大连地区母血及脐血中21种微量元素浓度测定分析

目的调查铁、锌、铜等11种必需微量元素及铅、砷、镉等10种有毒微量元素在正常产妇静脉血及新生儿脐血间的分布规律及其相关性,为孕期合理保健提供科学依据。方法随机对150名健康住院分娩的产妇分别抽取外周静脉血和新生儿脐静脉血,微波消解法制备供试品,电感耦合等离子体-质谱（ICP-MS）法进行全血21种微量元素水平的测定。结果大连地区孕妇全血中微量元素铁、钴、硒、铬、钼、砷、镉、铊和钒的浓度在正常成人参考值范围,锌、钙、铜、铅、银和钡的浓度明显低于参考值,而镁、锰和镍的浓度则高于该范围。与母血中各种微量元素浓度相比,脐血中的锌、钴、铜、锰、镍、铅、砷和镉的浓度均显著性降低（P〈0.01）,而铁的浓度则显著高于母血（P〈0.01）。直线相关分析结果表明,母血与脐血之间钙、镁、钴、铅、砷、铍、银、钡和钍的浓度呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）。结论微量元素在孕妇体内的浓度有别于正常成人的水平,新生儿体内微量元素的浓度与母亲体内微量元素的水平高低密切相关,孕期对上述多种重要的必需微量元素和有毒微量元素的水平进行监测和及时采取科学、有效的应对措施是优生的重要内容。     

微量元素锌在妇产科的临床意义

矿物质是人体所需六大营养素之一,随着检测技术进步,根据其在食品中或人体内含量多少,有常量和微量之分,在每公斤食品中含量低于0.01mg或人体血液浓度在0.005％以下者称微量元素。迄今在人体内已发现有60余种。其中锌、铜、铁、钻、锰、铬、镍、钼、硒、碘、硅、氟等是人体不可缺少的,称必需微量元素;铝、铅、镉、锑、锡、镭、铍、汞、砷等在食品和人体中含量更微,称超微量元素,在体内蓄积会造成急慢性中毒。本文重点将微量元素锌的生物生理功能和生化     

2009-2011年广州市番禺区水产品污染状况分析

目的分析番禺区水产品污染状况,为食品安全监管提供依据。方法在番禺区各水产交易市场、肉菜综合市场和餐饮单位随机采集鲜活鱼（淡水鱼、海水鱼）、虾蟹、贝类、冰鲜、生吃水产品等水产品进行重金属、抗生素、农药、致病菌、肝吸虫等项目检测。结果各类水产品均存在镉超标,总超标率为5.2%。虾蟹类镉平均含量为0.516mg/kg,最高含量为14.300mg/kg;贝类、海水鱼、淡水鱼的镉超标率分别为4.5%、3.7%、2.5%。铅合格率为99.5%,汞和无机砷均未超标。部分水产品中检出四环素、土霉素、金霉素超标,超标率在8.3%～14.3%。各类水产品中六六六、DDT的含量均未超标。冰鲜水产品中甲醛合格率为98.1%。222份水产品中副溶血性弧菌检出率为18.5%（41/222）,其中检出率最高的是虾蟹类为41.7%,贝类为33.3%。淡水鱼、海水鱼、虾蟹类、贝类等4类水产品的副溶血性弧菌检出率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,淡水鱼与海水鱼的副溶血性弧菌检出率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。所有样品均未检出沙门菌和霍乱弧菌。生吃水产品未检出致病菌和肝吸虫。结论番禺区水产品镉污染情况较为突出,水产品中副溶血性弧菌检出率较高,水产养殖和销售中存在不按规定使用抗生素的情况。     

人工肝脏辅助装置吸附剂——交联琼脂糖包膜活性炭微囊制备中的质量控制

报道了交联琼脂糖包膜活性炭（CAAC-Ⅱ）微囊制备过程中的质量控制、环氧氯丙烷的清除。分析测试表明,试样溶液中微量元素铅、镉、砷、铬、铁及重金属总含量, 以及pH值、NH4^ 、SO4^2-、柴外吸收度等均符合中国药典（1985版）及有关部颁标准规定。试样中无环氧丙烷等有害物质。     

广州市水源水、出厂水及珠江广州河段微囊藻毒素污染现状调查

目的了解广州市自来水厂水源水、出厂水和珠江广州河段微囊藻毒素（MCs）污染情况。方法采集广州市自来水厂水源水、出厂水和珠江广州河段水样超声破碎微囊藻毒素并过滤后采用ELISA试剂盒进行检测。结果本次调查所采水源水和出厂水各6个样品中,有2个水源水样本MCs浓度超过国家标准（1μg/L）。出厂水亦可检出MCs,但与相应的水源水相比,浓度均明显下降且没有超出标准规定的限制。珠江广州河段的16个样品检测结果提示珠江水中也存在有MCs污染,个别河段MCs浓度大于1μg/L。结论本调查结果提示广州市水源水、出厂水及珠江广州河段均存在MCs污染且个别样品浓度较高,应引起充分重视。     

GB14233.1-2008重金属测定实验方法的选择与应用

选取各类医疗器械产品标准中常见的16种金属元素,按照GB14233.1-2008中5.6.1规定的重金属目视比色法进行目视比色实验,实验发现不同金属元素目视比色的浓度下限不同。铜、铅、银、汞和钴等易于目视比色,锰、钛、铬、铁和镍等元素不易于目视比色,铝、钡等非重金属元素不会对重金属目视比色实验造成干扰,因此需根据样品及检出限选择合适的重金属检测方法。建议用仪器检测和目视比色相结合的方法进行重金属含量的检测。     

男性不育与金属硫蛋白制剂临床干预的研究

目的探讨男性不育患者血液和精浆中微量元素含量和精子质量以及用金属硫蛋白制剂干预治疗前后患者改善状况。方法对男性不育症患者进行血液、精液微量元素、血清激素及精液常规检查,并进行金属硫蛋白干预治疗两个月,每日2支,空腹口服。结果就诊130名患者中有84.68%血铅〉70μg/L（102.41±43.77）,40.54%精浆铅〉70μg/L（69.13±41.19）,70.29%血镉〉1.0μg/L（2.74±2.29）,41.82%精浆镉〉1.0μg/L（1.69±2.17）。对52例患者进行了含金属硫蛋白制剂干预,血铅、镉与干预后精浆铅、镉下降值呈极显著的正相关（r=0.727、r=0.692）。干预前、后患者血铅、血镉、精浆铅、精浆镉有极显著性差异P〈0.01,干预前、后精子密度、A级精子、A＋B级精子之间有极显著差异P〈0.01。干预显效率（至少三项精液指标改善）70.90%。结论金属硫蛋白对重金属（铅、镉）损伤引起的男性不育有显著的治疗效果。     

六味常用中药重金属含量的测定

为了解山楂、厚朴、百合、枸杞子、茯苓、诃子六种常用中药有害重金属含量 ,用原子分光光度法测定了六种中药的铅、镉和汞含量.结果 表明 , 六种中药有害重金属含量由高到低顺序为: 铅、镉、汞, 六种中药汞含量均不超过0.02mg/ kg, 镉含量最高0.25 mg/ kg, 最低0.07 mg/ kg, 铅含量在0.41～2.24 mg/ kg 之间.     

广西三江县侗族青少年头发中9种元素的含量

目的　确定广西三江县侗族青少年头发中 9种人体必需元素含量的正常值。方法　用偏振塞曼原子吸收仪 ,检测了来自三江县的 993名 7～ 16岁中小学生头发中镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜和镁 9种人体必需元素的含量 ,并用SPSS统计软件进行统计分析。结果　广西三江县侗族中小学生头发中 ,镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜和镁 9种人体必需元素的含量没有性别差异 ;硒、铬、铁、锌、钙和铜与年龄呈负相关 ;制订了镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜、镁 9种元素的头发含量的正常值范围。结论　广西三江县中学生头发中硒、铬、铁、锌、钙和铜含量有明显年龄差异 ,而镍、钴和镁却没有年龄差异。     

铅汞等重金属元素与神经系统畸形发生的关系研究

目的探讨铅、汞、砷、镉、锰、锌与人类胎儿神经系统畸形的关系。方法收集2006年9月至2007年7月期间在上海市第一妇婴保健院产前检查中发现的52例胎儿神经系统畸形孕妇作为病例组,以同期该医院内204例正常孕妇为对照组。问卷调查与神经系统畸形发生可能相关的社会环境因素。采用微波消解和质谱分析方法测定孕妇全血中铅、砷、镉含量以及血清锰、锌含量。全血汞含量利用原子吸收法测定。结果孕妇职业暴露、居所附近存在工厂以及被动吸烟与神经系统畸形发生呈正相关,孕妇文化水平,叶酸与畸形发生呈负相关。在校正这些因素的影响后,logistic回归分析仍提示血铅为神经系统畸形的危险因素,其OR值为1.039,95%CI为1.015-1.065,血锌作为保护性因素,其OR值为0.998,95%CI为0.996-0.999。结论孕妇工作和居所环境以及被动吸烟与神经系统畸形发生有关。孕妇文化水平、叶酸和锌是防止神经系统畸形发生的保护性因素,而铅暴露可能是神经系统畸形发生的重要原因之一。     

Philometra ovata (Nematoda: Philometroidea): a potential sentinel species of heavy metal accumulation

To assess the bioindicator value of parasites, the concentrations of six heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry in gravid females of the nematode Philometra ovata, body cavity parasites of gudgeon (Gobio gobio) and muscle samples of infected and uninfected hosts. The concentration of heavy metals was significantly higher in specimens of P. ovata compared to the host muscle tissue. The parasite-to-muscle ratio of heavy metals varied from 3.2 to 121.7, in increasing concentrations for Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn. The presence of parasites did not influence the heavy metal content of the hosts, and no significant differences were found between muscle tissues of parasitized and non-parasitized fishes. The bioconcentration factor varied between 0.4 and 25.8, in increasing order for Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cr. These results indicate that P. ovata may serve as sensitive indicator species of heavy metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems.     

Comparative study of the metal accumulation in Hysterothalycium reliquens (nematode) and Paraphilometroides nemipteri (nematode) as compared with their doubly infected host,Nemipterus peronii (Notched threadfin bream)

In February 2013, forty-seven Notched threadfin bream, the Nemipterus peronii, were sampled from the eastern coastal waters of the South China Sea. The concentration of various elements, namely cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), strontium (Sr), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), Lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), iron (Fe), and Zinc (Zn) were analyzed in the liver, muscle, and kidney organs of the host, as well as in their parasites Hysterothalycium reliquens (nematode) and the Paraphilometroides nemipteri (nematode), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The former group of parasites showed highest accumulation capacity for Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Ni, and Zn while the latter group had high accumulation potential of As, Hg, Cd, Al, Pb, and Sr. The divergence in heavy-metal accumulation profiles of both nematodes is linked with the specificity of microhabitats, cuticle morphology, and interspecific competition. The outcome of this study indicates that both parasite models can be used for biomonitoring of metal pollution in marine ecosystems.     

Circadian variation in the urinary excretion of electrolytes and trace elements in men

Three-hour urine specimens were collected over a period of 27 hours from 11 healthy adult male subjects. Each specimen was analyzed for Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Each sample was also dialyzed, pH 7.35, and subsequently analyzed for Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Pb, Al, Ni, Cu, Mo, Hg, Cr, Cd, and Mn using a multielemental argon-plasma emission system. The data were evaluated on conventional time plots (chronograms) and as computer-determined “cosinor” plots. A population circadian rhythm with a statistical significance was detected for total Na, K, Ca, and Mg, and for nondialyzable Na, K, P, Ca, Zn, and Mo. For almost every element studied the increase from lowest to highest 3-hour group mean along the 24-hour time scale was more than 100%. The 24-hour excretion of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn appeared in good agreement with the so-called “normals.” The nondialyzable levels of Fe, Pb, Al, Ni, Cu, Mo, Hg, Cr, Cd, and Mn were similar to the total urinary excretions reported in the literature.     

Heavy metals and lipofuscinogenesis. A study on myocardial cells cultured under varying oxidative stress.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence on lipofuscinogenesis of a number of transition and non-transition heavy metals in cultured post-mitotic cells (neonatal rat myocytes) at varying oxidative stress. The effects of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, added to the medium as chlorides, were examined after 14 days in culture under 5, 20 and 40% ambient oxygen. Lipofuscin was quantified by microspectrofluorometry of individual cells. The addition of Al (40 microM), Cd (40 nM), Hg (30 microM) and Pb (40 microM) to the culture growth medium markedly increased the amount of intracellular lipofuscin, whereas Cr (40 microM), Cu (40 microM) and Zn (40 microM) had the opposite effect. Transmission electron microscopic examination of the myocytes showed greatly increased numbers of autophagic vacuoles in cells exposed to those heavy metals that increased lipofuscin formation. This effect was most pronounced when cells were grown at high (40%) oxygen tension. Possible explanations for the metal augmented pigment formation may be (i) inhibition of lysosomal enzymes, (ii) catalytic interference with peroxidative reactions, or (iii) general toxicity with unspecifically increased autophagocytosis. The decreased pigment accumulation after the addition of Zn, Cr and Cu may, at least partly, be related to the replacement of iron, which has catalytic activity in Fenton reactions.     

Relationship between magnesium, carcinogenic metals and ionic permeability of the human amnion

The effects of the well established carcinogenic metals or metalloids (As, Be, Cr, Ni), hypothetically carcinogenic but well-established cocarcinogenic metals (Cd, Pb, Co) and weak co-carcinogenic metals (Al, Cu, Fe, Zn) and the antagonism between Mg and these metals were studied on the ionic transfer through the isolated human amnion. The ionic transfer is estimated by the measure of the membrane potential (delta psi), the cationic number transference t+ and the ionic fluxes (F1, F2). All carcinogenic metals increase delta psi (+) and reduce t+, F1 and F2. Mg has an opposite action with regard to Cd, Pb and Ni, but may act as a co-carcinogenic agent by increasing the effects of Al, Cu and Zn.     

Comparative study on the accumulation of heavy metals in different organs of tench (Tinca tinca L. 1758) and plerocercoids of its endoparasite Ligula intestinalis

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd) in some organs of tench and tissues of its parasite found in Kovada Lake (Turkey) were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and subsequently compared with the data from sediments and water. Only Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn were detected in water, sediment, plerocercoids of Ligula intestinalis and fish samples, while levels of Cr, Pb and Cd were below the detection limits. Four elements were found at higher concentrations in the plerocercoid than in different fish tissues (muscle, liver and gill), being 1.6–37.4 times higher than that measured in muscle, liver and gill. Significant positive (for Cu) and negative (for Fe, Zn and Mn) correlations were found between the quantity of heavy metals in water and tissues of L. intestinalis plerocercoids while there were significant positive (for Cu and Zn) and negative (for Fe and Mn) correlations between the quantity of heavy metals in bottom sediment and tissues of L. intestinalis plerocercoids. Cestodes were found suitable to reflect the amount heavy metals in sediments, providing more reliable information about the actual pollution of the reservoirs.     

Isolation, characterization of heavy metal resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from polluted sites in Assiut city, Egypt

Sixty six isolates of Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from wastewater of El-Malah canal located in Assiut, Egypt and were checked for their heavy metal tolerance. One isolate has tested for its multiple metal resistances and found to be plasmid mediated with molecular weight 27 Kb for nickel and lead. It was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa ASU 6a. Its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Cu(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+), Cr(3+), Cd(2+)and Pb(2+) were 6.3, 5.9, 6.8, 9.2, 5.8, 4.4, and 3.1 mM, respectively. Growth kinetics and the maximum adsorption capacities were determined under Ni(2+) and Pb(2+) stress. The latter heavy metals induced potassium efflux and were used as indicator for plasma membrane permeabilization.     

The system Tetrabothrius bassani (Tetrabothriidae)/Morus bassanus (Sulidae) as a bioindicator of marine heavy metal pollution

Helminths are known to accumulate higher amounts of certain elements than their hosts. The present study assesses the accumulation of heavy metals in Tetrabothrius bassani and in its host, the Atlantic gannet (Morus bassanus) found dead due to bycatch along the seashore in the centre of Portugal. Samples of kidney, liver and pectoral muscle of 23 infected gannets, as well as specimens of T. bassani were analysed for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se and Zn by ICP-MS. The evidenced lower concentrations of Cr and Pb in tissues of gannets in comparison to an earlier study performed in the same area may reveal a change in the diet of M. bassanus between both study periods. The highest bioaccumulation factor was obtained for Cd with a 12.7-times higher concentration in the cestode than in gannet muscle. Lead concentration in T. bassani was 6.9-times higher than in kidney tissue, 8.5-times higher than in muscle and 9.5-times higher than in liver of M. bassanus. The cestode/seabird system T. bassani/M. bassanus can be considered a promising bioindicator system to monitor environmental Cd and Pb pollution in marine ecosystems.