RNA干扰对宫颈癌细胞中E6AP基因的影响及其意义

目的 探讨RNA干扰(RNAi)对宫颈癌细胞系HeLa细胞E6AP基因表达及细胞增殖和凋亡的影响.方法 实验分为3组:空白对照组(未经转染的HeLa细胞)、转染阴性对照的小干扰RNA(siRNA)组及转染特异性E6AP siRNA组.采用半定量RT-PCR技术、Western blot方法 检测E6AP mRNA、蛋白表达水平,用四甲基偶氮唑蓝比色(MTT)法检测细胞增殖状况,用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡.结果 转染E6AP siRNA 24、48、72 h后,E6AP siRNA组E6AP mRNA表达水平与对照siRNA组比较下降33%、72%、70%.Western blot结果 显示,在转染48及72 h,E6AP蛋白表达下降38%、59%.MTT法检测显示,转染HeLa细胞24、48、72、96 h后细胞生长速度明显降低,E6AP siRNA组与空白对照组(F=101.38,P＜0.05)、对照siRNA组(F=38.64,P＜0.05)比较,差异均有统计学意义.E6AP siRNA作用24、48、72 h后E6AP siRNA组凋亡率明显高于对照siRNA组(F=41.48,P＜0.05)和空白对照组(F=86.36,P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义.结论 体外合成的siRNA能有效封闭宫颈癌细胞中E6AP基因的表达,抑制细胞增殖,促进细胞的凋亡,为宫颈癌的基因治疗提供理论依据.     

Increased expression of histone deacetylase 2 is found in human gastric cancer

Accumulated evidence has established that aberrant regulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) is one of the major causes of the development of human malignancies. Among different iso-enzymes of HDAC and sirtuins grouped as the HDAC super family, little is known as to how histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) causes carcinogenesis in solid tumors. Here, in order to investigate the possible role of HDAC2 in gastric carcinogenesis, we analyzed the expression of HDAC2 in 71 gastric adenocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry. Moderate to strong expression of HDAC2 was found in 44 (62%) out of a total of 71 tumors. The majority of positive tumors, which were detected in the nucleus but not in normal gastric epithelium, did not express HDAC2 or showed only weak positive staining. Interestingly, we also noted that HDAC2 expression appeared to be associated with tumor aggressiveness as HDAC2 expression was observed to be statistically significant in advanced gastric cancer (P=0.0023, Chi-square test) and in positive lymph node metastasis (P=0.0713, Chi-square test). Taken together, these results suggest that HDAC2 may play an important role in the aggressiveness of gastric cancer.     

Differences in HPV 16- and HPV 18 E6/E7 oncogene expression between in situ and invasive adenocarcinomas of the cervix uteri

To evaluate the importance of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types in in situ and invasive adeno- and adenosquamous carcinomas (ACISs/ACs, and ASCISs/ASCs) of the cervix uteri, we analyzed HPV infection and HPV 16- and HPV 18 E6/E7 oncogene expression in different histologic subtypes. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, 29 of 33 (88%) ACISs, 2 of 2 (100%) ASCISs, 46 of 54 (85%) ACs, and 8 of 10 (80%) ASCs were found to be HPV 16- and/or HPV 18-positive. In 25 of 35 (71%), 10 of 35 (29%), and 4 of 35 (11%) ACISs/ASCISs, HPV 16, HPV 18, and HPV 16 and HPV 18 were detected, respectively. Invasive ACs/ASCs were more frequently infected with HPV 18 (36 of 64, 56%) than with HPV 16 (28 of 64, 44%). Ten (16%) of these cases were positive for HPV 16 and HPV 18. In ACISs/ASCISs, HPV 16 oncogene expression predominated (62%) relative to HPV 18 (25%) expression, whereas in invasive ACs/ASCs, only 21% of the cases expressed HPV 16, but 48% of the cases expressed HPV 18 oncogenes. Thus, detection of HPV 18 in ACISs/ASCISs might be associated with an increased risk of progression. HPV oncogene expression was not dependent on histologic subtype of in situ or invasive AC. Normal glandular epithelia and glandular dysplasias (GDs, n = 4) were always negative concerning HPV oncogene expression. In HPV 16- and HPV 18-double-infected cases, HPV 18 oncogene expression was most frequently detected, and we did not find a coexpression of HPV 16- and HPV 18-specific oncogenes in purely glandular lesions or in cases with an additional CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) II or CIN III. HPV E6/E7 expression of the same HPV type in both in situ or invasive ACs and associated CIN II/III suggest that these lesions might be histogenetically related.     

Formononetin sensitizes glioma cells to doxorubicin through preventing EMT via inhibition of histone deacetylase 5

Chemoresistance is a major obstacle to successful chemotherapy for glioma. Formononetin is a novel herbal isoflavonoid isolated from Astragalus membranaceus and possesses antitumorigenic properties. In the present study, we investigated the anti-proliferative effects of formononetin on human glioma cells, and further elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-tumor property. We found that formononetin enhanced doxorubicin cytotoxicity in glioma cells. Combined treatment with formononetin reversed the doxorubicin-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells. Moreover, we found that formononetin treatment significantly decreased the expression of HDAC5. Overexpression of HDAC5 diminished the suppressive effects of formononetin on glioma cell viability. Furthermore, knockdown of HDAC5 by siRNA inhibited the doxorubicin-induced EMT in glioma cells. Taken together, these results demonstrated that formononetin-combined therapy may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin in glioma cells by preventing EMT through inhibition of HDAC5.     

Alpha- and betapapillomavirus E6/E7 genes differentially modulate pro-inflammatory gene expression

Keratinocytes, the target cell of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, can produce numerous cytokines and pro-inflammatory molecules which are important for the generation of an effective immune response. How this biological response, which involves the tumor stroma, is affected by the HPV oncoproteins within the epithelial cell itself is not clear. Here it is shown that oncoproteins of different HPV genotypes (alpha- versus beta-HPV genus) alter the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in early passage primary human keratinocytes and the immortalized cell line HaCaT. HPV5 E6/E7 oncoproteins significantly induced interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. By contrast, the same molecules were down-regulated or not modulated in HPV16 E6/E7 transduced keratinocytes. Interestingly, HPV38 oncoproteins expression resulted in a lower induction of pro-inflammatory molecules, resembling the behavior displayed by the mucosal carcinogenic HPV16. Finally, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression levels and nitric oxide (NO) production were induced at similar levels by all the HPV genotypes tested. These results further emphasize the different biological activities among HPV genotypes, and offer new insights into HPV-associated skin diseases.     

A novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, Scriptaid, induces growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer cells

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) can inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest, and stimulate the apoptosis of cancer cells. We investigated the effects of a novel HDACI, Scriptaid, on the Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell line, SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cell line, and normal human endometrial epithelial cells. Endometrial and ovarian cancer cells were treated with various concentrations of Scriptaid, and its effect on cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis, and related measurements was investigated. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays showed that all endometrial and ovarian cancer cell lines were sensitive to the growth inhibitory effect of Scriptaid, although normal endometrial epithelial cells were viable after treatment with the same doses of Scriptaid that induced the growth inhibition of endometrial and ovarian cancer cells. Cell cycle analysis indicated that their exposure to Scriptaid decreased the proportion of cells in the S phase and increased the proportion in the G0/G1 and/or G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by annexin V staining of externalized phosphatidylserine and loss of the transmembrane potential of mitochondria. This induction occurred in concert with the altered expression of genes related to cell growth, malignant phenotype, and apoptosis. Furthermore, Scriptaid treatment of these cell lines increased acetylation of H3 and H4 histone tails. These results raise the possibility that Scriptaid may prove particularly effective in the treatment of endometrial and ovarian cancers.     

IFN-tau exhibits potent suppression of human papillomavirus E6/E7 oncoprotein expression.

The effects of interferon-tau (IFN-tau) on tumor suppressor factors and virus oncoprotein expression were compared with two other type I IFN in human papillomavirus (HPV-16)-transformed cells. Nontumorigenic human keratinocytes, HuKc/HPV-16d-2C (d-2C), treated with recombinant human IFN-alpha2a (Roferon), a human recombinant alpha IFN hybrid, alpha B/D (IFN-alphaB/D), or ovine IFN-tau were evaluated for their effects on the levels of E6 and E7 expression. IFN-tau was comparable to IFN-alpha2a in decreasing intracellular levels of E6 and E7, and IFN-alphaB/D was more effective than IFN-a2a in suppressing E7 levels. All three IFN were capable of increasing the cellular concentration of wild-type p53 tumor suppressor with the magnitude IFN-tau > IFN-alpha2a > IFN-alphaB/D. Increases in p53 concentrations correlated with the observed decreases in E6 mRNA and protein levels. The antiviral effects observed in this study reveal that IFN-tau has potent antipapillomavirus activity. Sequences/structures unique to IFN-tau could allow for alternative IFN/receptor interactions and may explain the differences in biologic function.     

7Histone deacetylase 1, 2, 6 and acetylated histone H4 in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas

Overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has previously been associated with malignancy, and HDAC inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of a variety of malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, the expression of HDACs in DLBCL has not been investigated.
Here, we present an immunohistochemical study on the expression of three HDACs (HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC6) together with acetylated histone H4 in pre-treatment, clinical samples from 31 primary nodal DLBCL patients. Expression was characterized as low, moderate, or high expression based on the number of positively stained malignant B-cells, and the staining intensity. The expression profiles were correlated with the DLBCL subtype, i.e. germinal center B-cell (GCB) (n=11) vs. non-GCB (n=20) and with overall survival.
The results showed moderate to high expression of HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC6, and acetylated H4 in the malignant B-cells of 80.6%, 90.4%, 71.0%, and 74.2% of the samples, respectively. When looking at the entire cohort, HDAC2 was expressed more abundantly than HDAC6 (p=0.0006). The expression profiles of the remaining compounds were similar (p>0.05) and no differences were detected between DLBCL GCB vs. non-GCB subtype. In terms of survival, moderate to strong HDAC6 expression was significantly correlated with a favourable outcome (p=0.016) compared to low expression. Expression levels of HDAC1, HDAC2, and acetylated H4 did not correlate with survival (>0.05).
In conclusion, it is shown that HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC6, and acetylated H4 are overexpressed in DLBCL, and that HDAC6 may be an important prognostic marker in this disease.     

Primary human cervical carcinoma cells require human papillomavirus E6 and E7 expression for ongoing proliferation

Repression of human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes in established cervical carcinoma cell lines causes senescence due to reactivation of cellular tumor suppressor pathways. Here, we determined whether ongoing expression of HPV16 or HPV18 oncogenes is required for the proliferation of primary human cervical carcinoma cells in serum-free conditions at low passage number after isolation from patients. We used an SV40 viral vector expressing the bovine papillomavirus E2 protein to repress E6 and E7 in these cells. To enable efficient SV40 infection and E2 gene delivery, we first incubated the primary cervical cancer cells with the ganglioside GM1, a cell-surface receptor for SV40 that is limiting in these cells. Repression of HPV in primary cervical carcinoma cells caused them to undergo senescence, but the E2 protein had little effect on HPV-negative primary cells. These data suggest that E6 and E7 dependence is an inherent property of human cervical cancer cells.     

人乳头瘤病毒6b L1/16E7嵌合蛋白的基因克隆和表达

目的 研究HPV6bL1/16E7嵌合蛋白的基因克隆及其在昆虫细胞的表达,为防治尖锐湿疣和宫颈癌的基因工程疫苗研究作准备。方法 用PCR扩增出HPV6bL1/16E7嵌合蛋白基因,将其克隆到杆状病毒转移载体pVL1393,制备重组杆状病毒并感染昆虫细胞表达HPV6bL1/16E7嵌合蛋白。结果 HPV6bL1/16E7嵌合蛋白基因在昆虫细胞中得到了表达,并可自组装形成病毒样颗粒。结果 昆虫细胞表达的HPV6bL1/16E7嵌合病毒样颗粒可进一步用于HPV感染的免疫机理及基因工程疫苗研究。     

Metformin-induced suppression of glucose-6-phosphatase expression is independent of insulin signaling in rat hepatoma cells

Metformin is thought to decrease blood glucose levels by reducing hepatic glucose output. To elucidate the pharmacological action of metformin on hepatic glucose production, we examined its effect on the gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), a key enzyme of gluconeogenesis, in H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. Metformin suppressed dexamethasone/cAMP-induced expression of G6Pase mRNA in a dose dependent manner, its maximum effect being observed at 2 mM (79.3% inhibition, P<0.05). Pretreatment with the PI3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, the MEK-1 inhibitor PD98059 or the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X had no effect on suppressed G6Pase expression by metformin. Moreover, metformin did not stimulate Akt phosphorylation. In the present study, we demonstrate that metformin suppresses G6Pase mRNA expression by a mechanism that is independent of the activation of PI3-kinase, Akt, MAP kinase and protein kinase C pathway in hepatocytes.     

HLA-G expression in trophoblast cells is independent of embryonic development

HLA-G is a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I molecule that is selectively expressed on cytotrophoblasts at the feto-maternal interface where it may play a major role in maternal-fetal tolerance. In this study, we compared HLA-G expression in trophoblasts from normal and pathologic pregnancies by immunohistochemical analysis. First, we found a defective HLA-G expression in miscarriages associated with hypotrophic but normal eggs. Conversely, by studying molar pregnancies, we observed a high HLA-G expression in complete and partial hydatidiform moles. Finally, HLA-G expression could be visualized in extravillous trophoblasts that develop outside of their normal environment, as reported here in ectopic pregnancies. Taken together, these results suggest that HLA-G expression in extravillous trophoblasts is induced in an autonomous manner, independently of embryonic development, and may be an integral part of placental development allowing its tolerance from maternal immune system.     

Let-7a靶向抑制Ewing肉瘤中CDK6的表达

目的 研究抑癌microRNA(Let-7a)在Ewing肉瘤细胞系中的靶基因.方法 用Northern blot分析细胞系中Let-7a的表达量;构建pMIR-reporter-CDK6野生型(CDK6_WT)或突变型(CDK6_MUT)及阳性对照(Let-7a_PC)质粒;体外合成的寡核苷酸(Let-7a_mimic)转染Ewing肉瘤细胞系SK-ES-1,用real time PCR检测Let-7a的表达;通过生物信息软件分析、双荧光素酶报告实验和Western blot寻找并确定Let-7a的靶基因.结果 Let-7a在Ewing肉瘤细胞系中系低表达,以MSCs为参照,SK-ES-1 Let-7a/U6 snRNA灰度值最高为:0.193±0.024(P＜0.05);双酶切和DNA测序鉴定质粒构建成功;在SK-ES-1细胞中成功过表达Let-7a(P＜0.01);野生型CDK6(CDK6_WT)荧光素酶表达水平与对照组和突变型CDK6(CDK6_MUT)相比明显下降(P＜0.05);在SK-ES-1细胞系中过表达Let-7a抑制了CDK-6 mRNA和蛋白质的表达.结论 确定了抑癌micmRNA(Let-7a)在Ewing肉瘤细胞系中靶基因,为进一步实验奠定了基础.