8 weeks following optic enucleation exhibited a decrease in the volume of pinealocyte nuclei and cytoplasm, while nucleolar size and the amounts of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, dense bodies and dense-cored vesicles were enhanced. The latter changes are interpreted as indications of increased synthetic activity by the superficial pineal gland in response to light deprivation.     

Development of ultrastructural heterogeneity among hepatocytes in the mouse

Ultrastructural stereological analyses of periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes of newborn, 5- and 10-day-old, and adult male ddY mice were carried out to study the postnatal development of the morphologic heterogeneity among hepatocytes. In newborn animals, the periportal and centrilobular cells did not differ in the volume densities of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum; in the volume and numerical densities of the mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and lipid droplets; or in the shape (the axial ratio) of the mitochondria. In 5-day-old animals, the volume densities of the mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum were greater in periportal cells than centrilobular cells, and the volume density of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum was greater in centrilobular cells than periportal cells. In 10-day-old animals, a further difference was seen in the numerical density of the mitochondria, which was greater in centribular cells than periportal cells. Adult hepatocytes showed also a difference in the axial ratio of the mitochondria, which was greater in centrilobular than periportal cells; there was no difference in the volume density of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. When the data were expressed as volume and number per hepatocyte, the patterns of sublobular distributions of these organelles differed from the patterns seen in the volume and numerical density data, mainly in adult animals. This difference was caused by the marked increase in hepatocyte volume between 10 days of age and adulthood, especially in centrilobular cells. The results show that, in general, the ultrastructural heterogeneity among hepatocytes, evident in adult animals, is not present in newborn animals but arises during postnatal development, and suggest the occurrence of a lobular gradient in postnatal development of hepatocyte functions.