磁共振成像（MRI）对动脉夹层诊断的意义

目的：总结主动脉夹层的各种特征性MRI并阐述MRI在诊断主动脉夹层方面的重要应用价值。方法：采用MRT-50A型超导磁共振扫描机，使用体部矩形线圈，加心电门控进行轴位、冠状位、矢状位及左前斜位SE序列T1加权像扫描。对32例患者进行MRI分析。结果：32例按DeBakey分型方法1型，8例；Ⅱ型，4例；Ⅲ型，20例。32例均清晰显示真假腔及内膜片及部分合并症显示。结论：MRI以其无创伤性、无射线损伤、多平面任意角度成像，各种不同扫描序列，以及特殊的血管信号变化特点，在诊断无论是急性或慢性主动脉夹层方面具有相当高的特异性，并有着重要的应用价值。     

主动脉夹层的低场强磁共振成像研究

目的研究主动脉夹层在低场强磁共振SE(自旋回波)序列和GE(梯度回波)序列上磁共振成像(MRI)的特点.材料与方法使用0.3T永磁型MR仪检查了7例主动脉夹层患者,做SE序列(包括T1加权轴位和左前斜位,质子密度/T2加权轴位)和GE序列轴位.盲法分析病变在各序列上的显示情况和MRI表现.结果各序列均能清楚显示主动脉夹层的双腔(真腔和假腔),但以T1加权轴位和左前斜位为优,后者可显示病变的累及范围;显示剥脱的内膜片以GE序列轴位为优,且需时短.结论尽管在显示内膜片破口和假腔内血栓方面不及高场强MR仪,低场强MR仪SE序列T1加权轴位和左前斜位,结合GE序列轴位也可清楚显示主动脉夹层的真假腔、内膜片和病变累及范围;可作为检查主动脉夹层的基本序列.     

术后椎间盘炎的MRI诊断(附15例报告)

目的：探讨MRI对术后椎间盘炎的诊断价值。资料与方法：15例经临床或病理证实的术后椎间盘炎MRI检查，其中13例发生在腰椎，2例腰骶椎同时受累；均行矢状位及横断位SE序列T1WI、T2WI扫描，部分病例作了冠状位扫描；5例行Gd-DTPA增强扫描。结果：15例中17个椎间盘炎，其中13个椎间隙变窄，椎间盘呈不同程度破坏、碎裂；3个椎间隙变化不明显；1个椎间隙增宽，椎间盘肿胀增厚。T1WI13个椎间盘呈长T1信号，4个呈等信号；T2WI15个呈长T2信号，2个呈短T2信号；14个髓核内正常裂隙状短T2信号消失。相邻椎体受累破坏程度不一，均未见塌陷，以长T1长T2信号为主。有8例椎旁软组织肿胀，其中2例累及硬膜外间隙。5例Cd－DTPA增强扫描病变椎间盘及邻近椎体、椎旁软组织明显异常强化。结论：MRI对诊断术后椎间盘具有很高的敏感性及准确性，明显优于平片及CT。     

主动脉壁内血肿的MRI表现

目的:探讨主动脉壁内血肿的MRI表现和特点.方法:对9例主动脉壁内血肿的MRI资料进行回顾性分析.其中Stanford A型4例,Stanford B型5例.全部病例均采用MRI SE常规序列.结果:本组病例均示主动脉管腔正常或受压稍变小,约3.5～4.5 cm;管壁均示增厚,横轴位2例管壁呈环形增厚、4例管壁呈新月形增厚;壁内血肿2例于T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈较低信号,3例血肿T1WI及T2WI呈较均匀性高信号,1例于T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈高信号;3例壁分层,中间见等信号动脉中膜相隔,两侧信号不一致,T1WI血肿外侧部分呈等信号、内侧部分呈高信号,T2WI两侧均呈高信号.结论:主动脉壁内血肿的MRI表现具有一定特点,诊断价值大.     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的MRI与病理对照研究

目的：研究膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（PVNS）的MRI表现及其病理基础。资料与方法：回顾性分析18例膝关节PVNS的MRI表现，并与手术、病理结果进行对照。结果：PVNS信号强度可分为3种类型：Ⅰ型：T1WI高信号，T2WI等或高信号；Ⅱ型：T1WI等或低信号，T2WI低信号；Ⅲ型：T1WI等或低信号，T2WI高信号。每种类型分别对应其病理发展过程中的早、中、及晚期病理表现。18例显示增厚的滑膜、增生的绒毛和结节，关节积液有16例；10例MRI显示关节软骨和骨组织的侵蚀、破坏，但术中发现为12例；髌下脂肪垫浸润11例，术中发现为9例；交叉韧带和半月板受累2例，术中发现有3例；另外累及髌上囊17例，内侧关节囊17例，内侧关节囊15例，外侧关节囊11例，后侧关节囊13例。结论：绒毛结节内含铁血黄素沉着所致的T1WI等或低信号、T2WI低信号为其特征性表现，但其并不贯穿PVNS全过程。MRI对诊断PVNS有一定的价值但不具备特异性。     

主动脉夹层的CT诊断价值(附11例分析)

目的：探讨CT在主动脉夹层中的诊断价值，提高对本病CT诊断的正确性。方法：对11例主动脉夹层的CT表现进行回顾性分析总结。结果：DeBaKey Ⅲ型10例、Ⅰ型1例；增强扫描显示内膜片8例、平扫显示3例；内膜破口显示3例；真腔大于假腔9例，真腔小于假腔2例；假腔形态多样呈半球形、新月形、环绕形、不规则形。结论：CT增强扫描对主动脉夹层能作出准确及时的诊断。     

MRI对肥厚性硬膜炎的诊断价值观察

目的 探讨MRI在肥厚性硬膜炎诊断中的应用价值.方法 对海军总医院2009年9月-2014年12月收治的11例肥厚性硬膜炎患者的MRI图像进行回顾性分析,归纳其在MRI不同成像方法图像中的征象以及与肥厚性硬膜炎病理改变的联系.结果 11例肥厚性硬膜炎中8例累及硬脑膜,2例累及硬脊膜,1例同时累及硬脑膜及硬脊膜.MRI图像主要表现为硬膜增厚,增厚的硬膜在T1WI呈等或略低信号,与脑实质和脊髓信号差异较小,在T2WI表现为较明显低信号,与脑实质及脊髓对比显示清晰.9例硬脑膜受累者均进行了DWI扫描,增厚的硬膜呈较低信号,但显示的清晰程度及与周围的对比度不如常规T2WI.增强后T1WI扫描显示增厚的硬膜呈较明显强化,显示效果明显好于增强前.结论 MRI各种成像方法中,T2WI及增强后的T1WI对HP的显示和诊断比较有优势,其余成像手段可作为必要补充,以全面显示其他相关病变,提高诊断准确率和全面性.     

手关节MRI在早期类风湿关节炎中的临床应用

目的:探讨早期类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)手关节MRI表现及其临床价值。方法:回顾性分析40例经临床诊断早期RA的手关节MRI资料,分析主要MRI征象。结果:40例中,腕关节受累18例,掌指关节10例,近节指间关节12例。所有受累关节有不同程度的滑膜炎和血管翳形成,表现为T1WI稍低信号,T2WI稍高信号,压脂T2WI呈高信号,病变范围显示更清晰。骨髓水肿28例,表现为骨质斑片状T1WI稍低信号,T2WI稍高信号,压脂T2WI呈高信号,界限不清。软骨及骨侵蚀20例,软骨侵蚀表现为毛糙或变薄,T1WI呈稍低信号和压脂T2WI上呈稍低和稍高信号,骨侵蚀表现为关节面边缘不规则小的缺损,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,压脂T2WI呈高信号,边界清晰。肌腱受累8例,表现为腱鞘积液和腱鞘滑膜增厚,T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈高信号。5例增强扫描增厚滑膜和血管翳明显强化。10例早期RA治疗后复查,8例滑膜炎、骨髓水肿不同程度缓解,2例骨质侵蚀无明显改善。结论:早期RA手关节MRI各序列上的信号特点具有一定特征性。MRI检查成为RA早期诊断、监测进展及治疗后疗效评估的重要方法。     

卵巢内膜异位性囊肿的MRI诊断

目的：评价MRI诊断卵巢内膜异位性囊肿的价值。材料和方法：记录14例患者的25个痛灶MRI形态及信号变化特点，并与手术病理结果相对照．结果：发现当囊肿在T1WI上呈均匀高信号，T2 WI上部分区域出现中等至低信号暗影，或T1 WI病灶由多个全为高信号的囊腔组成时，不管其T2 WI上的信号强度如何．基本可确诊为卵巢内膜异位性囊肿．当囊肿在T1WI和T2WI上呈高信号．或囊肿与邻近器官有粘连，囊腔周围有纤维被膜包绕，在T1WL及T2WI上形成-低信号带影时．应高度怀疑之。结论：MRI对内膜异位性囊肿诊断的敏感性及准确性分别可选96%和93%．     

仿真内镜技术在主动脉夹层中的应用价值

目的:探讨仿真内镜技术(VE)在主动脉夹层中的应用。方法:23例临床确诊的主动脉夹层均行CTA检查,并将获得的原始图像通过Analyse 7.0软件行VE重建,以观察主动脉夹层内面的影像特点。结果:23例中,A型主动脉夹层18例,B型5例。VE清晰区分主动脉夹层真假腔并清晰显示内膜瓣22例,占96.0%。19例显示主动脉夹层内膜破口,占82.6%。累及周围血管11例,占47.8%。结论:VE可直观显示主动脉夹层的腔内情况,包括真假腔大小、内膜瓣、破裂口的形状和大小及主动脉分支受累等,为主动脉夹层的治疗提供手术方案。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.