广州地区不同人群女性阴道炎调查与分析

目的调查广州地区不同人群女性阴道炎流行状况，并对育龄妇女阴道分泌物异常常见的病原体进行分析。方法对707名育龄妇女同时进行阴道分泌物涂片镜检、滴虫培养、念珠菌培养。结果滴虫性阴道炎在流动人口、妇科及计生门诊、高危人群的发病率分别为0．9％、0．7％、10．9％；念珠菌性阴道炎在流动人口、妇科及计生门诊、高危人群的发病率分别为6．2％、5．0％、4．5％；线索细胞在流动人口、妇科及计生门诊、高危人群的检出率分别为7．0％、5．7％、17．9％，不同年龄组之间滴虫性阴道炎、念珠菌性阴道炎及线索细胞的检出率．差异无统计学意义。高危人群和流动人口、妇科及计生门诊相比，滴虫性阴道炎发病率、线索细胞的检出率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论应针对高危人群加强健康教育，提高这部分人群的自我保健意识，建立科学的卫生观念，减少感染的机会和性病的传播。     

探讨女性生殖道性传播病原体感染与优生优育

目的探讨女性生殖道性传播疾病中病原体感染与优生的关系.方法采用山东盛华信息科技有限公司Dimaunit 2000型多功能超高倍显微镜检测2003～2004两年间异位妊娠患者生殖道中淋球菌、沙眼衣原体和解脲支原体3种性传播疾病病原体共89例,为病例组,并选择同期门诊早期妊娠妇女118例为对照组.结果在3组标本中,淋球菌检出率为8.45%(7/89)、沙眼衣原体检出率为17.98%(16/89)、解脲支原体检出率为33.70%(30/89),约有半数以上的病例存在混合感染,3种病原体感染的阳性率病例组明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论提示近年来异位妊娠的发病与这3种病原体感染存在相关性,进一步证实了性传播病原体感染严重威胁到优生优育,为有效控制性传播疾病宣传优生优育提供了理论依据.     

培养法检测广州地区不同人群生殖支原体感染的研究

目的：研究地区不同人群生殖支原体（Ｍｇ）感染情况,方法：用ＳＰ－４培养基对１９９７年７月至１９９７年１１是本地区包括正常人群１０７例、不洁性史妇女１０７例、不洁性史男性１１８例、不同医院的性病门诊患者１２１例共４４３例的泌尿生殖道拭子进行培养;采用Ｍｇ粘附因子基因序列合成的引物ＭｇＰａ－１和ＭｇＰａ－３,用多聚酶链反应方法在三次不同条件下对２可疑阳性标本进行了生殖支原体检测,并与阳性对照进行比较。     

广州地区妊娠早期妇女TORCH感染状况分析

目的探讨广州市地区妊娠早期妇女TORCH的感染状况及其临床意义,并为进一步诊断和防治提供依据。方法采用抗体捕获ELISA技术检测6346例妊娠早期妇女血清中TORCH特异性IgM抗体。结果HSV—IgM、CMV—IgM、TOX—IgM、RV—IgM的阳性率分别是2．27％、0．93％、1．02％、0．77％。结论妊娠早期妇女TORCH检测对预防宫内感染和畸形胎儿出生、建议将TORCH检测作为孕前常规检查项目,以提高优生优育质量。     

石家庄市不同人群呼吸道感染病原体调查分析

目的 了解本地区急性呼吸道感染患者8种呼吸道病原体的流行情况.方法 选取2014年1月1日至2015年12月31日在石家庄市第一人民医院诊治的7545例呼吸道感染患者,对血清进行8种常见呼吸道病原体的IgM抗体检测.结果 本地区2014年检出率较高的呼吸道病原体依次是流感病毒B(17.5％)、流感病毒A(12.9％)、肺炎衣原体(11.8％),2015年检出率较高的呼吸道病原体依次是流感病毒B(20.6％)、肺炎支原体(20.0％)、流感病毒A(11.0％).2015年较2014年流感病毒A、流感病毒B、肺炎衣原体、嗜肺军团菌4种病原体IgM抗体阳性率有所降低,肺炎支原体IgM抗体阳性率有所升高;各年龄组八种病原体抗体阳性率均存在差异,与0～3岁组比较4～15岁组肺炎衣原体、流感病毒A、流感病毒B、副流感病毒、嗜肺军团菌、呼吸道合胞病毒IgM抗体阳性率较高,15岁以上组腺病毒、嗜肺军团菌、呼吸道合胞病毒IgM抗体阳性率较高;与4～15岁组比较15岁以上组腺病毒、嗜肺军团菌IgM抗体阳性率较高;且秋冬季与春夏季比较流感病毒A、流感病毒B、副流感病毒IgM抗体阳性率较高,而肺炎支原体IgM抗体阳性率较低.结论 本地区呼吸道感染的病原体以流感病毒A(INFA)、流感病毒B、肺炎支原体为主,不同年份、不同季节、不同年龄组病原体的种类和感染率具有一定差异性.     

广州地区听障儿童自我意识状况调查研究

目的了解广州地区听觉障碍儿童的自我意识状况。方法采用Piers-Harrisr儿童自我意识量表对广州某聋人学校的93名在校听觉障碍儿童进行测量及分析。结果①广州地区听障儿童17～20岁年龄段学生的自我意识总分显著高于13～16岁年龄段、10～12岁年龄段(F=2.753,P<0.05);在不同性别比较中,女生的合群分值显著高于男生(t=3.377,P<0.001);②与中国儿童常模相比,广州地区听障儿童的智力与学校分值显著较高(t=2.655,P<0.01),而行为、合群分值以及总分则低于中国儿童常模(t=3.992,P<0.001,t=2.935,P<0.01,t=2.200,P<0.05)。与湖南听障儿童相比,广州听障儿童在行为、智力与学校情况、焦虑、合群、幸福与满足分值以及自我意识总分均显著高于湖南听障儿童(t=3.673,P<0.001,t=2.016,P<0.05;t=3.596,5.751,4.195,4.936;P<0.001)。结论广州地区听障儿童自我意识总体状况与健康儿童相比有一定差距,但优于湖南地区听障儿童。广州地区听障男生存在较多自我意识问题。     

北京市门头沟区人群菜姆病感染状况调查

为了解北京市门头沟区农村社区居民莱姆病人群感染状况,2013年11月在门头沟区农村随机抽取5个村常住人口310人,利用ELISA和Western Blot试验测定人群莱姆病抗体水平。采用SPSS16．0软件分析莱姆病既往感染病例流行病学特征,并根据血清学调查结果推算门头沟区农村莱姆病实际感染人数。截至2013年,北京市门头沟区无莱姆病临床诊断病例报告,但血清学调查显示人群莱姆病阳性率为7．7％（ELISA和Western Blot均阳性）,男、女性阳性率分别为7．9％和7．6％;农民、待业人员阳性率分别为8．4％和5．0％,两人群阳性率无统计学差异,5个村村民抗体阳性率无统计学差异,各年龄组村民抗体阳性率无统计学差异,门头沟区农村存在广泛的莱姆病社区内感染,无地区、职业、性别、年龄组分布差异。根据血清学调查结果及2013年人口学资料,估计该地区农村20岁以上居民中,至少有3495人曾罹患过莱姆病,估算人群抗体阳性率为8．0％。本项调查结果提示,门头沟区虽然无莱姆病病例报告,但人群莱姆病感染水平较高,应通过多种形式在当地开展健康教育以降低发病率。     

2010年陆丰市重点寄生虫病人群感染状况调查

目的了解和掌握陆丰市重点寄生虫病人群感染状况,为制订防治对策和评价防治效果提供科学依据。方法采集3周岁以上常住居民粪便标本,采用改良加藤厚涂片法（Kato-Katz）一粪三检,检测钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫等重点寄生虫虫卵,同时采用透明胶纸肛拭子法检测3～12周岁儿童蛲虫卵。结果 5个调查点共粪检1000人,感染人数79人,平均感染率为7.9%,其中钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫和蛲虫感染率分别为2.6%、0.3%、4.9%和0.2%。检测儿童蛲虫970人,感染率为12.6%;钩虫、蛔虫和鞭虫感染者每克粪便算术平均虫卵数分别为24.2、120和25.7,均为轻度感染;调查点粪检感染率最高的是城东镇,为14.5%,最低是陂洋镇,为5.0%,各调查点感染率差异有统计学意义（χ2=15.86,P〈0.005）;各年龄组感染率以50～岁组最高（19.8%）,60～岁组最低（3.5%）;不同文化程度感染率以初中文化水平者最高（10.3%）,不同文化程度感染率差异无统计学意义（χ2=5.55,P〉0.05）。结论陆丰市重点寄生虫病人群感染情况处于较低水平,其中蛔虫、钩虫和儿童蛲虫感染率明显低于2001-2004年广东省人体重要寄生虫病现状调查水平。     

上海市人群附红细胞体感染状况的调查

目的了解上海市人群附红细胞体的感染状况。方法按照分层抽样调查的方法在地处中心城区、城郊结合区、郊区的3个区各抽取4个村或居委会作为调查点，血涂片镜检附红细胞体。结果共调查1603户的3003人，人群附红体的标化感染率为17．81％，3个区的标化感染率分别为29．50％、11．89％、7．73％，其差异具有统计学意义（Х^2=196．34，P〈0．05），且有从中心城区向郊区降低的趋势（Х^2=173．88，P〈0．05）；男女感染率（经年龄标化）分别为16．50％和19．82％，差异具有统计学意义（Х^2=5．18，P〈0．05）；年龄组感染率中以10～19岁组最高，与其余年龄组的感染率差异具有统计学意义（Х^2=213．59，P〈0．05）。感染人群总的平均感染度为1．66％，3个区的平均感染度分别为2．06％、1．20％、1．04％（F=8．19，P〈0．05）；年龄、性别感染度差异无统计学意义（F=1．27，P〉0．05；t=1．76，P〉0．05）；感染者具有家庭聚集性分布（Х^2=96．95，P〈0．05）。结论上海市人群中存在附红细胞体感染。主要表现为轻度感染，且具有地区、年龄分布差异和家庭聚集性等特点。     

医院感染状况调查分析

调查了我院94、95年期间医院感染状况。结果是:两年间全院感染率稳定;内、儿科感染率高于外、妇科;下呼吸道和其他是主要感染部位。提示:内、儿科是院内感染的质控重点科室;医院环境改造是改善感染率的重要环节。     

Study of the Prevalence of Agents of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Monkeys by the Gene Diagnosis Method

Carriership of agents of sexually transmitted diseases (Trichomonas, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma) is highly prevalent in healthy monkeys living in the Adler Breeding Center. The incidence of these microorganisms is appreciably higher in animals with gestoses and labor abnormalities in comparison with animals with normal genital function. Mixed infection caused by 2–4 agents is much more incident than monoinfection.__________Translated from Byulleten Eksperimentalnoi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 139, No. 2, pp. 215–218, February, 2005     

Factors Associated With Intention to Use Internet-Based Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Men Who Have Sex With Men

Background

Internet-based testing programs are being increasingly used to reduce testing barriers for individuals at higher risk of infection, yet the population impact and potential for exacerbation of existing health inequities of these programs are not well understood.

Objective

We used a large online sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Canada to measure acceptability of Internet-based testing and perceived advantages and disadvantages of this testing approach.

Methods

We asked participants of the 2011/2012 Sex Now Survey (a serial online survey of gay and bisexual men in Canada) whether they intended to use Internet-based testing and their perceived benefits and disadvantages of use. We examined whether intention to use was associated with explanatory variables spanning (A) sociodemographics, (B) Internet and technology usage, (C) sexually transmitted infections (STI)/ human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and risk, and (D) health care access and testing, using multivariable logistic regression (variable selection using Bayesian information criterion).

Results

Overall, intention to use was high (5678/7938, 71.53%) among participants with little variation by participant characteristics. In our final model, we retained the variables related to (B) Internet and technology usage: use of Internet to cruise for sex partners (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.46, 95% CI 1.25-1.70), use of Internet to search for sexual health information (AOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.23-1.51), and mobile phone usage (AOR 1.19, 95% 1.13-1.24). We also retained the variables for (D) health care access and testing: not “out” to primary care provider (AOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.10-1.41), delayed/avoided testing due to privacy concerns (AOR 1.77, 95% CI 1.49-2.11), and delayed/avoided testing due to access issues (AOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.40-1.95). Finally, we retained the variable being HIV positive (AOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.46-0.68) or HIV status unknown (AOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.77-1.01), age <30 years (AOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.22-1.62), and identifying as bisexual (AOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04-1.34) or straight/other (AOR 0.67, 95% CI 0.50-0.90). The greatest perceived benefits of Internet-based testing were privacy (2249/8388, 26.81%), general convenience (1701/8388, 20.28%), and being able to test at any time (1048/8388, 12.49%). The greatest perceived drawbacks were the inability to see a doctor or nurse (1507/8388, 17.97%), wanting to talk to someone about results (1430/8388, 17.97%), not wanting online results (1084/8388, 12.92%), and low trust (973/8388, 11.60%).

Conclusions

The high and wide-ranging intention to use that we observed suggests Internet-based testing has the potential to reach into all subgroups of MSM and may be particularly appealing to those facing current barriers to accessing STI/HIV testing and who are more comfortable with technology. These findings will be used to inform the promotion and further evaluation of an Internet-based testing program currently under development in British Columbia, Canada.     

Sexually Transmitted Infections: Need for Extragenital Screening

Extragenital infections can occur concurrently with simultaneous urogenital infections. Extragenital sites are believed to serve as hidden reservoirs and play a critical role in their transmission. The etiological relationship of the most widespread Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) pathogen to reproductive tract has long been established, but the distribution to extragenital sites appears to be infrequent and its correlation with the sexual practice still requires to be investigated. Optimal-screening strategies for extragenital infections are largely unknown. However, there is a lack of data on clinical outcomes and optimal treatment regimens for rectal and pharyngeal extragenital infections. Further studies are needed in settings other than reproductive health and STD clinics, especially in primary care clinics and resource-limited settings.     

2004—2007年广州市售蛙类曼氏迭宫绦虫裂头蚴感染调查

目的了解广州市肉菜市场虎纹蛙感染裂头蚴的情况。方法将从广州肉菜市场购买的虎纹蛙剥皮后，检查和分离寄生于蛙肌肉中的裂头蚴，同时记录虫体寄生部位和虫数。结果从2004—2007年共检查蛙1279只。其中阳性850只，阳性率为66．46％；共检出裂头蚴2773条，平均感染度为3．26。2004年感染率与其它年份比较差异均有统计学意义；在春节和秋季间蛙裂头蚴的感染率亦均存在显著差异。结论广州肉菜市场销售的虎纹蛙存在较为严重的裂头蚴感染，且蛙的感染情况在不同年份和不同季节间存在变化。     

Traditional Healers and Nurses: A Qualitative Study on Their Role on Sexually Transmitted Infections Including HIV and AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of traditional healers in sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS and collaboration between the traditional and biomedical health care systems as seen by nurses and traditional healers. A convenient sample of 15 professional nurses and 15 traditional healers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Qualitative analyses identified the following themes: (1) attitude and respect, (2) collaboration between traditional healers and nurses, (3) control/regulation of (traditional) health practices, (4) training needs of healers and nurses. The main results indicated that the professional nurses had mixed attitudes towards traditional healers, mostly negative (e.g. lacked training, used expired medicines, gave improper dosages, and kept poor or no records), but, also positive, such as contributing to the management of opportunistic infections (STIs). The traditional healers also had mixed attitudes towards nurses. The traditional healers believed that nurses undermined their work (did not accept their efficacy in treatment and consequently did not refer patients). Notably, most of the traditional healers were willing to learn and refer patients to clinics and hospitals, while this was not true for the nurses.     

Chlamydia trachomatis infections in heterosexuals attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in Slovenia

This study assessed the age and gender distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis infections among patients attending two clinics for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in Slovenia. Between January 1999 and December 2003, 1714 heterosexual male and 892 heterosexual female patients were tested for C. trachomatis. The prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was 19.5% (n = 334) for male patients and 10.7% (n = 96) for female patients, with the highest prevalence in the group aged 15-30 years. The prevalence decreased between 2000 and 2003 among female patients. The results support the implementation of routine screening for C. trachomatis genital infection among male and female patients aged < 30 years attending STD clinics in Slovenia.     

Application of Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) to measure intention to get early screening and treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among HIV at- risk sub-populations in Ethiopia

BackgroundSexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) increase the risk of contracting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Hence, early screening and treatment of STIs as a behavioral practice will reduce the odds of HIV infection among at risk and vulnerable sub-populations. To that end, HIV prevention strategies need to design evidence-based interventions using behavioral models or theories to help at-risk individuals adopt early screening and treatment of STI as preventive health behavior. In this study, commercial sex workers were considered as HIV at-risk sub-populations.ObjectiveMeasuring to what extent that Integrated Behavioral Model constructs explain individuals'' intention to practice early screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections as healthy behavior of interest in HIV prevention.DesignIntegrated Behavioral Model (IBM) measurement survey was conducted using Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) in six towns located in the main transport corridors of Ethiopia. Respondents'' answers to model construct-based questions and intention to practice the health behavior of interest were measured using Likert Scale. Analysis was done to assess the correlation and level of association of model construct-based questions with intention to practice the preventive health behavior.ResultsRespondents'' attitude explained 32%, perceived control 2%, normative influence 21%, and self-efficacy 53 % of their intention to get early screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections.ConclusionSelf-efficacy explained the variability of respondents'' intention to get early screening and treatment of STIs most, while perceived control was the least. Hence, HIV prevention behavioral interventions targeting early screening and treatment of STIs should give high emphasis to self-efficacy.     

粤东地区不同人群丙型肝炎病毒感染情况分析

目的 :了解粤东地区不同人群丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)感染情况 ,探讨HCV感染途径。方法 :运用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)及荧光定量聚合酶链式反应 (FQ -PCR)检测不同人群血清中抗 -HCV及HCV -RNA。结果 :抗 -HCV阳性率在一般人群中为 0 89% (5 8/ 6 4 6 8) ;医护人员 2 93% (5 / 171) ;乙型肝炎病人11 5 % (47/ 4 10 ) ;普通孕妇 0 93% (17/ 1836 ) ,其中 12例HCV -RNA阳性 ,所生 12名婴儿 2名阳性 ,母婴传播率 16 7% ;血液透析病人 5 1 4 % (5 4 / 10 5 ) ,其中有输血史的 5 8% (5 1/ 88) ,无输血史的 17 7% (3/ 17) ,两者有极显著性差异 (χ2 =7.72 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论 :血途径是HCV感染的主要传播途径。母婴传播及医务人员的被感染值得重视。     

Sexually transmitted infections and their diagnoses: Bapedi experience

Background

The global burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is a major concern to the World Health Organization (WHO).

Objective

To document STIs treated by Bapedi traditional healers and their methods of diagnoses in the Limpopo Province, South Africa.

Methods

A semi-structured questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions was used to collect data from 34 traditional healers, during a face-to-face interview.

Results

Five seemingly dissimilar STIs; gonorrhoea, chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, nta (Bapedi-terminology) and syphilis were identified as being treated by Bapedi traditional healers. With the exclusion of HIV/AIDS, all STIs are known by healers via their vernacular names. Not all of the recorded STIs are treated by all the questioned traditional healers. Generally, diagnosis of these infections was based primarily on the presentation of symptoms and certain behavioural traits; mostly unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners.

Conclusion

The current study concludes that Bapedi traditional healers play an important role in the treatment STIs in the Limpopo Province. Of concern is their diagnosis which is based primarily on the presentation of symptoms and behavioural traits, which are not always accurate indicators. Thus, to make their contribution to the treatment and management of STIs beneficial, they have to receive elementary training in diagnostic methods particularly for HIV/AIDS.