Posterior approach to the rectum. Technic, indications, complications. Apropos of 41 cases

Certain lesions in the middle part of the rectal ampulla can only be approached with safety through the posterior surface of the rectum after resection of the coccyx and the last part of the sacrum. This approach was employed in 41 patients, with conservation of the sphincter in all cases. Operation was performed 39 times for excision of a large villous tumor, in 1 case for a polycystic lesion, and in 1 case for a localized epithelioma. Extensive tumors in 3 cases required rectal resection with end-to-end anastomosis, employing a circular mechanical suturing apparatus in 1 patient. Two patients died of causes unrelated to the operation, and 5 developed a fistula, three of these cases needing proximal colostomies. Delayed healing of the perineal wound was noted in 5 other patients, residual perineal pain being reported by 2 patients. The posterior approach to the rectum is an exceptional technique, mainly indicated when wide excision of a histologically doubtful tumor cannot be approached from above or below.     

低位直肠癌局部切除术后复发因素分析

目的探讨低位直肠癌局部切除术后复发的相关因素。方法回顾分析1975年4月至2005年4月间收治的97例早期低位直肠癌行局部切除治疗患者的临床资料。结果全组Tis、T1和T2期病变者分别为28例、48例和21例;有17例（17．5％）患者出现复发,其中局部复发13例．局部复发伴远处转移2例．局部复发率15．5％;Tis、T1和T2期病变者局部复发率分别为7．1％、12．5％和33．3％：另有2例远处转移。局部切除术后复发时问为4～173（中位时间27）个月。肿瘤大体类型和T分期为局部切除术后局部复发的相关因素（P〈0．05）。T2期病变者局部切除术后行和未行辅助治疗的局部复发率分别为21．4％和57．1％（P=0．127）。带蒂肿瘤、无蒂肿瘤和溃疡型肿瘤的局部复发率分别为10．5％、13．7％和3／5。15例局部复发者经治疗后的5年生存率为59．6％。结论低位直肠癌局部切除术后T分期和肿瘤的大体类型是局部复发的主要因素,T2期病变局部切除后需行辅助治疗或行根治性切除术。     

Current management of carcinoma of the anus and perianus.

Malignant lesions of the anus and perianus account for 2.4% of malignant cancers of the colon, rectum, and anus. Based on our experience with 56 patients as well as a review of the recent literature, the following recommendations are made: Bowen's disease, Paget's extramammary disease, basal cell, and perianal epidermoid carcinomas arise in the perianus, rarely metastasize, and may be managed by wide local excision. Cloacogenic transitional cell (basaloid squamous carcinoma) and the more common epidermoid anal canal tumors require abdominoperineal resection with wide perineal excision. Therapeutic groin dissection is indicated if the inguinal nodes are or become the site of metastases, but prophylactic groin dissection is not indicated. The five-year survival for epidermoid carcinoma of anus treated by abdominoperineal resection ranges from 40 to 58%. Improvement in survival rate will require early recognition by the patient and early diagnosis and treatment by the physician. Delay in diagnosis occurs because cancer is not considered frequently enough as a possible cause for the patient's symptoms.     

19例直肠类癌临床资料回顾性研究

目的探讨直肠类癌的临床特点及诊治方案。方法对2008年6月至2012年8月期间我院收治的19例直肠类癌患者的病历资料进行回顾性研究。结果4例表现出排便习惯改变或便血症状,1例无症状者体检时发现直肠硬结,14例因其它肛肠疾病就诊时通过直肠指诊或乙状结肠镜检查偶然发现直肠肿物;19例类癌均〈1．0cm,直肠腔内超声检查见肿物局限于黏膜下层,均经肛门或内镜下局部切除,术后随访未见复发。结论部分直肠类癌无明显症状,直肠指诊和乙状结肠镜检查是发现直肠类癌的重要方法,直肠腔内超声检查可作为直肠类癌鉴别诊断及术前评估的主要手段,对于直径〈1．0cm的直肠类癌,经内镜或经肛门局部切除是安全有效的。     

Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum.

Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum is a rare entity. Approximately 150 cases have been described in the literature. Differentiation from its benign counterpart, leiomyoma, and other connective-tissue tumors is often difficult, but it is important because each tumor has an entirely different prognosis. The case of a patient in whom an 11 x 5.5 cm leiomyosarcoma of the rectum was surgically excised by abdominoperineal resection is presented. Literature review shows disagreement over the therapeutic approach, most likely due to the lack of a large series of patients with this disease. At present, a selective treatment approach appears to be the most advocated. Lesions less than 2.5 cm in size and limited to the bowel wall can still be treated by wide local excision. More radical surgical resection is indicated for larger tumors and those extending outside the bowel wall.     

Treatment of rectal carcinoma: our experience

Authors' experience with 53 patient operated on for adenocarcinoma of the rectum in Oncologic Surgery Department--University of Messina (Italy) was analysed. The development of mechanical devices has allowed surgeons to perform sphincter-saving in patients with medium-lower tumors of the rectum. In this experience abdominoperineal amputation was performed in cases of distal rectal tumors, local transanal excision was performed in 6 cases. There were no statistically significant differences between low anterior resection and abdomino-perineal resection with respect to local (17% vs 16.6%) and distant (16% vs 16%) recurrence.     

PARATESTICULAR SARCOMA: FAILURE PATTERNS AFTER DEFINITIVE LOCAL THERAPY

PURPOSE: We examine disease control and patterns of failure for patients with adult paratesticular sarcoma treated with wide repeat excision and postoperative radiation for close margins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 14 patients with paratesticular sarcomas referred to 1 institution from 1988 to 1995. RESULTS: Median followup was 50 months (range 26 to 90). Pathology review revealed malignant fibrous histiocytoma in 5 cases and liposarcoma in 3. Tumor grade was high in 8 cases. Microscopic residual disease was identified after repeat excision in 3 of 11 completely excised cases (27%). Cause specific survival 5 years after diagnosis was 70%. Both patients with local failure after wide excision had undergone initial intralesional excision and 1 had also received postoperative irradiation. In 5 patients metastases developed in the liver, lung, nodes or multiple sites 0 to 60 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Simple excision is inadequate treatment for paratesticular sarcoma, since wide repeat excision revealed microscopic residual disease in 27% of completely excised cases. The 2 local failures occurred in patients with a history of inadvertent intralesional surgery, which may be a risk factor for local relapse after wide repeat excision. Adjuvant radiation should be considered for these patients as well as those with narrow repeat resection margins. Systemic failure was frequent in patients with high grade tumors, who will require effective systemic adjuvant therapy.     

Sessile adenomas of the rectum: a personal series 1974-1984

Sessile (villous) tumours of the rectum are uncommon and individual surgeons are unlikely to have wide experience in their management. A study was made of a unique personal series (AMC) of 104 cases encountered from 1974 to 1984; minimum duration of follow-up was 5 years. Clinically obvious rectal cancers were excluded from the study. Ages ranged from 42 to 89 years (mean 64.9 years) with a male:female ratio of 1.5:1. The commonest clinical presentations of sessile tumours of the rectum were rectal bleeding (45%) and altered bowel habit (38%). Hypokalaemia was a very uncommon presenting symptom (1%). These tumours ranged in longitudinal diameter from 1 to 9 cm, with 66% of cases greater than 3 cm and 33% of cases greater than 5 cm. The incidence of malignancy in sessile adenomas greater than 3 cm (27%) was more than triple that of adenomas less than 3 cm (8%) and the presence of induration on rectal examination was the most reliable clinical indicator of the presence of malignancy. Local transanal diathermy excision was a satisfactory form of treatment for most sessile tumours of the rectum (benign and malignant); especially if they were less than 3 cm (0% recurrence rate). It had the added advantage of preserving the anal sphincter and was possible in a higher proportion of sessile tumours in the lower half of the rectum (89%) than those in the upper half of the rectum (42%). The overall recurrence rate after local transanal excision was 8% for benign sessile adenomas and 33% for those containing invasive carcinoma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Tubulo-villous rectal tumours. Results of surgical resection in relation to histotype (30 years' experience)

Adenomas of the rectum are frequently found during endoscopic examination. We report on our 30 years of experience with the treatment of tubulo-villous adenomas based on histotype. Between 1971 and 2001, 104 villous tumours of the rectum were treated surgically. The patients' average age was 65 years. These were sessile tumours in 69% of cases, pedunculated in 17.5% and flowing tumours in 13.5%. The mean tumour size was 3 cm. They were associated with colon cancer in 15% of cases and with polyadenoma in 10%. They were located in the rectum within 0 to 6 cm of the anal margin in half the cases. These tumours were treated by local excision in 74 cases and by wide excision in 30 cases. The malignant potential of the tumours was 30%, including 10% invasive malignancy. There were no surgical fatalities, but a 6% medical fatality rate was registered. There was a 20% complication rate related to the surgical technique. Twenty patients were lost to follow-up. Out of 84 villous tumours, monitored over a mean survival period of 6.5 years, there were 24 recurrences: 18 underwent endoscopic excision and in 6 cases a wide resection. The various tumour resection techniques and the operative indications of variable difficulty are presented. It would seem, at present, that total resection of the rectum with a colo-anal anastomosis is the best treatment for large flowing villous tumours occupying almost the entire rectum. Thorough preoperative examination and the mastering of various surgical procedures should allow the most suitable choice of treatment for each individual case.     

Rectum carcinoma. Optimizing therapy by deep resection or excision]

Abdominoperineal excision of the rectum has been the surgical treatment of choice for rectal cancer of the middle and lower third for decades. However, subsequent to technical developments, particularly stapling instruments, sphincter saving procedures such as low anterior or intersphincteric resection superseded abdominoperineal excision in the majority of tumors of the middle and even lower third of the rectum. Within the last seven years (1990-1997), 253 patients with distal rectal cancer underwent surgery--in 204 patients surgery was carried out for the cure of malignancy, whereas in 49 patients surgery was performed for palliation. In the meantime, the rate of abdominoperineal excision with permanent stoma was steadily decreased from 25% (1990-1993) to 9% (1994-1997). Concerning oncologic quality, sphincter saving resections showed evidence that cure rates (3- and 5-year survival) were not compromised by these techniques; conversely, sphincter saving resections offered oncologic cure rates superior to abdominoperineal excision of the rectum. Complete lymphadenectomy with high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery and total mesorectal excision (TME) are fundamental components of this approach. Moreover, the adverse effects of a permanent colostomy and the consecutively diminished quality of life following abdominoperineal excision can be avoided in approximately 80% of cases. In conclusion, at present 80-85% of rectal carcinomas of the middle or lower third can be surgically treated by sphincter saving low resections without compromising oncologic radicality.     

Sarcomas arising in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a reappraisal of biologic behavior in eighteen cases treated by wide local excision with extended clinical follow up

There is a prevailing view that sarcomas arising in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) have a higher risk of metastasis than ordinary DFSP, but these data are based on cases with variable and often suboptimal treatment. There has not been a large study of sarcomas arising in DFSP in which all cases were treated by wide local excision, thereby arguably altering outcome. Clinicopathologic features of 18 cases of sarcomas arising in DFSP treated by wide local excision and having follow up of at least 5 years were analyzed. An estimate of the proportion of sarcoma and DFSP was made. The number of mitotic figures and degree of CD34 immunoreactivity were assessed in each case. The cohort included 13 females and 5 males (age, 23-87 yrs; median, 47 yrs). The tumors involved the trunk (7), scalp (4), extremities (4), and inguinal region (3), and ranged from 1.5 to 7 cm (median, 4 cm). Sarcoma occurred de novo in 15 cases and in a recurrence in three. Sarcomas resembled fibrosarcoma (17) or malignant fibrous histiocytoma (1) and occupied between 20% and 80% of the tumor (median, 60%). Mitotic activity ranged from 2 to 16 per 10 high-power field (HPF; median 7 per 10 HPF) in the sarcomatous component and 0 to 3 per 10 HPF (median, 1 per 10 HPF) in the DFSP component. All tumors expressed CD34 in the DFSP component but only nine (50%) in the sarcomatous component. All patients were treated by wide local excision with negative margins; three additionally received radiation. Four patients (22%) developed recurrences, but none developed metastasis during the follow-up period of 62 months to 17 years (median, 81.5 mos). In contrast to earlier studies, we demonstrate that patients with sarcomas arising in DFSP do not have an increased risk of distant metastasis within a 5-year follow-up period, provided they are treated by wide local excision with negative margins. This probably reflects the fact that wide local excision results in eradication of local tumor, thereby eliminating the source for subsequent dissemination. However, we cannot completely exclude the possibility that tumors in which clear margins are achieved represent a less aggressive subset, as has been suggested for high-grade extremity sarcomas. Previous studies showing increased metastasis for sarcomas arising in DFSP should be re-evaluated to determine if, with treatment stratification, metastatic rate varies.     

The policy of surgery for small carcinoid tumors of the rectum

In this report, we discuss the current policy of surgery for small carcinoid tumors of the rectum, with reference to our own cases and also to those reported in the literature. Ten cases of rectal carcinoid tumors were surgically treated at the National Kyushu Cancer Center over a period of sixteen years and three months. The tumors ranged in size from 0.2 to 1.0 cm, with an average of 0.5 cm, and all were confined to the submucosa. The lesions were treated by local excision in eight patients and by low anterior resection in the other two cases, where transanal or transsacral excision was considered difficult. No lymph node involvement was found in these two cases. All patients are alive and well without recurrence, after a average follow-up time of three years and six months. According to the literature, the incidence of metastasis from rectal carcinoid tumors smaller than 1 cm is very low, ranging between 1.7 to 3.4 per cent, and it therefore seems that most such lesions can be treated by local excision alone. If, however, any muscle invasion or lymphatic vessel invasion is demonstrated, then radical surgery is recommended.     

隆凸性皮肤纤维肉瘤的临床诊治

目的 进一步提高对隆凸性皮肤纤维肉瘤(DFSP)的认识,强调正确和规范化手术的重要性,并探讨综合治疗途径。方法 对1985年1月至2002年9月收治的163例DFSP病例,进行临床和病理资料的回顾性分析。结果 163例患者中有150例(占92．0%)曾被误诊为良性肿瘤而行局部切除手术,经补充广泛切除、病理检查最终明确局部有肿瘤残留者69例,占46．0％,其中49例(占71．0％)在体检或B超检查时未能发现残留灶。局部切除术后,肿瘤复发率可达45．1％,明显高于广泛切除术后复发率(5．6％)。在施行广泛切除手术的142例患者中,有99例皮肤切缘≥3cm,术后局部复发5例(5．1％),36例皮肤切缘在1∽2em,术后复发3例(8．3％)。46例(32．4％)行游离植皮,11例行筋膜皮瓣转移,1例行缺损区涤纶修补。术后的并发症主要是移植皮瓣的坏死(20例)和切口感染(6例),但术后2个月内均能治愈。有17例患者因为曾经多次复发或广泛切除术后病理报告明确切缘或基底仍有肿瘤细胞残留而补充放射治疗,放射量3275∽7000cGy。放疗后有1例患者出现湿性蜕皮,局部复发2例。在全部病例中,只有2例(1．2％)死亡,其中1例死于肺、肝转移;另有2例曾出现区域淋巴结转移,经手术治疗后存活至今。有13例(占8．0％)出现纤维肉瘤样改变(DFSP-FS),其恶性程度增加,其中11例见于局部复发的病例。结论 在局部切除术后,一经病理检查确诊为DFSP,必须施行补充广泛切除以避免肿瘤残留;规范化的广泛切除是治疗DFSP、降低复发率的主要方法;对术后切缘阳性、身体状况不适合手术治疗的患者辅以放射治疗仍不失为一种有效的治疗方法;对DFSP-FS,临床医师必须引起重视并采用更积极的治疗方案。     

Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract

Carcinoid tumors continue to be of specific clinical interest because of their diverse presentation, hormonal secretion, and malignant potential. One hundred ninety-two patients with carcinoid tumors were treated at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics between 1938 and 1982. The most common location of these tumors was the appendix (30%), followed by the ileum (23%) and rectum (9%). Metastatic disease occurred in 29 per cent of all patients, with colonic and ileal tumors being the most likely to metastasize (40% and 35%, respectively). Surgical excision continues to be the treatment of choice in resectable tumors. Appendectomy alone proved effective in the treatment of appendiceal tumors less than 2 cm in diameter and without lymph node metastases. Local excision was also sufficient for the treatment of rectal tumors less than 2 cm in diameter and without invasion of the muscularis propria. Ileal, colonic, and locally advanced appendiceal and rectal tumors should be treated with radical excision including resection of the regional lymph nodes. The overall 5-year survival rate was 47%. Patients with metastatic disease had a lower survival rate (25%) compared with patients without metastases (64%).     

The policy of surgery for small carcinoid tumors of the rectum

In this report, we discuss the current policy of surgery for small carcinoid tumors of the rectum, with reference to our own cases and also to those reported in the literature. Ten cases of rectal carcinoid tumors were surgically treated at the National Kyushu Cancer Center over a period of sixteen years and three months. The tumors ranged in size from 0.2 to 1.0 cm, with an average of 0.5 cm, and all were confined to the submucosa. The lesions were treated by local excision in eight patients and by low anterior resection in the other two cases, where transanal or transsacral excision was considered difficult. No lymph node involvement was found in these two cases. All patients are alive and well without recurrence, after an average follow-up time of three years and six months. According to the literature, the incidence of metastasis from rectal carcinoid tumors smaller than 1 cm is very low, ranging between 1.7 to 3.4 per cent, and it therefore seems that most such lesions can be treated by local excision alone. If, however, any muscle invasion or lymphatic vessel invasion is demonstrated, then radical surgery is recommended.     

Giant cell tumor of bone: Multimodal approach

Background:

The clinical behavior and treatment of giant cell tumor of bone is still perplexing. The aim of this study is to clarify the clinico-pathological correlation of tumor and its relevance in treatment and prognosis.

Materials and Methods:

Ninety -three cases of giant cell tumor were treated during 1980-1990 by different methods. The age of the patients varied from 18-58 yrs with male and female ratio as 5:4. The upper end of the tibia was most commonly involved (n=31), followed by the lower end of the femur(n=21), distal end of radius(n=14), upper end of fibula (n=9), proximal end of femur(n=5), upper end of the humerus(n=3), iliac bone(n=2), phalanx (n=2) and spine(n=1). The tumors were also encountered on uncommon sites like metacarpals (n=4) and metatarsal(n=1). Fifty four cases were treated by curettage and bone grafting. Wide excision and reconstruction was performed in twenty two cases. Nine cases were treated by wide excision while primary amputation was performed in four cases. One case required only curettage. Three inaccessible lesions of ilium and spine were treated by radiotherapy.

Results:

19 of 54 treated by curettage and bone grafting showed a recurrence. The repeat curettage and bone grafting was performed in 18 cases while amputation was done in one. One each out of the cases treated by wide excision and reconstruction and wide excision alone recurred. In this study we observed that though curettage and bone grafting is still the most commonly adopted treatment, wide excision of tumor with reconstruction has shown lesser recurrence.

Conclusion:

For radiologically well-contained and histologically typical tumor, curettage and autogenous bone grafting is the treatment of choice. The typical tumors with radiologically deficient cortex, clinically aggressive tumors and tumors with histological Grade III should be treated by wide excision and reconstruction.     

Techniques of rectal oncologic survey

The possibility of constructing very low anastomoses using stapling devices led many surgeons to reduce the length of the distal clearance to 1-2 cm. This made it possible to perform a low anterior resection instead of an abdominoperineal resection of the rectum in a greater number of cases. Furthermore, the enthusiasm in preserving sphincteric function induced some Authors to perform a local excision for tumors of the distal portion of the rectum. On the other hand, in order to improve patients' survival after curative operations for cancer, either of the rectum or rectosigmoid junction, other surgeons have adopted a more aggressive approach, extending exeresis to the peri-aortocaval and pelvic nodes, and to the possible liver metastases as well. On the basis of our experience (374 cases from 1972 to March 1989) and a critical review of the literature, indications, techniques, and results of curative operations for both rectal and recto-sigmoid junction cancer are examined. The role of extended abdomino-pelvic lymphadenectomy is also discussed. The Authors believe that in the absence of a reliable evaluation of the potential of these tumors, an aggressive approach is required. Local excision is reserved to very selected cases, which should undergo an intensive follow-up in order to detect recurrences at a very early stage.     

Surgical treatment of tumors of the distal rectum with sphincter preservation.

One hundred one patients with villous adenoma or invasive carcinoma of the distal rectum treated with local excision or coloanal anastomosis were studied. Twenty-three (45%) of the 51 patients with villous adenomas had transanal excision, another 23 (45%) had a posterior proctotomy, and five (10%) had a coloanal anastomosis. Only two patients with a villous adenoma developed a recurrence requiring repeat local excision. Fifteen (30%) of the 50 patients with invasive cancer were treated by transanal excision. All had tumors confined to the submucosa or superficial muscularis. Eighteen (85%) of 21 patients having posterior proctotomy also had tumors with similar depth of invasion. Six (43%) of the 14 patients having coloanal anastomosis had Dukes' B tumors, six (43%) were Dukes' C, and another two (14%) underwent palliative resection. The overall actuarial 5-year survival was 77%. Only four patients treated by transanal excision or posterior proctotomy died of metastatic disease. In the coloanal group, two of 12 patients undergoing curative resection died of recurrent cancer, and another has a pelvic recurrence. Villous adenomas of the distal rectum and selected carcinomas may be treated with local excision and coloanal anastomosis with preservation of sphincter function with good results.     

Local recurrences of rectal cancer

Data from cancer registries show that incidence of rectal cancer is still high in Italy, while mortality rates are slightly decreasing in most recent years. Surgery is the treatment of choice and in most cases with curative intent. The rectum may be defined as the tract of the large bowel distal to 12 cm from the anal verge. Tumors located in that segment show local recurrence rates higher than those for tumors located proximally. Pelvic recurrence is evident as a regrowth of cancer in and around the tumor bed. Powerful imaging techniques have been developed for the early and appropriate evaluation of pelvic recurrences. A wide range of recurrence rates after operation for rectal cancer are reported, spanning from 3% to over 30%. The main determinants of local recurrence are related to the tumor and to the treatment. Among the former, stage at diagnosis and number of lymph nodes involved are the most important, along with inadvertent perforation of the intestine and location of tumor in the rectum. Among treatment factors, type of operation and experience of the operator should be mentioned. A major advancement in rectal surgery has been the implementation of total excision of the mesorectum. This technique has decreased dramatically recurrence rates of rectal cancer, though increasing the risk of local complications. Preoperative radiotherapy seems to confer a slight further advantage in selected cases. Management of locally recurrent tumors is still unsatisfactory and surgery is feasible only in less than 10% of cases.     

Local excision of rectal tumors

Local excision is a suitable approach for treating sessile adenomas and early adenocarcinomas of the rectum. The indication for transmural rectal carcinomas (T2 and T3) is a matter of debate and no randomized studies have been reported to date. The early and long-term results of a consecutive series of 160 patients who underwent local excision in our departments are reported. Sixty-three patients (39%) had adenoma and 97 patients (61%) carcinoma. Forty-seven patients with carcinoma (48%) received adjuvant therapy. Postoperative complications occurred in 25 patients (15%). The complication rates were 13% (8/63) for adenomas and 18% (17/97) for carcinomas. Only 1 patient died during the postoperative period as a result of unrelated causes. The overall local recurrence rates were 3% and 24%, respectively. Among the adenocarcinomas recurrence was related to staging, tumour clearance at the resection margins and use of chemo- and radiotherapy. No recurrences were reported among the T2 patients submitted to neoadjuvant treatment. A difference versus radical surgery was observed for T3 patients only. Local excision and transanal endoscopic microsurgery in particular is worthwhile in adenomas and T1 carcinomas of the rectum. Patients with T2 tumors should be treated with preoperative chemo- and radiotherapy. Patients with T3 tumors should be treated with transanal endoscopic microsurgery for palliative purposes only.