淋球菌对5种抗菌药物的敏感性测定

目的　了解淋球菌对 5种抗菌素的敏感性及耐药性 .方法　用 5种Etest试条对 5 2例淋球菌进行抗菌素的最低抑菌浓度测定 .结果　氧氟沙星耐药率为 71.2 % ,美满霉素耐药率为 13.5 % ,壮观霉素和头孢三嗪耐药率同为 1.9% ,阿奇霉素耐药率为 3.8% .结论　持续监测淋球菌耐药性非常重要 .     

淋球菌对5种抗菌药物的敏感性测定

目的了解淋球菌对5种抗菌素的敏感性及耐药性.方法用5种Etest试条对52例淋球菌进行抗菌素的最低抑菌浓度测定.结果氧氟沙星耐药率为71.2%,美满霉素耐药率为13.5%,壮观霉素和头孢三嗪耐药率同为1.9%,阿奇霉素耐药率为3.8%.结论持续监测淋球菌耐药性非常重要.     

合肥地区淋球菌流行株gyrA和parC基因突变位点的分析

淋球菌gyrA和parC基因突变与喹诺酮类药物耐药密切相关。本文用测序法对 2 0 0 2年合肥地区分离的 5 0株淋球菌流行株进行gyrA和parC基因突变位点检测 ,并与 4种喹诺酮类药物的药敏结果比较分析。5 0株淋球菌来源于 2 0 0 2年安徽医科大学附属医院皮肤性病门诊。纸片扩散法药敏试验按美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会 (NCCLS)标准进行。PCR扩增gyrA和parC基因喹诺酮类药物耐药决定区相关片段 (QRDR) ,扩增产物经1 5 %琼脂糖凝胶电泳 ,美国EAGEREYETM 图象分析系统扫描并照相。 5 0份DNA样本扩增产物由上海博亚生物技作者单位 :…     

2000年～2004年淋球菌深圳分离株的耐药性变迁

目的了解深圳地区淋球菌流行状况和耐药趋势,为淋病的预防和治疗提供依据.方法琼脂稀释法测定青霉素、四环素、壮观霉素、头孢三嗪和环丙沙星对246株淋球菌的最低抑茵浓度,头孢硝噻吩纸片法检测β-内酰胺酶.结果淋球茵PPNG和TRNG阳性率呈逐年上升趋势;淋球菌对5种常规抗生素的耐药性均有不同程度增强,尤以环丙沙星耐药性增强突出.结论深圳地区淋球菌耐药状况较为严重,大观霉素可作为淋病治疗的首选药物.临床应加强淋球茵耐药性监测并根据药物敏感试验合理使用抗生素.     

广州地区质粒和染色体介导的淋球菌对青霉素和四环素耐药株趋势分析

目的监测2000—2005年间广州地区质粒和染色体介导的淋球菌对青霉素和四环素的耐药性及耐药株流行趋势。方法采用琼脂稀释法检测淋球菌对青霉素和四环素抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC），用纸片酸度法测定质粒介导的产青霉素酶淋球菌（PPNG）。结果6年来共测定631株临床分离的淋球菌，检出PPNG132株（20．9％），阳性率从2000年的17．1％上升到2005年的23．7％（Χ^2=0．955，P〉0．05）；质粒介导的高度耐四环素淋球菌（TRNC）222株（35．2％），阳性率从2000年的20％上升到2005年的46．1％（Χ^2=11．94，P〈0．05）。染色体介导的青霉素耐药率从2000年的76％上升到2005年的98．3％（Χ^2=12．94，P〈0．05），染色体介导的四环素的耐药率介于70．7％-85．7％（X2=3．246，P〉0．05）。在2000—2005年期间，青霉素的MIC50和MIC90由1mg／L和2mg／t,上升到4mg／L和〉32mg／L，四环素的MIC50和MIC90由1mg／L和2mg／L上升到2mg／L和4mg／L，且都超过了耐药标准。结论广州地区近6年来质粒介导的淋球菌耐药株PPNG和TRNG增长速度较快。呈逐年上升趋势；染色体介导的淋球菌对青霉素和四环素耐药比率很高。     

100株淋球菌质粒概况和抗生素敏感性研究

本文工作对１００株临床分离的淋球菌作质粒检测和抗生去敏感性实验，旨在了解国内产日内酰胺酶淋球菌（ＰＰＮＧ）和耐四环素菌株（ＴＲＮＧ）的流行情况及与质粒的相关性。采用碱裂解法提取质粒，０．８％琼脂糖凝胶电泳，溴化乙锭染色，并以核酸标准分子量参照物确定质粒分子量。用琼脂稀释法测定青霉素、四环素对淋球菌的最低抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ），溴甲酚紫酸度指示法作β内酰胺酶测定，同时设立产酶金黄色葡萄球茵对照。１００株淋球菌质粒检出率为９２％，其中１８株带２５．２Ｍｄ质粒，５２株带２４．５Ｍｄ质粒，３６株带３．７Ｍｄ…     

绍兴地区淋球菌PCR检测的临床观察

本文应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术，对１３００５例临床疑为淋球菌感染患者进行检测，检出阳性６０２例，阳性率为４．６３％。结果表明：ＰＣＲ具有高度的特异性、敏感性，且快速、简便，是临床处理大批标本的好方法，值得临床推广     

我院2012年度病原菌分离分布及其敏感性分析

目的了解2012年度病原菌的分离和耐药情况,为临床治疗提供帮助。方法病原菌的分离鉴定采用卫生部全国细菌耐药监测技术方案（标准细则）。结果本年度分离病原菌879株,G-菌473株,占53.81%;G+菌140株,占15.93%;真菌122株,占13.88%。耐药率较高的药品有左氧氟沙星、氨曲南、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、头孢呋辛、哌拉西林他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、头孢塞肟等。结论1年来临床分离致病菌仍以G-菌为主,且病原菌分离率有不断上升趋势,细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性也在不断增加。     

我院200株铜绿假单胞菌感染分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解我院2007年1月--2008年6月200株铜绿假单胞菌感染分布及耐药情况,为临床提供预防措施和合理使用抗菌药物的依据。方法：采用回顾性的方法统计分析我院分离的铜绿假单胞菌的标本来源、感染科室分布及对20种抗菌药物的耐药状况。结果：200株铜绿假单胞菌主要来自痰液（85％）,其次来自分泌物（9．0％）,在临床各病区分布情况：重症监护室（ICU）23．0％（46／200）、脑外科22．0％（44／200）、呼吸科,19．5％（39／200）、急诊科6％（12／200）、神内科5．0％（10／200）、肿瘤科4．5％（9／200）、烧伤科4．0％（8／200）、西骨科3．5％（7／200）、其他科与肾内科等12．5％（25／200）。药敏结果显示,该细菌对抗菌药物活性较好的仅有阿米卡星和亚胺培南,耐药率分别为14．5％、24．I％。耐药率较高的是哌拉西林、头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、环丙沙星、氨曲南、妥布霉素、头孢吡肟,耐药率分别为70．1％、68．5％、61．0％、60．2％、57．8％、56．2％、55．3％、54．7％。结论：铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗菌药物耐药率较高,临床应加强对铜绿假单胞菌耐药性监控和药敏试验分析,合理使用抗菌药物,防治耐药菌株的传播流行。     

广州地区2003—2007年499株铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析

目的了解广州地区铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药状况,以指导临床合理选用抗生素。方法收集广州市7家三甲医院2003—2007年分离的499株铜绿假单胞菌,利用VITEK-32全自动微生物鉴定系统对所有收集的菌株进行种属鉴定,参照美国临床和实验室标准化协会（CLSI）推荐的方法,分别采用K—B法和琼脂稀释法进行药敏试验,用WHONET5．4软件分析铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性,用SPSS11．5软件进行统计分析。结果499株铜绿假单胞菌其抗生素耐药率依次为庆大霉素（42．0％）、阿米卡星（36．6％）、亚胺培南（32．8％）、头孢吡肟（28．3％）、头孢他啶（27．1％）、美罗培南（21．4％）、氨曲南（20．5％）、哌拉西林（8．8％）、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦（8．3％）、左旋氧氟沙星（8．1％）和环丙沙星（7．6％）;2003—2007年5年期间铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别是27．7％、25．0％、31．6％、35．2％和34．3％,对美罗培南的耐药率分别是22．2％、21．O％、21．2％、19．7％和24．5％。结论2003—2007年广州地区铜绿假单胞菌整体耐药现象严重,对氨基糖苷类、碳青霉烯类和头孢菌素类抗生素高度耐药,仅对喹诺酮类和青霉素类抗生素较为敏感。因而加强其耐药性监测不仅可以指导临床合理选用抗菌药物．而且还能为临床提供最新的流行病学和耐药性变迁资料。     

Evidence for a reserpine-affected mechanism of resistance to tetracycline in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The presence of a reserpine-affected mechanism of tetracycline resistance was investigated in 17 Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates. To establish this fact the MIC of tetracycline in the presence and absence of reserpine was determined, and, in addition, mechanisms of tetracycline resistance were analyzed by PCR. The results showed that reserpine affects the MIC of tetracycline at least 4-fold in all isolates, including those containing the tetM gene. An inhibitory effect of reserpine against the MtrCDE efflux system was ruled out by using strains either with an inactive or with an unrepressed MtrCDE system. The results suggest the presence of a constitutive system of resistance to tetracycline, by a possible efflux pump, which may be inhibited by reserpine. Further studies are required to determine the exact nature of the action of reserpine on the MIC of tetracycline.     

淋病奈瑟菌opa基因分型方法的流行病学应用

目的调查我国4个不同城市淋病奈瑟菌opa基因型的分布状况,并考察实验结果与临床资料之间的一致性,从而了解淋病的传播路线及传播方式。方法研究于2006年在我国沿海地区4个不同城市共收集330株淋病奈瑟菌,其中中国医学科学院皮肤病研究所（南京）采集86株,山东省皮防所（济南）采集80株,福建省皮防所（福州）采集94株,广西壮族自治区皮防所（南宁）采集70株。对330株淋球菌进行opa基因分型,并应用GelCompar分型软件对各菌株opa基因扩增片段的酶切产物条带进行聚类分析。研究还收集了这些菌株相应的临床和流行病学资料,其中包括淋病患者的性接触信息。结果 330株淋球菌opa基因经过TaqI与HpaII两种限制性内切酶酶切后共产生了309个opa型,其中292个opa型各包含一株淋球菌,14个opa型各包括两株淋球菌,2个opa型各包括3株淋球菌,1个opa型包括4株淋球菌。在292个各包括一株淋球菌的opa型中,有18个opa型（18株淋球菌）两两之间形成9个opa型相似对。在这4个城市中,只包括一株菌的opa型占各自城市opa型总数的比率分别为：南京90.7%,济南77.5%,福州89.4%,南宁97.1%。流行病学资料显示19例淋病患者存在明显的性接触史：包括8对两两之间存在性接触的淋病患者及一个三人组淋病患者。其中有8组（七对与一个三人组）淋病患者间的性接触信息通过opa基因分型研究中的8个opa簇证实,而余下的一对淋病患者性接触信息则通过研究中的一个opa型相似对所印证。结论 Opa分型是一种效率极高的淋球菌基因分型方法,能够很好地应用于淋球菌感染的流行病学调查研究中。用这种技术所得到的实验结果比患者提供的性接触信息更贴近实际情况,并能让我们更好地了解淋球菌的传播状况。     

抗淋球菌IgA蛋白酶单克隆抗体特性的初步研究

本文对以重组淋球菌ＩｇＡ蛋白酶为抗原制备的７株特异性ＭｃＡｂ的特性进行了初步研究。结果有５株（１Ｃ８、１Ｅ５、１Ｆ１１、１Ｇ３和２Ｅ６）能中和淋球菌ＩｇＡ蛋白酶活性。经相加试验初步证明，其中１Ｆ１１、２Ｇ３与其它３株ＭｃＡｂ的作用位点不同。因此，淋球菌ＩｇＡ蛋白酶至少存在３个中和表位。     

Cefixime and ceftriaxone susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Italy from 2006 to 2010

Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance to cephalosporins, the currently recommended treatment, and treatment failures with cefixime have been reported worldwide. The purposes of the present study were (i) to examine the susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae isolates isolated in Italy from 2006 through 2010 to cefixime (n = 293) taking into account both European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and Clinical And Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria for categorization; (ii) to determine the contribution to decreased/resistant susceptibility of mutations in the penA, mtrR, ponA and porB1b genes in a subsample of isolates; and (iii) to genotype the isolates showing decreased susceptibility or resistance to cefixime, by N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to identify the predominant genotypes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the E-test and agar dilution method on 293 isolates and results were interpreted according to both EUCAST 2010 (MIC R >0.12 mg/L) and CLSI 2008 (MIC R >0.25 mg/L) criteria. All isolates showed full susceptibility to ceftriaxone, whereas those with a MIC for cefixime ≥0.125 mg/L were on the increase from 2008 through 2010. The same penA gene alterations were found among isolates with MICs close to the EUCAST breakpoint as the resistant ones, and they belong to ST1407. Seven isolates, belonging to various sequence types, showed a different por allele, though similar to the por 908 allele present in ST1407. PFGE divided strains ST1407 into two main groups confirming their genetic relationship.     

Pyrosequencing of the DNA gyrase gene in Neisseria species: effective indicator of ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene in ciprofloxacin-susceptible strains (n=53) and strains of Neisseria spp. with reduced susceptibility (n=70) was determined by the pyrosequencing method. Results showed that the QRDR of the gyrA gene is an effective molecular indicator of resistance to ciprofloxacin in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and presumably in Neisseria meningitidis, but not in all other Neisseria spp. This sequence was not unique for N. gonorrhoeae and seems unsuitable for species verification of N. gonorrhoeae. However, whether it is also possible to use this region for verification depends on the specificity of the primary screening method used.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Neisseria gonorrhoeae at STI clinic

A total of 100 consecutive patients who attended a sexually transmitted infections clinic were studied. Thirteen had gonococcal urethritis, of which 10 showed growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on culture. All the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) method and beta lactamase production by chromogenic cephalosporin test. Four patients were co-infected with each of the following: HIV, HBV and Chlamydia trachomatis . Gonococcal urethritis (13%) was found more in male patients. Ten percent gonococcal isolates were penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae , and another 10% were tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae .     

淋病球菌单克隆抗体的制备和特性的研究

应用杂交瘤技术筛选出２株淋球菌特异性单克隆抗体Ｎｇ４（ＩｇＧ２ａ）和Ｎｇ１８（ＩｇＧ３）有可能用于淋病的实验诊断．２株单抗的腹水效价可达１０７，抗原识别位点为淋球菌外膜蛋白约３５ｋＤ的糖蛋白成分．在免疫荧光实验中，２株单抗可与不同型淋球菌标准株反应，不与有关的细菌和真菌交叉。     

Incidence, epidemiology and evolution of reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Korea

Objective: To verify the decrease of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Neisseria gonorrhoeae , determine the size of the recently reported new β-lactamase plasmid and explain the high prevalence of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG).
Methods: Gonococci were isolated from prostitutes in Korea. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by NCCLS disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. Plasmid was isolated by an alkaline lysis method. Patterns of Nhe l-digested genomic DNA were compared after pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin for 50% of the isolates rose from 0.015 mg/L in 1993 to 0.12 mg/L in 1996. The proportion of PPNG remained at 70% or over during the 5-year period. The size of a novel β-lactamase plasmid, first reported in 1994, was determined to be approximately 3.2 MDa, and 48% of the PPNG isolates contained it. Twelve of 50 isolates had the same PFGE pattern and nine others another pattern.
Conclusion: The rapid decrease of fluoroquinolone-susceptible gonococci suggests that in the near future the drug may become less useful for gonorrhea treatment. The new 3.2-MDa plasmid may have been introduced as a result of the recent increase in overseas travel. The PFGE pattern suggests that high prevalence of PPNG may be due to dissemination of a few resistant clones among the high-risk groups.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance and molecular epidemiological characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 2009 in Belarus

Increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a global concern, and ultimately gonorrhoea may become untreatable. Nonetheless, AMR data from East-Europe are scarce beyond Russia, and no AMR data or other characteristics of gonococci have been reported from Belarus for more than 20 years. The aim was to describe the prevalence of AMR, and report molecular epidemiological characteristics of gonococci circulating in 2009 in Belarus. In a sample of 80 isolates, resistance prevalences to antimicrobials used for gonorrhoea treatment in Belarus were: Ceftriaxone 0%, spectinomycin 0%, azithromycin 17.3%, tetracycline 25.9%, ciprofloxacin 34.6% and erythromycin 59.2%. The isolates displayed no penA mosaic alleles, 38 porB gene sequences and 35 N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence types, of which 20 have not been described before worldwide. Due to the high levels of antimicrobial resistance, only ceftriaxone and spectinomycin can be recommended for empirical treatment of gonorrhoea in Belarus according to WHO recommendations. Continuous gonococcal AMR surveillance in Eastern Europe is crucial. This is now initiated in Belarus using WHO protocols.