DM2患者血糖波动与微血管并发症的相关性研究

目的：探讨糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）〈7%的2型糖尿病（DM2）患者血糖波动与微血管并发症的关系。方法：对20例未合并微血管并发症和25例合并微血管并发症的HbA1c〈7%的DM2患者应用动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）连续监测3d,计算平均血糖水平（MBG）、标准差（SD）、平均血糖波动幅度（MAGE）、最大血糖波动幅度（LAGE）、日间血糖绝对差（MODD）等指标,并测HbA1c、血压、血糖、血脂等。结果：HbA1c〈7%合并微血管并发症组SD、MAGE、MODD、LAGE均显著高于HbA1c〈7%未合并微血管并发症组（P〈0.001～0.05）。结论：血糖波动是HbA1c〈7%的DM2患者微血管并发症的危险因素,应积极控制血糖波动。     

糖化血红蛋白测定在糖尿病诊断中的临床意义

目的：探讨糖化血红蛋白在糖尿病(DM)患者中的检测及临床意义。方法选择100例DM患者,设为DM组。根据糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)检查结果将DM组患者分为高HbA1c组(HbA1c≧8%)和低HbA1c组(HbA1c<8%),另选择同期于我中心健康查体者40例作为对照组。对比分析DM组和对照组空腹血糖(FPG)和HbA1c差异,pearson相关分析DM组患者FPG和HbA1c相关性,对比观察高HbA1c组和低HbA1c组并发症发生率。结果 DM组FPG、HbA1c均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);pearson相关分析显示,DM患者FPG与HbA1c呈显著正相关(=0.726,=0.000);高HbA1c组DM患者糖尿病肾病、糖尿病视网膜病变、高血压、周围神经病变和脑血管疾病发生率显著高于低HbA1c组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论糖化血红蛋白在糖尿病患者中显著升高,能一定程度反映空腹血糖水平,对糖尿病诊断及并发症监控具有重要临床意义。     

血糖及糖化血红蛋白的检测及干扰研究进展

2010年美国糖尿病协会将糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）检测作为筛选和诊断糖尿病指标,其参考界值为HbA1c≥6.5%。至此,HbA1c同血糖一样正式成为糖尿病诊断检测指标。血糖及HbA1c作为杰出的糖尿病诊疗指标,其检验方法灵活多变且较易受外界多种因素影响,干扰检测结果的准确性。随着检验技术的进步,临床与糖尿病诊疗相关的生物传感器的应用逐渐广泛,本文将针对二者常见检测方法的干扰因素做一综述。     

离子交换和亲和层析两种方法对糖尿病大鼠糖化血红蛋白检测的比较

探讨离子交换和亲和层析高效液相法对糖尿病大鼠糖化血红蛋白检测的影响及比较。应用离子交换法（使用Bio-Rad的VariantⅡ糖化血红蛋白仪）和亲和层析高效液相法（使用Primus的Ultra2糖化血红蛋白仪）对不同血糖水平的Wistar大鼠进行糖化血红蛋白的检测。亲和层析高效液相法检测的总糖化血红蛋白（GHb）随血糖浓度的升高而升高,血糖浓度从3．6mmol／L开始升高,GHb的值从4．4％到16．1％,与血糖的相关性好。离子交换法测定的HbA1随血糖浓度升高而升高,但与血糖相关性不明显。亲和层析高效液相法测定的GHb能较准确的反映糖尿病大鼠糖化血红蛋白水平,可用来评价糖尿病大鼠的血糖变化。     

北京市某社区糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白及相关因素分析

目的:调查北京市劲松社区2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平及流行病学现状,分析其关联性,为糖尿病患者社区管理提供科学依据。方法:采用流行病学调查方法,对433例横断面资料完整的2型糖尿病患者的职业、文化程度、婚姻状况、医疗保险类型、家庭人均月收入和病程;测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围、颈围和血压;实验室检测血糖、血脂和HbA1c。结果:以HbA1c控制水平<7.0%和≥7.0%分为两组,两组间病程、BMI、腰围、臀围、颈围、收缩压(SBP)、心率、空腹血糖、餐后血糖、总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);经多元逐步回归分析,HbA1c与腰围、臀围、病程、空腹血糖、餐后血糖及LDL-C和TC之间存在独立相关(P<0.05)。结论:HbA1c与血糖、肥胖和血脂之间具有关联性,定期检测HbA1c对糖尿病患者心血管危险因子的控制有重要意义。     

糖化血红蛋白联合空腹血糖对糖尿病的诊断价值

目的：就糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)联合空腹血糖(FPG)对糖尿病的诊断价值进行研究分析。方法随机选取2012年3月~2014年3月我院接受诊治的50例糖尿病患者和于我院进行健康体检的50例健康人员,分成观察组(糖尿病患组)和对照组(健康对照组),对两组糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖进行检测,并对检测结果进行评价对比。结果观察组HbA1c(8.16±1.73)%、FPG(9.21±1.46)mmol/L;对照组HbA1c(5.21±0.37)%、FPG(5.16±0.28)mmol/L;观察组HbA1c、FPG显著高于对照组,数据差异具有统计学意义(<0.05);HbA1c和FPG水平呈正相关关联(<0.05)。结论糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖相互密切相关,可有效反映糖尿病患者长期和即时的血糖水平,糖化血红蛋白联合空腹血糖检测对糖尿病筛查有着十分重要的临床意义。     

妊娠糖尿病患者血清泌乳素的临床意义

目的探讨血清泌乳素与妊娠糖尿病（GDM）糖代谢紊乱的临床关系。方法将60例妊娠糖尿病患者按糖化血红蛋白水平分为甲乙两组,同时30例健康孕期妇女作为正常对照组,分别测定这3组的泌乳素（PRL）、血糖及HbA1c。结果血糖控制不理想患者血清泌乳素明显高于血糖稳定、并发症少的患者,而后者血清泌乳素与对照组相比无明显差异。结论本研究提示糖尿病时的高泌乳素血症可能是机体对长期糖代谢紊乱及其慢性并发症所产生的一种应激反应。对血糖控制不良的妊娠糖尿病人,并发症者行血清泌乳素测定具有一定的临床意义,它可以作为反映妊娠糖尿病病情的一项间接指标。     

CDKN2A/2B基因rs10811661多态性对2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白水平的影响分析

目的 探讨CDKN2A/2B基因多态性对2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白水平的影响。方法 以370例社区2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,调查患者的一般情况、血压、血糖、血脂等生理生化结果;并对每位患者采2 mL的静脉血,提取DNA,并应用PCR-RFLP法检测CDKN2A/2B基因rs10811661位点的多态性。结果 CDKN2A/2B基因rs10811661多态位点,C等位基因频率为47.43%;不同糖化水平两组患者的基因型、等位基因的分布差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;CT基因型与CC+TT基因型糖尿病患者的性别、教育水平、保险类型、服用降糖药治疗、血糖监测频率的构成,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;CC+TT基因型糖尿病患者的HbA1c总体均值水平为7.17%±1.45%,CT基因型糖尿病患者的HbA1c总体均值水平为6.89%±1.13%,两组差异有统计学意义（P=0.04）。结论 CDKN2A/2B基因rs10811661位点的多态性影响2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白水平,糖尿病患者的血糖管理不仅要注重环境因素,同时也要注重个体遗传因素的影响。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率和糖化血红蛋白与血浆粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子相关性的研究

测定60例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者和21例正常人血浆粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM－CSF）、尿白蛋白排泄率（UAE）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA(1c)）、空腹血糖（FBG）、甘油三酯（TG）及胆固醇（CHO）的变化。并观察糖尿病患者的血浆GMCSF与UAE、HbA(1c)的相关性。结果：（1）糖尿病组血浆GMCSF、HbA(1c)、FBG、尿UAE显著高于正常组（P＜0．01～0.001），二组间TG、CHO差异无显著性。（2）血浆GM-CSF与HbA(1c)呈正相关，并随着尿白蛋白排泄率的升高，血浆GM-CSF升高（P＜0.05）。（3）尿UAE与HbAc呈正相关（P＜0.05）。提示：（1）糖尿病患者血浆GM－CSF、FBG、HbA(1c)、尿UAE明显增高；（2）糖尿病患者GM－CSF升高与单次空腹血糖及单次血TG、CHO水平亦未无明显关系；（3）糖尿病患者血浆GM－CSF与糖尿病慢性血管并发症的发生有关。     

糖化血红蛋白水平检测与妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局相关性分析

目的 探讨分析糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)水平与妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局相关性.方法 选择广西区人民医院妇产科妊娠期糖尿病孕妇患者24例为观察组,同期血糖检测正常的健康孕妇24名为对照组,比较分析两组孕妇HbA1c和妊娠结局的相关性.结果 观察组HbA1c为(10.3±0.4)％,显著高于对照组的(4.9±0.3)％,P＜0.05.观察组中患者胎膜早破、羊水异常、胎儿窘迫和产后出血的发生率显著高于对照组.另外,统计学分析显示,观察组出现胎膜早破、早产等不良并发症概率与血清HbA1c呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 HbA1c水平与妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的胎膜早破、早产、羊水异常、胎儿窘迫和产后出血的并发症呈正相关.     

Achieving recommended goals for blood-glucose and blood-pressure control in diabetic patients: a multi-center cross-sectional evaluation in the Niigata prefecture

Hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus can contribute to a deterioration of the patient's status as much as most diabetes mellitus-related complications. Previous interventional trials have found that to prevent the onset and progression of diabetic microangiopathy, the optimal glycemic threshold is an HbA1c of less than 6.5% and the optimal blood pressure is less than 130/85 mmHg. The present study investigated the prevalence of achieving these recommended goals for glycemic and blood pressure control in type 2 diabetic patients in the Niigata prefecture. A questionnaire was administered in this multi-center study to 3573 patients from 92 participating Niigata Diabetic Complication Study hospitals. Patients aged 63.5 +/- 11 years with type 2 diabetes were evaluated. Only 46.8% of patients achieved the recommended glycemic control level, and only 41.4% of patients achieved the BP target. Moreover, only 20.5% of all patients achieved both target levels for blood glucose and blood pressure. This demonstrates the difficulty in clinical practice of achieving concurrent glucose and blood pressure control in diabetic patients.     

Can fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels predict oral complications following invasive dental procedures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus? A preliminary case-control study

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the effects of the levels of glycemic control on the frequency of clinical complications following invasive dental treatments in type 2 diabetic patients and suggest appropriate levels of fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin considered to be safe to avoid these complications.

METHOD:

Type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients were selected and divided into three groups. Group I consisted of 13 type 2 diabetic patients with adequate glycemic control (fasting blood glucose levels <140 mg/dl and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels <7%). Group II consisted of 15 type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control (fasting blood glucose levels >140 mg/dl and HbA1c levels >7%). Group III consisted of 18 non-diabetic patients (no symptoms and fasting blood glucose levels <100 mg/dl). The levels of fasting blood glucose, glycated HbA1c, and fingerstick capillary glycemia were evaluated in diabetic patients prior to performing dental procedures. Seven days after the dental procedure, the frequency of clinical complications (surgery site infections and systemic infections) was examined and compared between the three study groups. In addition, correlations between the occurrence of these outcomes and the glycemic control of diabetes mellitus were evaluated.

RESULTS:

The frequency of clinical outcomes was low (4/43; 8.6%), and no significant differences between the outcome frequencies of the various study groups were observed (p>0.05). However, a significant association was observed between clinical complications and dental extractions (p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS:

Because of the low frequency of clinical outcomes, it was not possible to determine whether fasting blood glucose or glycated HbA1c levels are important for these clinical outcomes.     

Implementation of POCT in the diabetic clinic in a large hospital

AimPoint-of-care testing (POCT) is gaining renewed interest, especially in resource-limiting primary health care, due to rise in prevalence of communicable and non-communicable diseases hence POCT needscontinuous appraisal.MethodsRandom glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured in 104 diabetic patients using standard laboratory multichannel analyzer 917. The utility of venous blood compared to capillary blood in measuring HbA1c was evaluated in a subset of 20 patients using a POCT device, DCA Vantage. Lastly, the POCT was validated against the laboratory multichannel analyser 917, in measurement of HbA1c in a second subset of 46 patients.ResultsRandom blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels moderately correlated (r2 = 0.56; p < 0.0001). Random glucose tests showed that 41% of the patients had poor glycaemic control while HbA1c showed 74%. Venous and capillary blood in HbA1c showed strong correlation (r2 = 0.89440; p < 0.001. There was also strong correlation (r = 0.9802; p < 0.0001) in HbA1c measured using the DCA Vantage and the standard laboratory analyser, Multichannel Analyser 917.ConclusionVenous or capillary blood can be used in POCT for HbA1c. POCT is ideal for monitoring glucose control and management of diabetes in resource-limited countries such as South Africa.     

应用微信平台对初发中青年2型糖尿病患者进行 健康管理模式的研究

目的 探讨应用微信平台对初发中青年2型糖尿病患者进行健康管理的效果。方法 选取2016 年1月~2017年6月初发中青年2型糖尿病患者275例,给予空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血脂等检查。随机分为对照组140例和观察组135例,对照组给与常规的健康管理模式,观察组应用微信平台健康管理模式,两组均随访6个月,比较两组患者干预6个月后空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血脂及低血糖的发生率等的区别,用糖尿病自我管理行为量表对两组患者进行评分比较。结果 初始两组患者性别、年龄、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白,血脂水平对比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;两组患者随访6个月后,观察组空腹血糖、HbA1c,血脂水平均低于对照组（P＜0.05）,两组低血糖症的发生率,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;观察组SDSCA评分大于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 应用微信平台健康管理模式对初发中青年2型糖尿病患者进行健康管理可以取得较好的效果,能够有效降低空腹血糖和血脂水平,改善糖尿病患者自我管理行为。     

Insulin therapy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients: does it affect quality of life?

BACKGROUND: Strict glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients is recommended in a number of treatment protocols. However, although better glycaemic control prevents or postpones chronic diabetic complications, it remains uncertain how this affects quality of life in the short and long term. AIM: To study the impact of insulin therapy on glycaemic control and quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients, with secondary failure on maximal oral medication. DESIGN OF STUDY: Two separate sets of analyses were performed: a longitudinal analysis of those patients converted to insulin therapy and a comparison of 12-week outcomes between the two randomisation groups. SETTING: Ten general practices, participating in the Nijmegen Monitoring Project. METHOD: Patients, poorly controlled on maximal oral therapy, were stratified with respect to age and sex, and randomly allocated to insulin therapy in two different schedules: (a) after a 12-week period with enhanced compliance to diet and oral therapy: or (b) as soon as secondary failure was established. Patients were referred to a diabetologist to start insulin therapy and were referred back to their general practitioner (GP) as soon as glycaemic control was stable. We assessed fasting blood glucose, HbA1c functional health, and quality of life (Sickness Impact Profile, COOP/WONCA charts, Diabetes Symptom Checklist) at baseline, after the patient was referred back to the GP, and nine months later. RESULTS: Of the 38 included patients, three patients dropped out and seven patients were not switched over to insulin therapy. In patients starting insulin therapy, mean HbA1c and fasting blood glucose level decreased from 9.5% to 7.6%, and from 12.0 mmol to 8.4 mmol, respectively (P < 0.001). The better control was accompanied by a decrease in hyperglycaemic complaints (P = 0.01). No increase in hypoglycaemic complaints was found. There were no statistically significant changes in quality-of-life parameters. After 12 weeks, patients directly referred to insulin therapy showed a statistically significant improvement in HbA1c and fasting glucose level, in contrast to patients with enhanced compliance. Quality-of-life scores did not significantly differ statistically. CONCLUSION: Insulin therapy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients from general practice resulted in a significant clinical improvement of glycaemic control, accompanied by a reduction of hyperglycaemic complaints, without an increase in hypoglycaemic complaints or an adverse influence on quality of life.     

Haemoglobin A1c analysis in the management of patients with diabetes: from chaos to harmony

Effective management of patients with diabetes mellitus requires accurate assessments of blood glucose control. The best characterised marker of long term glycaemic control is whole blood haemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)). Published clinical trials have identified quantitative and direct relationships between the HbA(1c) concentration and risks of diabetic microvascular complications. However, in order to practice evidence-based medicine, assays used to measure patient samples should ideally produce values comparable to the assays used in these trials. Numerous assays using chromatographic and immunological detection methods are used around the world. This paper briefly reviews the scientific evolution of HbA(1c) and its analysis, discusses the reasons why HbA(1c) assay standardisation is a challenge, describes the approaches that have been adopted to harmonise HbA(1c) assays, and addresses the current initiatives to standardise HbA(1c) globally. These efforts have established HbA(1c) as an essential component in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus and are likely to lead to the use of HbA(1c) in the screening/diagnosis of diabetes.     

On the relation among psychological distress,diabetes-related health behavior,and level of glycosylated hemoglobin in type I diabetes

This study aimed at investigating the relation between psychological diabetes-related health behavior, and metabolic aspects of diabetes. Fifty-one adult patients with type I diabetes mellitus took part in the study. Psychological status, health, and self-care behavior were assessed by means of questionnaires. Level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c) served as the index of metabolic control. Depression was slightly elevated among women as was trait anxiety and blood-injury phobia or fear of medical interventions in all patients. Depression and anxiety were not related to duration of diabetes or presence of diabetes complications. As could be expected, patients who frequently checked their blood glucose level had a significantly lower level of HbA(1c) than those with infrequent checks. Patients with a marked blood-injury phobia carried out fewer daily checks of blood glucose level than those without, but blood-injury phobia was not directly related to HbA(tc) level. A higher level of HbA(tc) was, however, associated with mood deterioration. As depression was not related to health behavior, its effect on metabolic control is likely to be mediated via endocrine rather than behavioral variables.     

不同浓度糖化血红蛋白及空腹血糖的2型糖尿病患者β-羟丁酸水平变化分析

目的:观察2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者不同糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及空腹血糖(FBG)水平时β-羟丁酸(β-HBA)血清水平的变化。方法:随机选择T2DM患者100例,男65例,女35例,年龄25～83岁,平均57±13岁。测定各患者血清β-HBA浓度,根据HbA1c水平将T2DM患者分为轻度组(HbA1c<7%)、中度组(7%≤HbA1c≤9%)、重度组(HbA1c>9%)。又根据FBG水平将T2DM患者分为轻度组(FBG<7mmol/L)、中度组(7mmol/L≤FBG≤mmol/L)、重度组(FBG>9mmol/L)。分析比较不同水平HbA1c和FBG组间β-HBA水平差异。结果:随着HbA1c水平的逐渐升高,β-HBA水平亦有逐渐升高的趋势,HbA1c重度组与轻度组和中度组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同FBG水平组间β-HBA没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:在血浆HbA1c>9%的T2DM患者中,β-HBA显著升高,提示临床加强血糖控制,降低HbA1c,防止糖尿病酮症及酮症酸中毒。     

Monitoring Diabetic Nephropathy by Circulating Gangliosides

Gangliosides are multifunctional molecules, abundantly expressed in renal cell membrane but also in sera of patients with renal disease. The aim of this study was to quantify the serum levels of sialic acid-ganglioside in patients diagnosed with diabetes for an eventual biomarker stratification of patients with renal complications. We included 35 diabetic patients without metabolic complications, 35 patients with diabetic nephropathy, 35 non-diabetic individuals. We found that sialic acid ganglioside serum level was significantly increased in patients with diabetic nephropathy compared to the level obtained in patients with uncomplicated diabetes and to non-diabetic controls. A statistically significant positive correlation was obtained between serum levels of sialic acid gangliosides, HbA1c, and serum creatinine in patients with diabetes without complications. Moreover positive correlation was found between sialic acid ganglioside and blood glucose, HbA1c, urea, creatinine, microalbuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. We can conclude that serum sialic acid-gangliosides are statistically increased in diabetic nephropathy positively correlated with microalbuminuria.     

社区高血压管理效果及影响因素分析

目的 研究社区高血压患者管理效果及其影响因素。方法 选择南充市顺庆区8个社区卫生服务中心进行调查和研究,随机抽取在管的社区高血压患者共5614人,观察社区高血压的控制效果及其影响因素。结果 本研究社区高血压患者共5614人,血压控制标准3035人,控制不标准2579人,血压控制率为54.06%。实行规范管理的高血压患者血压控制率高于一般管理的患者（P＜0.05）;血压控制标准的平均年龄高于血压控制不标准的平均年龄（P＜0.05）,但血压控制率与性别无关（P＞0.05）;对于规范管理的高血压患者,病情越重,血压越容易控制（P＜0.05）;有良好生活方式较有不良生活方式的患者血压易于控制（P＜0.05）;患者服药种类会影响血压的控制,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;高血压患者就医治疗频率越高,血压的控制率就越高。结论 对于所有的社区高血压患者一定要实施规范化管理,提高患者高血压知识的普及,重视各种并发症的防治,及时就医治疗,对于社区高血压的控制有积极的作用。